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Where Does All Earth’s Gold Come From? Supernovas. OK. Let's assume you are right. And then do the math required just to create all of the gold believed to be on earth. No other substances or elements, just the gold. Gold is Au 79, atomic weight 197. Simplest way to "build up" isotopes in a collider or supernova by fusion is to "add up" He4/2 nuclei: He is thought to be only 1/5 of the initial elements from the "Big Bang" (the rest being hydrogen H1/1, a small amount of H1/2 and H1/3, and a very, very little bit of Lithium. So, to create just one Au 79/197 atom, you need just under 40 collisions of He2/4 plus 37 extra neutrons at 0/1 atomic weight. (There are other ways, such as one simultaneous collision of between a Y39/89 + Zr40/91 + 17 neutrons ... but then still have to create the Yttrium39 and Zirconium40 (and find the 17 neutrons) in some earlier series of supernovas.) Once created, that atom of gold must drift randomnly (be blown out of the supernova directly towards the earth's future galactic position so it can be gathered into the pre-solar systems mass of dust and plasmas. Then that gold atom must avoid being sucked into the dust balls of the sun, Jupiter, Saturn, Neptune, Uranus, Venus, etc and actually be collected by earth's dust ball. And all of this must happen BEFORE the sun lights up the solar system - since we know the earth's orbit is essentially unchanged since the solar system was formed. (Earth-moon collision included: That would only blow our single gold atom out of the earth's crust at some 4.6 billion year ago and push it into earth orbit, the moon's crust, or back into the solar system. So, we now have one gold atom - formed by a single supernova and blasted out of that supernova into interstellar space, gathered into the solar system's area, gathered into earth's specific dust ball out of that whole area, then gathered and kept in the earth's mass. But you see, we don't have just one gold atom on earth: we have some 158,000 tonnes of gold actually mined - from ancient pre-history to today's date. (But you will have to tell me how many tonnes remain in the crust. That amount will be skipped from here on.) Regardless of reserves and not-mined-yet masses, we know absolutely that 158,000 tons has to have been created in the first place by your supernovas and blown through space and collected by earth's gravity - since that much has been actually mined and counted! Now, chemistry tells us reliably and by good measurements that a single "mole" of any pure substance weighs an atomic mass of that substance (KGS system required!) and contains one single Avogadro number of atoms of that substance. That is, a single mol of Helium weighs 4 grams, and has 6.02 x 10^23 atoms in those 4 grams. A single mol of carbon 12 weighs 12 grams and contains 6.02 x 10^23 atoms of C6/12. (Specifically, 6.02214179×10^23 mol−1 in grams, and 2.73159757×10^26 atoms/lb in pounds.) Thus, your supernova's must have created 158,000 tons of gold x 2200 lbs/ton x 2.73x10^26 atoms/lb number of gold atoms. That we have discovered and mined so far on earth. So, we have mined 9.48 x 10^34 gold atoms. So far. At 40 collisions of He2/4 (or one single simultaneous collision of 40 He2/4 ions plus 37 neutrons) that would require 3.79 x 10^36 collisions. (Doesn't matter whether you assume multiple supernova's or one single supernova, you still need to combine 40+ collisions of ions to create one gold ion. Plus the extra 37 neutrons so your gold isotope doesn't radioactively decay before it gets mined.) Now, these 3.8x10^36 collisions have to occur BEFORE your gold atoms get to today's solar system dust cloud, and after the Big Bang. Since the sun is said to have lit off and begun fusion some 4.6 billion years ago, and the Big Bang 14.5 billion to 13.7 billion years ago, all of the solar system's current mass must have collected in the time between 14 billion and 5 billion years ago. Call it a maximum of 9 billions of years of potential element formation: and that's ONLY if you assume a chain of supernova's in your creation tree, then you must account for the "coasting" of ions between one supernova and the next. Expansion of the universe? You need to include that as well in a realistic analysis. For now, let's assume that no supernova-created gold got blown away from earth. That no time was spent "coasting" between supernova events. That all of the earth's gold was actually created into one single dust cloud and that dust cloud was centered around earth's future orbit so none "was lost in space" after it was created. None of these are realistic, but they are required for your supernova theory to use the absolute minimum number of collisions and fusion steps. Thus, you require a chain of 3.8 x 10^36 supernova-inspired collisions to have occurred in only 9x10^9 years. 4.2 x 10^26 supernova-inspired collisions per year for 10^9 years. or you can believe in miracles. Which is more likely?