The C-14 dating of the Shroud of Turin has been falsified by three totally different approaches that have all showed that the test failed right from the start at the breaking of the sample taking protocol. . . when instead of following the agreed six samples from six different locations on the Shroud, they took ONE sample from ONE site. . . and cut it into six pieces and then discarded one because of observed differences in the threads. it turned out that should have raised a HUGE red flag that their sample was contaminated with foreign threads from a patch added later. It was, added in the 17th century. That skewed the dating by a huge amount because more than 50% of the tested material was NOT original Shroud material. The sample was not homogenous with what they intended to date. The first rule of C-14 dating was not just ignored, it was swept under the rug!
The second red flag that the referees completely ignored is that the four sub-samples tested by three labs ALL returned different dates, and NOT ONE of those different dates, which spanned 180 years from 1260 AD to 1390 AD with all having a 25 year plus or minus degree of confidence, OVERLAPPED each other! That should have told the dating scientists that the sample they were testing was not homogenous in and of itself, varying in age from one end to the other because it was a blend of old and newer materials! But they were so determined to prove the Shroud a hoax they ignored the anomalous data, just as they discarded the sub-sample with the anomalous threads, and AVERAGED their results to come up with their 1350 AD results. . . a humungous no-no! They hid this in the details that only came out later, where two forensic statisticians found it.
Fourteen years later, Pyrologist Chemist Raymond Rogers, in attempting to falsify what he thought was a crackpot hypothesis that what had been tested was a patch done in the Seventeenth Century by a technique called French Invisible Reweaving, found much to his surprise his testing of threads from the left-over fifth sub-sample from the 1988 C-14 test, that instead of FALSIFYING the hypothesis, he CONFIRMED IT! He found that one side of the sample was made of original Shroud Flax Linen while the other side was made of skillfully dyed and woven in COTTON! Moreover, the change-over was at a slight angle as the difference traversed the sample from one side to the other, accounting for the differing ages of the other sub-samples with the youngest sample having the greatest amount of newer material and the oldest with the least. Rogers published his findings in the Peer-reviewed scientific journal Thermocemica Acte.
Shortly after Rogers work, Physicist John Brown, PhD, working with some of the threads taken from the 1973 Raes Sample, taken from the same area near the 1988 C-14 sample, found that one of the threads fell into two pieces. One of those two pieces was examined and found to be dyed Cotton, grown only in France, and dyed by a technique developed only in the 15th Century. The other half was undyed pure Flax Linen. The Cotton was spun in an "S" twist, while the Linen was in a "Z" twist. The two thread pieces had been carefully and skillfully intertwined to make one thread. This also confirmed that the C-14 tested sample could have been testing a contaminated melange patch of combined FIRST and SEVENTEENTH CENTURY grown FLAX and COTTON!
I.E. The C-14 labs accurately tested what they were given, a broken protocol sampled mixture of old 40-60% FIRST CENTURY FLAX and newer 60% -40% SEVENTEENTH CENTURY COTTON, which returned accurate dates for the mix of between 1260 AD +/- 25 years to 1390 AD +/- 25 years. Funny thing, the University of Arizona lab got BOTH EXTREMES. . . and even questioned whether their two samples were even the same cloth at all! It was the Oxford Lab, and the Referee, who averaged everything and ignored their questioning. . . and, ignoring all the red flags, "gleefully" announced the 1350AD date and the Shroud of Turin a "fraud."
Harry Gove, the inventor of the specific C-14 test used on the Shroud samples was asked what the age of the original material would have to be if approximately 60% of the sample was added had been grown in 1650 AD to result in a tested date of 1350 AD. He did some quick calculations and replied the original 40% in the sample would have had to be FIRST CENTURY origination plus or minus 100 years to get that result. So in a way, the 1988 C-14 test DOES validate the authenticity of the Shroud of Turin, IF the added material was added circa 1650 AD, which is when the records of a repair are noted
“Harry Gove, the inventor of the specific C-14 test used on the Shroud samples was asked what the age of the original material would have to be if approximately 60% of the sample was added had been grown in 1650 AD to result in a tested date of 1350 AD.”
Excellent!