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That innumerate power existed prior to the 1790 Act. It is the only power over citizenship Congress was given. Therefore, any citizens Congress creates are citizens by statute, not by nature. As I said, they did not contemplate being dragged into a war so soon or the ramifications of it. The Constitution is not a perfect document, but it is as perfect as there will ever be. Where the problem lay is with taking the power of immigration & naturalization out of the hands of the state governments and placing it with the federal government. It wasn't such a smooth process as some states had left it up to the state courts to decide and therein was the problem. A few judges who continued to cling to feudal law were legislating from the bench. A doctrine I don't think we will ever be rid of because of the nature of humans to prefer one type of government over the other. Some people simply don't think individuals can think for themselves or their children in these areas and therefore believe the government is the parent. Well, if that is so, if that is the law & doctrine of the US since its founding, then I demand that the US government immediately pay us back all the money we spent raising their children.