Advantages of arsenical bronze
While arsenic was most likely originally mixed with copper as a result of the ores already containing it, its use probably continued for a number of reasons. First, it acts as a deoxidizer, reacting with oxygen in the hot metal to form arsenous oxides which vaporize from the liquid metal. If a great deal of oxygen is dissolved in liquid copper, when the metal cools the copper oxide separates out at grain boundaries, and greatly reduces the ductility of the resulting object. However, its use can lead to a greater risk of porous castings, owing to the solution of hydrogen in the molten metal and its subsequent loss as a bubble (although any bubbles could be forge-welded and still leave the mass of the metal ready to be work-hardened).[1]
Second, the alloy is capable of greater work-hardening than is the case with pure copper, so that it performs better when used for cutting or chopping. An increase in work-hardening capability arises with an increasing percentage of arsenic, and the bronze can be work-hardened over a wide range of temperatures without fear of embrittlement.[1] Its improved properties over pure copper can be seen with as little as 0.5 to 2 wt% As, giving a 10-to-30% improvement in hardness and tensile strength.[7]
Third, in the correct percentages, it can contribute a silvery sheen to the article being manufactured. There is evidence of arsenical bronze daggers from the Caucasus and other artifacts from different locations having an arsenic-rich surface layer which may well have been produced deliberately by ancient craftsmen,[9] and Mexican bells were made of copper with sufficient arsenic to color them silver.[7]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenical_bronze
Excellent discussion. - thank you!
It is truly astonishing what the ancients accomplished in metallurgy just by trial, error, and guesswork. Documenting and analyzing results was probably almost non-existent.
Alloys are amazing mixtures where just a tiny amount of alloying material radically changing the properties of the alloy. In this arsenical bronze, adding 0.5 - 2 wt% Arsenic results in a 10 - 30% improvement in hardness and tensile strength.