Essential amino acids: Histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, and valine.
“sugar solution” vs that, ah..not a good study, who is going too eat these and we already know sugar is bad.
I find the opposite is true, complex carbs in a raw form are best when they contain high amounts of fiber to enable high activity. Meat makes me want to sleep, good for dinner.
That’s a lot to remember. All I can say giving up carbs I have kept off 30lbs for the past 4 years.
Per the article:
“With additional experiments, the researchers were able to decode the underlying mechanism, in which specialized nerve cells in the brain—orexin neurons—play the main role. Proteins that the mice take in through food are broken down in the gut into their amino acids, which then enter the bloodstream.
From there, the blood transports them to the brain. The orexin neurons in the hypothalamus have receptors that specifically recognize the non-essential amino acids. In response, they initiate a neural circuit that produces the described behavioral changes.”
Per Wiki:
“Orexin, also known as hypocretin, is a neuropeptide that regulates arousal, wakefulness, and appetite. The most common form of narcolepsy, type 1, in which the individual experiences brief losses of muscle tone (cataplexy), is caused by a lack of orexin in the brain due to destruction of the cells that produce it.
There are only 10,000–20,000 orexin-producing neurons in the human brain, located predominantly in the perifornical area and lateral hypothalamus. They project widely throughout the central nervous system, regulating wakefulness, feeding, and other behaviors. There are two types of orexin peptide and two types of orexin receptor.
Orexin was discovered in 1998 almost simultaneously by two independent groups of researchers working on the rat brain. One group named it orexin, from orexis, meaning “appetite” in Greek; the other group named it hypocretin, because it is produced in the hypothalamus and bears a weak resemblance to secretin, another peptide. Officially, hypocretin (HCRT) is used to refer to the genes and transcripts, while orexin is used to refer to the encoded peptides. There is considerable similarity between the orexin system in the rat brain and that in the human brain.”
The lateral hypothalamus (LH), also called the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA), contains the primary orexinergic nucleus within the hypothalamus that widely projects throughout the nervous system; this system of neurons mediates an array of cognitive and physical processes, such as promoting feeding behavior and arousal, reducing pain perception, and regulating body temperature, digestive functions, and blood pressure, among many others.
Clinically significant disorders that involve dysfunctions of the orexinergic projection system include narcolepsy, motility disorders or functional gastrointestinal disorders involving visceral hypersensitivity (e.g., irritable bowel syndrome), and eating disorders.
The neurotransmitter glutamate and the endocannabinoids (e.g., anandamide) and the orexin neuropeptides orexin-A and orexin-B are the primary signaling neurochemicals in orexin neurons; pathway-specific neurochemicals include GABA, melanin-concentrating hormone, nociceptin, glucose, the dynorphin peptides, and the appetite-regulating peptide hormones leptin and ghrelin, among others. Notably, cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1) is colocalized on orexinergic projection neurons in the lateral hypothalamus and many output structures, where the CB1 and orexin receptor 1 (OX1) receptors form the CB1–OX1 receptor heterodimer.”
I Highlight...(The cause of the munchies when you smoke pot!)
“cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1) is colocalized on orexinergic projection neurons in the lateral hypothalamus”
This article is very superficial and does not get into specifics.