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“For about 30 years Arp’s most important observations have been under academic ban; “
Complete nonsense. The work is has never been banned and is in fact well known. His theory simply didn’t stand up with the deep sky evidence that continues to keep piling up.
**********************ABSTRACT************************
Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3RH 2 Yonsei University, Centre for Space Astrophysics, Seoul 120749, Korea 3 Yale Center for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8121, USA
We combine deep optical and NIR (UBVRIzJK) photometry from the Multiwavelength Survey by Yale–Chile (MUSYC) with redshifts from the COMBO-17 survey to perform a large-scale study of the rest-frame ultraviolet (UV) properties of 674 high-redshift (0.5 < z < 1) early-type galaxies, drawn from the Extended Chandra Deep Field-South (E-CDFS). Galaxy morphologies are determined through visual inspection of Hubble Space Telescope (HST) images taken from the GEMS survey. We harness the sensitivity of the UV to young (<1-Gyr old) stars to quantify the recent star formation history of early-type galaxies across a range of luminosities [−23.5 < M(V) < −18]. Comparisons to simple stellar populations forming at high redshift indicate that ∼1.1 per cent of early-types in this sample are consistent with purely passive ageing since z= 2 – this value drops to ∼0.24 per cent and ∼0.15 per cent for z= 3 and 5, respectively. Parametrizing the recent star formation (RSF) in terms of the mass fraction of stars less than a Gyr old, we find that the early-type population as a whole shows a typical RSF between 5 and 13 per cent in the redshift range 0.5 < z < 1. Early-types on the broad UV 'red sequence' show RSF values less than 5 per cent, while the reddest early-types (which are also the most luminous) are virtually quiescent with RSF values of ∼1 per cent. In contrast to their low-redshift (z < 0.1) counterparts, the high-redshift early-types in this sample show a pronounced bimodality in the rest-frame UV–optical colour, with a minor but significant peak centred on the blue cloud. Furthermore, star formation in the most active early-types is a factor of 2 greater at z∼ 0.7 than in the local universe. Given that evolved sources of UV flux (e.g. horizontal branch stars) should be absent at z > 0.5, implying that the UV is dominated by young stars, we find compelling evidence that early-types of all luminosities form stars over the lifetime of the Universe, although the bulk of their star formation is already complete at high redshift. This 'tail-end' of star formation is measurable and not negligible, with luminous [ −23 < M(V) < −20.5 ] early-types potentially forming 10–15 per cent of their mass since z= 1, with less luminous early-types [ M(V) > −20.5 ] potentially forming 30–60 per cent of their mass after z= 1. This, in turn, implies that intermediate-age stellar populations should be abundant in local early-type galaxies, as expected in hierarchical cosmology.
Accepted 2008 April 28. Received 2008 April 21; in original form 2007 September 5
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THE REDSHIFT GOES IN JUMPS
This interpretation of the redshift is held by a majority of astronomers. However, in 1976, William Tifft of the Steward Observatory in Tucson, Arizona, published the first of a number of papers analyzing redshift measurements. He observed that the redshift measurements did not change smoothly as distance increased, but went in jumps: in other words they were quantised [26]. Between successive jumps, the redshift remained fixed at the value it attained at the last jump. This first study was by no means exhaustive, so Tifft investigated further. As he did so, he discovered that the original observations that suggested a quantised redshift were strongly supported wherever he looked [27 - 34]. In 1981 the extensive Fisher-Tully redshift survey was completed. Because redshift values in this survey were not clustered in the way Tifft had noted earlier, it looked as if redshift quantisation could be ruled out. However, in 1984 Tifft and Cocke pointed out that the motion of the sun and its solar system through space produces a genuine Doppler effect of its own, which adds or subtracts a little to every redshift measurement. When this true Doppler effect was subtracted from all the observed redshifts, it produced strong evidence for the quantisation of redshifts across the entire sky [35, 36].
The initial quantisation value that Tifft discovered was a redshift of 72.46 kilometres per second in the Coma cluster of galaxies. Subsequently it was discovered that quantisation figures of up to 13 multiples of 72.46 km/s existed. Later work established a smaller quantisation figure just half of this, namely 36.2 km/s. This was subsequently supported by Guthrie and Napier who concluded that 37.6 km/s was a more basic figure, with an error of 2 km/s [37-39]. After further observations, Tifft announced in 1991 that these and other redshift quantisations recorded earlier were simply higher multiples of a basic quantisation figure [40]. That figure turned out to be 8.05 km/s, which when multiplied by 9 gave the original 72.46 km/s value. Alternatively, when 8.05 km/s is multiplied by 9/2 the 36.2 km/s result is obtained. However, Tifft noted that this 8.05 km/s was not in itself the most basic result as observations revealed a 8.05/3 km/s, or 2.68 km/s, quantisation, which was even more fundamental [40]. Accepting this result at face value suggests that the redshift is quantised in fundamental steps of 2.68 km/s across the cosmos.
RE-EXAMINING THE REDSHIFT
If redshifts were truly a result of an expanding universe, the measurements would be smoothly distributed, showing all values within the range measured. This is the sort of thing we see on a highway, with cars going many different speeds within the normal range of driving speeds. However the redshift, being quantised, is more like the idea of those cars each going in multiples of, say, 5 kilometres an hour. Cars don't do that, but the redshift does. This would seem to indicate that something other than the expansion of the universe is responsible for these results. . . .
The big bang idea in particular is bad physics and bad theology rolled into a tidy package. Having all the mass of the universe collapsed to the size of a #8 shot pellet would be the mother of all black holes; nothing would ever bang its way out of that. Likewise for a supposedly omnipotent and omniscient God to suddenly determine that it wold be cool to create a universe (7K or 17B years ago, it makes no real difference) while the idea had never occurred to him previously is basically nonsensical.