Why only this harbor, and not all the harbors across northern Europe?
Because like Guam, Great Britain is tipping over.
On the opposite coast, Harlech Castle was built in the same period on a crag overlooking the sea, with water access
Today, not so much
Its not just this harbor. There’s a lot of places in Britain that have been submerged by coastal erosion and/or sudden storm - the last was only about 20 years ago. There’s even quite a strong racial memory of these things - a lot of Celtic legends feature ancient lands sinking. The city of Chester went into decline as a port when the river Dee silted up, and was subsequently replaced by Liverpool as the main west coast seaport.