Musical Interlude topic for April 2024

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Marcin Patrzalek -- there's also a live version at Royal Albert Hall.
Marcin - Kashmir on One Guitar (Official Video) | 2:57 Marcin | 1.46M subscribers | 5,287,928 views | Premiered March 12, 2021

Steve Vai, Mateus Asato & Marcin jamming together on stage at Vai Academy 7.0 this year in Orlando!
Steve Vai, Marcin & Mateus Asato Epic Jam Session! | 9:37
Dreamcatcher Events | 8.55K subscribers | 115,199 views | February 21, 2024

Don Ross Live | 1:40:26
13.4K subscribers | 1,740 views | Streamed live on December 16, 2023

Mapping all 200 impact craters of the Earth Impact Database, Planetary and Space Science Centre:
200 Earth Impact Craters Mapped by Size and Age | 10:18
Geography Viz | 6.59K subscribers | 490,268 views | March 22, 2024

0:00 Intro
0:19 Carancas Crater
0:31 Haviland Crater
0:48 Kaali Crater
1:17 Douglas Crater
1:45 Boxhole, Aouelloul, Amguid, Monturaqui and Wolfe Creek craters
2:20 Barringer Crater (Meteor Crater)
3:28 Rotor Kamm Crater
3:40 New Quebec Crater
3:50 Gow Crater
4:17 Tin Bider Crater
4:28 Piccaninny Crater
4:42 Couture Crater
4:57 Connolly Crater
5:26 Spatial distribution of earth impact craters
5:57 Upheaval Dome Crater
6:10 Bosumtwi Crater
6:20 Gosses Bluff Crater
6:30 Haughton Crater
6:43 Ries Crater
6:53 Slate Islands Crater
7:03 Clearwater West Crater
7:14 Mjølnir Crater
7:33 Kara-Kul Crater
7:44 Manicouagan Crater
8:12 Sudbury Basin Crater
8:38 Chicxulub Crater
9:16 Vredefort Crater
9:54 Earth impact craters map

Transcript
· Intro
0:00 · 200 Earth impact craters mapped by size
0:03 · and age we'll show many examples from
0:06 · each size class with some emphasis on
0:08 · describing the landform
0:10 · morphometry starting with impact
0:12 · database craters less than 1 km the
0:15 · absolute smallest are these two with
0:17 · diameters in the order of just 10 m this
· Carancas Crater
0:20 · one in Peru is super recent formed by a
0:23 · medeor impact in
0:25 · 2007 relatively tiny craters like this
0:28 · are short Liv features on the Earth's
0:30 · active surface a similarly sized crater
· Haviland Crater
0:33 · in the US state of Kansas has been
0:36 · essentially erased by agricultural
0:38 · activity according to early
0:40 · investigations there was still an
0:41 · observable crater here in the 19th
0:43 · century pretty localized impact so far
0:47 · stepping up in order of magnitude
· Kaali Crater
0:49 · there's Khali crater on the largest
0:51 · island of Estonia the crater is an
0:53 · attractive pond in a lovely patch of
0:56 · forest irra scanning shows a suite of
0:59 · craters as the meteorite fragmented on
1:01 · Entry even at this relatively small size
1:04 · we're getting into significantly greater
1:05 · destruction with this impact being tied
1:08 · to islandwide ecological destruction a
1:10 · Baltic white tsunami and violent shock
1:13 · effects as far away as
1:15 · Sweden within the North American Rocky
· Douglas Crater
1:17 · Mountains US state of Wyoming is an
1:20 · anomalously old crater for its size this
1:23 · older impact caused shock lith ofaction
1:26 · below the crater site forming a more
1:28 · erosion resistant rock type subsequently
1:30 · buried in sediment despite later erosion
1:34 · of the initial landform exposure of the
1:36 · underlying formation still reveals a
1:37 · preserved crater form in the sedimentary
1:39 · record as an elevated Rim due to
1:42 · differential
1:43 · erosion some of the larger Craters of
· Boxhole, Aouelloul, Amguid, Monturaqui and Wolfe Creek craters
1:45 · the size class are impressive and
1:48 · distinctive landforms especially well
1:50 · preserved were present in Aid World
1:58 · regions
2:02 · the largest being the spectacular Wolf
2:05 · Creek Crater of Northern
2:07 · Australia for our next size class up to
2:10 · 10 kilm diameters no one craters are
2:13 · more numerous and overall older as these
2:16 · larger impact features have greater
2:18 · preservation potential near the bottom
· Barringer Crater (Meteor Crater)
2:21 · of this size range at about 1 km
2:23 · diameter is the famous and well studied
2:26 · Binger crater also called meteor crater
2:28 · in the US state of
2:30 · Arizona this was an impact into a thick
2:33 · sequence of Flatline sedimentary rock
2:35 · layers the incredible energy of the
2:37 · impact hinged up some of these Rock
2:40 · layers and even flipped some right over
2:43 · putting them in reverse stratagraph
2:44 · order in addition to depositing
2:46 · significant overturn debris around the
2:49 · crater rocks below the impact site were
2:51 · converted into breia a totally different
2:53 · type of rock as the Crater Rim
2:55 · subsequently eroded much of the debris
2:57 · and other sediments accumulated within
2:59 · the crater base
3:00 · currently total Rim height lost to
3:02 · erosion is estimated to be about 20
3:05 · M Daniel baringer was one of the first
3:08 · people to suggest that this remarkable
3:09 · feature which had an earlier name of
3:11 · Mountain was produced by metor
3:13 · impact it took decades for this to be
3:15 · broadly accepted it was previously
3:17 · thought to be a volcanic origin because
3:19 · no main body of the meteor was to be
3:20 · found high energy physics not widely
3:23 · understood at the time indicates that
3:25 · the meteorite would have mostly
3:26 · vaporized on impact a nice example of a
· Rotor Kamm Crater
3:29 · crater 2 to 3 kilm wide is rerc in
3:33 · southern Africa I should mention that
3:35 · we're easily into City killer impacts
3:37 · here in case you're wondering a
3:39 · relatively young crater in a 3 to 4 km
· New Quebec Crater
3:42 · range makes this very circular Lake in
3:45 · Northern Quebec
3:46 · Canada moving over to Saskatchewan
3:49 · Canada and jumping up to 5 kilm diameter
· Gow Crater
3:52 · we have GA crater another Lake feature
3:54 · but this one having a big central
3:56 · island up to this point we've mostly
3:59 · been dealing with with simple craters
4:01 · but larger craters start to be
4:02 · increasingly of the complex type with
4:05 · the central Peak associated with rebound
4:07 · uplift although this Basin has been
4:10 · heavily eroded and sculpted by ice sheet
4:12 · erosion the Deep crater form
4:14 · persists at about 6 km diameter we have
· Tin Bider Crater
4:17 · this impressive feature in central
4:19 · Algeria this kind of multi- ring form
4:21 · can occur from a concentric circular
4:23 · pattern of POS impact Rock
4:26 · faulting back to Australia for a 7 km
· Piccaninny Crater
4:29 · example
4:30 · oldest one shown so far still a clear
4:33 · circular feature visible on the
4:34 · landscape despite a huge amount of
4:36 · surface erosion current land surface
4:38 · estimated to be a full kilometer or two
4:40 · below the original crater floor back to
· Couture Crater
4:42 · Northern Quebec Canada for an 8 km
4:45 · feature another Crater Lake along with
4:47 · previously shown new Quebec crater
4:49 · having a huge water volume allowing it
4:51 · to remain ice and snow cover free unlike
4:54 · the thousands of small glacial lakes in
4:55 · this broad
4:56 · region back to Australia again for a 9
· Connolly Crater
4:59 · km for example heavily eroded but a
5:02 · circular signature of the impact is
5:04 · nicely preserved in the radially inward
5:06 · or centripetal surface drainage pattern
5:09 · our next size class is up to diameters
5:11 · of 50 km lots more features and many
5:15 · older ones with a mean age of this class
5:17 · being over 400 million years old the
5:20 · range of impact magnitudes reviewed next
5:22 · can range from a continental scale
5:24 · disruption to a serious threat to
· Spatial distribution of earth impact craters
5:27 · civilization looking at the spatial
5:28 · distribution of craters particularly the
5:30 · older ones shown in yellow to Green
5:33 · there may be some bias Associated where
5:34 · there's been more detailed geologic
5:36 · mapping but it also relates to Old
5:38 · stable Continental regions where
5:40 · features are going to be longer
5:42 · preserved that can explain the greater
5:44 · prevalence in much in North America
5:46 · northern Europe and in north and West
5:48 · Australia and the absence of such
5:50 · features around the geologically active
5:51 · circum Pacific ring and along the
5:53 · orogenic belt through southern Europe
5:56 · and Asia about 10 km diameter there's
· Upheaval Dome Crater
5:59 · the impressive rebounded warped strateg
6:01 · graphy of upheaval dome in Utah which
6:04 · forms another interesting pattern of
6:05 · surface drainage here a textbook example
6:08 · of the annular drainage pattern at about
· Bosumtwi Crater
6:11 · the same size we have this one which is
6:13 · our closest to the equator impact crater
6:16 · an important land form of Ghana as the
6:18 · country's only natural lake there are
· Gosses Bluff Crater
6:20 · many interesting craters in the 20 to 30
6:22 · km diameter range including this beauty
6:25 · in
6:27 · Australia and one of the highest
6:28 · latitude craters know in Arctic Canada
· Haughton Crater
6:31 · this one's well studied due to the cold
6:33 · environment and lack of
6:35 · vegetation it has large shatter cones
6:37 · preserved in the shocked Bedrock
6:40 · definitive evidence for confirming
6:42 · impact
· Ries Crater
6:43 · Origins and this one in Germany with
6:46 · this picturesque Town built within an
6:48 · inner
6:49 · ring getting up to 30 km diameter we
6:52 · have this island group in Northern Lake
· Slate Islands Crater
6:54 · Superior Canada the islands represent
6:57 · remnants of central Peak uplift
7:00 · just high enough to be above current
7:01 · lake
7:02 · level at 36 km diameter there's Clear
· Clearwater West Crater
7:05 · Water West in Quebec Canada part of a
7:07 · onew punch of a binary asteroid
7:11 · impact and here at the top end of this
7:13 · size class at 40 km diameter it's a
· Mjølnir Crater
7:15 · seabed impact site off the Norway Coast
7:18 · hidden from view but clearly visible in
7:20 · sea4
7:22 · imaging our next size class is up to
7:25 · diameters of 100 km approaching
7:28 · extinction level of
7:31 · at the low end of this size class is
· Kara-Kul Crater
7:34 · this one hidden in the mountains not
7:36 · identified as an impact feature until
7:39 · satellite imagery had put its full
7:40 · extent into
7:42 · view and at the high end of this class
· Manicouagan Crater
7:45 · at 85 km diameter is a manakan crater of
7:49 · Quebec this crater ring is filled by a
7:51 · hydroelectric Reservoir which connected
7:53 · two earlier lakes that previously
7:55 · occupied East and West sides of the Ring
7:59 · easily visible from space and one of the
8:01 · most iconic impact features on
8:05 · Earth there are three known impact
8:07 · features on Earth for which initial
8:09 · crater diameters exceeded 100 km first
· Sudbury Basin Crater
8:13 · is Sudbury Basin Ontario Canada
8:15 · exceeding 1.8 billion years in age the
8:18 · Basin shape reflects extensive
8:20 · modification by episodes of mountain
8:22 · building and
8:24 · erosion the heavily modified Central
8:26 · Basin now contains a series of younger
8:28 · fil layers
8:30 · the impact melt experienced sufficient
8:31 · differentiation to concentrate metal
8:33 · Rich ores at the base where there has
8:35 · been extensive nickel and copper
· Chicxulub Crater
8:38 · mining next is the relatively more
8:40 · recent and well-known chick salute
8:42 · crater the crater Center is offshore the
8:45 · yukatan peninsula Mexico on land some
8:48 · surface evidence of this impact still
8:49 · exists including a shallow circular
8:51 · trough and numerous sink holes around
8:53 · that trough marking the inner Rim an
8:56 · impact capable of creating a crater of
8:57 · this magnitude would have relased energy
9:00 · equivalent to millions of nuclear
9:02 · weapons this impact is widely associated
9:04 · with the KT Extinction event denoted
9:06 · globally by a sedimentary layer rich in
9:09 · aridium an element that is extremely
9:11 · rare in Earth Crest but common in comets
9:13 · and
9:14 · asteroids and finally there's the very
· Vredefort Crater
9:17 · ancient very huge verita Ford impact
9:20 · crater in South Africa the largest
9:22 · verified impact structure on Earth the
9:25 · initial crater which is long since
9:26 · eroded away has been estimated at 17 to
9:29 · 300 km across when it had formed
9:32 · Following over 2 billion years of
9:34 · erosion surface evidence of this massive
9:36 · impact still exists as a central uplift
9:38 · Dome within deep basement rocks to form
9:42 · a crater of this magnitude the meteor
9:44 · may have been the size of New York City
9:45 · traveling at over 50,000 km hour deeply
9:49 · puncturing the Earth's Crest by tens of
9:50 · kilometers at the epicenter with global
9:53 · extensive Fallout our final map Earth's
· Earth impact craters map
9:57 · impact craters from the planetary and
9:59 · space science center Earth impact
10:02 · database C video text or methods and
10:04 · sources and thanks for watching please
10:07 · like subscribe or watch more geography

Jessica | 7:30 | Allman Brothers Band
136K subscribers | 4,042,695 views | July 20, 2018
Provided to YouTube by Universal Music Group

Dickie Betts has passed away... [04/18/2024]

20 ILLEGAL Photos Smuggled Out Of North Korea | 26:52
Robot Zone | 22.6K subscribers | 448,907 views | February 10, 2024

Judi Dench | Shakespeare's Sonnet 116 (Live at the London Palladium) | 1:17
Fane Productions | 13K subscribers | 96,686 views | March 22, 2023

Ancient Roman portrait busts, the paintings of Antonio del Pollaiuolo, Sandro Botticelli, Gentile Bellini, Leonardo da Vinci, and Raphael, and the portrait busts of Giovanni Lorenzo Bernini.

The music combines parts of Pavana Alla Venetiana and O Mia Cieca E Dura Sorte from the Early Venetian Lute Music album, available from Amazon.
Fine Arts - Italian Portraits - Early Venetian Lute Music | 4:02
Mary Van Deusen FanVids | 8.61K subscribers | 784 views | April 30, 2018

Hugs!

Luca, Andrea, and Giovanni della Robbia - Monteverdi
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=odQZfXUXLPo

album, 'Rough Mix'
"Keep Me Turning" - Pete Townshend & Ronnie Lane (Studio Audio) | 3:46
RemoDrumfreek102 | 1.28K subscribers | 108,180 views | November 27, 2008

Ludvig, Baron HOLBERG (1684 - 1754)
Niels Klim's Underground Travels, originally published in Latin as "Nicolai Klimii Iter Subterraneum" (1741) is a satirical science-fiction/fantasy novel written by Ludvig Holberg, a Norwegian-Danish dramatist, historian, and essayist, born in Bergen, Norway. It was his first and only novel. It describes a utopian society from an outsider's point of view, and often pokes fun at diverse cultural and social topics such as moral, science, sexual equality, religion, governments, and philosophy. (Summary by Wikipedia)
Niels Klim's Journey under the Ground (FULL Audiobook) | 3:50:51
Audio Books | 418K subscribers | 3,220 views | March 13, 2014

https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/27884

https://www.gutenberg.org/files/27884/27884-h/27884-h.htm

The "forbidden riff", Stairway To Heaven by Led Zeppelin, played on hammered dulcimer.
Stairway To Heaven - Hammered Dulcimer cover | 1:14
Evan Plays Dulcimer | 17.7K subscribers | 13,344 views | December 13, 2022

The Hammered Dulcimer [04/27/2024]
Musical Interlude topic for February 2024

Delitiæ Musicæ - Focus latest remastered | 1:14
こうのまい kounomai🎵 | 2.65K subscribers | 39 views | March 31, 2023

FOCUS "Delitae Musicae" | 1:15
Kazumi Suzuki | 113 subscribers | 174 views | May 25, 2020

Transcript
	·	Intro
0:00	·	200 Earth impact craters mapped by size
0:03	·	and age we'll show many examples from
0:06	·	each size class with some emphasis on
0:08	·	describing the landform
0:10	·	morphometry starting with impact
0:12	·	database craters less than 1 km the
0:15	·	absolute smallest are these two with
0:17	·	diameters in the order of just 10 m this
	·	Carancas Crater
0:20	·	one in Peru is super recent formed by a
0:23	·	medeor impact in
0:25	·	2007 relatively tiny craters like this
0:28	·	are short Liv features on the Earth's
0:30	·	active surface a similarly sized crater
	·	Haviland Crater
0:33	·	in the US state of Kansas has been
0:36	·	essentially erased by agricultural
0:38	·	activity according to early
0:40	·	investigations there was still an
0:41	·	observable crater here in the 19th
0:43	·	century pretty localized impact so far
0:47	·	stepping up in order of magnitude
	·	Kaali Crater
0:49	·	there's Khali crater on the largest
0:51	·	island of Estonia the crater is an
0:53	·	attractive pond in a lovely patch of
0:56	·	forest irra scanning shows a suite of
0:59	·	craters as the meteorite fragmented on
1:01	·	Entry even at this relatively small size
1:04	·	we're getting into significantly greater
1:05	·	destruction with this impact being tied
1:08	·	to islandwide ecological destruction a
1:10	·	Baltic white tsunami and violent shock
1:13	·	effects as far away as
1:15	·	Sweden within the North American Rocky
	·	Douglas Crater
1:17	·	Mountains US state of Wyoming is an
1:20	·	anomalously old crater for its size this
1:23	·	older impact caused shock lith ofaction
1:26	·	below the crater site forming a more
1:28	·	erosion resistant rock type subsequently
1:30	·	buried in sediment despite later erosion
1:34	·	of the initial landform exposure of the
1:36	·	underlying formation still reveals a
1:37	·	preserved crater form in the sedimentary
1:39	·	record as an elevated Rim due to
1:42	·	differential
1:43	·	erosion some of the larger Craters of
	·	Boxhole, Aouelloul, Amguid, Monturaqui and Wolfe Creek craters
1:45	·	the size class are impressive and
1:48	·	distinctive landforms especially well
1:50	·	preserved were present in Aid World
1:58	·	regions
2:02	·	the largest being the spectacular Wolf
2:05	·	Creek Crater of Northern
2:07	·	Australia for our next size class up to
2:10	·	10 kilm diameters no one craters are
2:13	·	more numerous and overall older as these
2:16	·	larger impact features have greater
2:18	·	preservation potential near the bottom
	·	Barringer Crater (Meteor Crater)
2:21	·	of this size range at about 1 km
2:23	·	diameter is the famous and well studied
2:26	·	Binger crater also called meteor crater
2:28	·	in the US state of
2:30	·	Arizona this was an impact into a thick
2:33	·	sequence of Flatline sedimentary rock
2:35	·	layers the incredible energy of the
2:37	·	impact hinged up some of these Rock
2:40	·	layers and even flipped some right over
2:43	·	putting them in reverse stratagraph
2:44	·	order in addition to depositing
2:46	·	significant overturn debris around the
2:49	·	crater rocks below the impact site were
2:51	·	converted into breia a totally different
2:53	·	type of rock as the Crater Rim
2:55	·	subsequently eroded much of the debris
2:57	·	and other sediments accumulated within
2:59	·	the crater base
3:00	·	currently total Rim height lost to
3:02	·	erosion is estimated to be about 20
3:05	·	M Daniel baringer was one of the first
3:08	·	people to suggest that this remarkable
3:09	·	feature which had an earlier name of
3:11	·	Mountain was produced by metor
3:13	·	impact it took decades for this to be
3:15	·	broadly accepted it was previously
3:17	·	thought to be a volcanic origin because
3:19	·	no main body of the meteor was to be
3:20	·	found high energy physics not widely
3:23	·	understood at the time indicates that
3:25	·	the meteorite would have mostly
3:26	·	vaporized on impact a nice example of a
	·	Rotor Kamm Crater
3:29	·	crater 2 to 3 kilm wide is rerc in
3:33	·	southern Africa I should mention that
3:35	·	we're easily into City killer impacts
3:37	·	here in case you're wondering a
3:39	·	relatively young crater in a 3 to 4 km
	·	New Quebec Crater
3:42	·	range makes this very circular Lake in
3:45	·	Northern Quebec
3:46	·	Canada moving over to Saskatchewan
3:49	·	Canada and jumping up to 5 kilm diameter
	·	Gow Crater
3:52	·	we have GA crater another Lake feature
3:54	·	but this one having a big central
3:56	·	island up to this point we've mostly
3:59	·	been dealing with with simple craters
4:01	·	but larger craters start to be
4:02	·	increasingly of the complex type with
4:05	·	the central Peak associated with rebound
4:07	·	uplift although this Basin has been
4:10	·	heavily eroded and sculpted by ice sheet
4:12	·	erosion the Deep crater form
4:14	·	persists at about 6 km diameter we have
	·	Tin Bider Crater
4:17	·	this impressive feature in central
4:19	·	Algeria this kind of multi- ring form
4:21	·	can occur from a concentric circular
4:23	·	pattern of POS impact Rock
4:26	·	faulting back to Australia for a 7 km
	·	Piccaninny Crater
4:29	·	example
4:30	·	oldest one shown so far still a clear
4:33	·	circular feature visible on the
4:34	·	landscape despite a huge amount of
4:36	·	surface erosion current land surface
4:38	·	estimated to be a full kilometer or two
4:40	·	below the original crater floor back to
	·	Couture Crater
4:42	·	Northern Quebec Canada for an 8 km
4:45	·	feature another Crater Lake along with
4:47	·	previously shown new Quebec crater
4:49	·	having a huge water volume allowing it
4:51	·	to remain ice and snow cover free unlike
4:54	·	the thousands of small glacial lakes in
4:55	·	this broad
4:56	·	region back to Australia again for a 9
	·	Connolly Crater
4:59	·	km for example heavily eroded but a
5:02	·	circular signature of the impact is
5:04	·	nicely preserved in the radially inward
5:06	·	or centripetal surface drainage pattern
5:09	·	our next size class is up to diameters
5:11	·	of 50 km lots more features and many
5:15	·	older ones with a mean age of this class
5:17	·	being over 400 million years old the
5:20	·	range of impact magnitudes reviewed next
5:22	·	can range from a continental scale
5:24	·	disruption to a serious threat to
	·	Spatial distribution of earth impact craters
5:27	·	civilization looking at the spatial
5:28	·	distribution of craters particularly the
5:30	·	older ones shown in yellow to Green
5:33	·	there may be some bias Associated where
5:34	·	there's been more detailed geologic
5:36	·	mapping but it also relates to Old
5:38	·	stable Continental regions where
5:40	·	features are going to be longer
5:42	·	preserved that can explain the greater
5:44	·	prevalence in much in North America
5:46	·	northern Europe and in north and West
5:48	·	Australia and the absence of such
5:50	·	features around the geologically active
5:51	·	circum Pacific ring and along the
5:53	·	orogenic belt through southern Europe
5:56	·	and Asia about 10 km diameter there's
	·	Upheaval Dome Crater
5:59	·	the impressive rebounded warped strateg
6:01	·	graphy of upheaval dome in Utah which
6:04	·	forms another interesting pattern of
6:05	·	surface drainage here a textbook example
6:08	·	of the annular drainage pattern at about
	·	Bosumtwi Crater
6:11	·	the same size we have this one which is
6:13	·	our closest to the equator impact crater
6:16	·	an important land form of Ghana as the
6:18	·	country's only natural lake there are
	·	Gosses Bluff Crater
6:20	·	many interesting craters in the 20 to 30
6:22	·	km diameter range including this beauty
6:25	·	in
6:27	·	Australia and one of the highest
6:28	·	latitude craters know in Arctic Canada
	·	Haughton Crater
6:31	·	this one's well studied due to the cold
6:33	·	environment and lack of
6:35	·	vegetation it has large shatter cones
6:37	·	preserved in the shocked Bedrock
6:40	·	definitive evidence for confirming
6:42	·	impact
	·	Ries Crater
6:43	·	Origins and this one in Germany with
6:46	·	this picturesque Town built within an
6:48	·	inner
6:49	·	ring getting up to 30 km diameter we
6:52	·	have this island group in Northern Lake
	·	Slate Islands Crater
6:54	·	Superior Canada the islands represent
6:57	·	remnants of central Peak uplift
7:00	·	just high enough to be above current
7:01	·	lake
7:02	·	level at 36 km diameter there's Clear
	·	Clearwater West Crater
7:05	·	Water West in Quebec Canada part of a
7:07	·	onew punch of a binary asteroid
7:11	·	impact and here at the top end of this
7:13	·	size class at 40 km diameter it's a
	·	Mjølnir Crater
7:15	·	seabed impact site off the Norway Coast
7:18	·	hidden from view but clearly visible in
7:20	·	sea4
7:22	·	imaging our next size class is up to
7:25	·	diameters of 100 km approaching
7:28	·	extinction level of
7:31	·	at the low end of this size class is
	·	Kara-Kul Crater
7:34	·	this one hidden in the mountains not
7:36	·	identified as an impact feature until
7:39	·	satellite imagery had put its full
7:40	·	extent into
7:42	·	view and at the high end of this class
	·	Manicouagan Crater
7:45	·	at 85 km diameter is a manakan crater of
7:49	·	Quebec this crater ring is filled by a
7:51	·	hydroelectric Reservoir which connected
7:53	·	two earlier lakes that previously
7:55	·	occupied East and West sides of the Ring
7:59	·	easily visible from space and one of the
8:01	·	most iconic impact features on
8:05	·	Earth there are three known impact
8:07	·	features on Earth for which initial
8:09	·	crater diameters exceeded 100 km first
	·	Sudbury Basin Crater
8:13	·	is Sudbury Basin Ontario Canada
8:15	·	exceeding 1.8 billion years in age the
8:18	·	Basin shape reflects extensive
8:20	·	modification by episodes of mountain
8:22	·	building and
8:24	·	erosion the heavily modified Central
8:26	·	Basin now contains a series of younger
8:28	·	fil layers
8:30	·	the impact melt experienced sufficient
8:31	·	differentiation to concentrate metal
8:33	·	Rich ores at the base where there has
8:35	·	been extensive nickel and copper
	·	Chicxulub Crater
8:38	·	mining next is the relatively more
8:40	·	recent and well-known chick salute
8:42	·	crater the crater Center is offshore the
8:45	·	yukatan peninsula Mexico on land some
8:48	·	surface evidence of this impact still
8:49	·	exists including a shallow circular
8:51	·	trough and numerous sink holes around
8:53	·	that trough marking the inner Rim an
8:56	·	impact capable of creating a crater of
8:57	·	this magnitude would have relased energy
9:00	·	equivalent to millions of nuclear
9:02	·	weapons this impact is widely associated
9:04	·	with the KT Extinction event denoted
9:06	·	globally by a sedimentary layer rich in
9:09	·	aridium an element that is extremely
9:11	·	rare in Earth Crest but common in comets
9:13	·	and
9:14	·	asteroids and finally there's the very
	·	Vredefort Crater
9:17	·	ancient very huge verita Ford impact
9:20	·	crater in South Africa the largest
9:22	·	verified impact structure on Earth the
9:25	·	initial crater which is long since
9:26	·	eroded away has been estimated at 17 to
9:29	·	300 km across when it had formed
9:32	·	Following over 2 billion years of
9:34	·	erosion surface evidence of this massive
9:36	·	impact still exists as a central uplift
9:38	·	Dome within deep basement rocks to form
9:42	·	a crater of this magnitude the meteor
9:44	·	may have been the size of New York City
9:45	·	traveling at over 50,000 km hour deeply
9:49	·	puncturing the Earth's Crest by tens of
9:50	·	kilometers at the epicenter with global
9:53	·	extensive Fallout our final map Earth's
	·	Earth impact craters map
9:57	·	impact craters from the planetary and
9:59	·	space science center Earth impact
10:02	·	database C video text or methods and
10:04	·	sources and thanks for watching please
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