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Thermal depolymerization
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| April 2005
| Wikipedia
Posted on 09/04/2005 1:36:26 PM PDT by Dementon
The loading station of the pilot plant in Carthage, Missouri
Thermal depolymerization (TDP) is a process for the reduction of complex organic materials (usually waste products of various sorts, often known as biomass) into light crude oil. It mimics the natural geological processes thought to be involved in the production of fossil fuels. Under pressure and heat, long chain polymers of hydrogen, oxygen, and carbon decompose into short-chain petroleum hydrocarbons with a maximum length of around 18 carbons. The process has been referred to with various names, including thermal conversion process (TCP). Thermo chemical conversion (TCC) is a similar technology, but is not identical.
History
Thermal depolymerization is similar to the geological processes that produced the fossil fuels used today, except that the technological process occurs in a timeframe measured in hours. Until recently, the human-designed processes were not efficient enough to serve as a practical source of fuel—more energy was required than was produced.
A new approach that exceeded break-even was developed by Illinois microbiologist Paul Baskis in the 1980s and refined over the next fifteen years. The technology was finally developed for commercial use in 1996 by Changing World Technologies. A demonstration plant was completed in 1999 in Philadelphia, and the first full-scale commercial plant was constructed in Carthage, Missouri, about 100 yards (100 m) from ConAgra Foods' massive Butterball Turkey plant, where it is expected to process about 200 tons of turkey waste into 500 barrels (21,000 US gallons or 80,000 liters) of oil per day.
Theory and process
Previous methods to create hydrocarbons from depolymerization expend a lot of energy to remove water from the materials. This hydrous pyrolysis method instead uses water to improve the heating process and contribute hydrogen from water to the reactions.
The feedstock material is first ground into small chunks, and mixed with water if it is especially dry. It is then fed into a reaction chamber where it is heated to around 250 °C and subjected to 600 lbf/in² (4 MPa) for approximately 15 minutes, after which the pressure is rapidly released to boil off most of the water. The result is a mix of crude hydrocarbons and solid minerals, which are separated out. The hydrocarbons are sent to a second-stage reactor where they are heated to 500 °C, further breaking down the longer chains, and the resulting petroleum is then distilled in a manner similar to conventional oil refining.
Working with turkey offal as the feedstock, the process proved to have yield efficiencies of approximately 85%; in other words, the energy required to process materials could be supplied by using 15% of the petroleum output. Alternatively, one could consider the energy efficiency of the process to be 560% (85 units of energy produced for 15 units of energy consumed). The company claims that 15 to 20% of feedstock energy is used to provide energy for the plant. The remaining energy is available in the converted product. Higher efficiencies may be possible with drier and more carbon-rich feedstocks, such as waste plastic.
By comparison, the current processes used to produce ethanol and biodiesel from agricultural sources have energy efficiencies in the 320% range when the energy used to produce the feedstocks is considered (in this case, usually sugar cane, corn, soybeans and the like).
The process breaks down almost all materials that are fed into it. TDP even efficiently breaks down many types of hazardous materials, such as poisons and difficult-to-destroy biological agents such as prions.
Feedstocks and outputs
The processing area of the pilot plant in Carthage, Missouri
Feedstock |
Output |
Plastic bottles |
Oil |
70 % |
Gas |
16 % |
Carbon solids |
6 % |
Water |
8 % |
|
Turkey offal |
Oil |
39 % |
Gas |
6 % |
Carbon solids |
5 % |
Water |
50 % |
|
Sewage sludge |
Oil |
26 % |
Gas |
9 % |
Carbon solids |
8 % |
Water |
57 % |
|
Medical waste |
Oil |
65 % |
Gas |
10 % |
Carbon solids |
5 % |
Water |
20 % |
|
Limitations
The process only breaks long molecules into shorter ones. Longer molecules are not created, so short molecules such as carbon dioxide or methane can not be converted to oil through this process. Nevertheless, it is interesting that the turkey-processing plant is creating fuel from atmospheric carbon dioxide which was collected by the growing plants which provided food for the turkeys.
The process cannot remove radioactivity from radioactive waste, but can still process it into oil.
The Environmental Protection Agency estimates that in 2001 there were 229 million tons of municipal solid waste, or 4.4 pounds generated per day per person in the USA. [1] (http://www.epa.gov/epaoswer/non-hw/muncpl/facts.htm) Industrial facilities in the USA create 7.6 billion tons of industrial wastes each year and, as a whole, the USA creates over 12 billion tons of total waste. [2] (http://www.epa.gov/epaoswer/non-hw/industd/questions.htm)
Many agricultural wastes could be processed, but many of these are already used as animal feed on individual farms.
Current status
According to a recent article by Fortune Magazine, the Carthage plant is currently producing about 400 barrels per day of crude oil. This oil is being refined as No. 2 (a standard grade oil which is used for diesel and gasoline) and No. 4 (a lower grade oil used in industrial heating).
As of February, 2005, the Carthage plant received an economic setback. It was thought that concern over mad cow disease would prevent the use of turkey waste as cattle feed, and thus this waste would be free. However, turkey waste is still used as feed, so the feed stock costs from $30 to $40 per ton, adding $15 to $20 per barrel to the cost of the oil. On top of the expenses, the roughly $42 per barrel biofuel tax credit on production costs that had been hoped for didn't materialize because the oil produced did not meet the definition of "biofuel" according to the relevant American tax legislation. Final cost is $80/barrel ($1.90/gal), making it uneconomic compared to the net wholesale price of conventional diesel of about $72/barrel ($1.73/gal) (as of April 2005 - view current price (http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/oog/info/twip/twip_distillate.html)). However, this setback does not apply to other forms of waste such as plastics. In addition, the UK has outlawed using turkey waste as cattle feed.
The pilot plant in Carthage, Missouri was temporarily shut down due to smell complaints, but was soon restarted when it was discovered that many of the smells were not actually generated by the plant. (reported by the Kansas City Star, April 12, 2005 (http://www.kansascity.com/mld/kansascity/news/11370598.htm)). Furthermore, the plant agreed to install an enhanced thermal oxidizer and to upgrade its air scrubber system under a court order. [3] (http://www.joplinglobe.com/story.php?story_id=188739&c=87) Since the plant is located only four blocks from the tourist-attracting town center, this has strained relations with the mayor and citizens of Carthage. If it cannot be resolved, this could lead to NIMBYism, making it difficult to implement this technology widely.
External links
References
- Brad Lemley (May 2003). Anything Into Oil. (external link, US$1.00 toll) (http://www.discover.com/issues/may-03/features/featoil/) Discover.
- Yuanhui Zhang, Ph.D., P.E. (PI), Gerald Riskowski, Ph.D., P.E., Ted Funk, Ph.D., P.E. (1999). Thermochemical Conversion of Swine Manure to Produce Fuel and Reduce Waste. (http://www.age.uiuc.edu/bee/RESEARCH/tcc/tccpaper3.htm) University of Illinois.
- Andrew Kantor (January 22, 2004). CyberSpeak: Killing germs, reducing waste, making oil. (http://www.usatoday.com/tech/columnist/andrewkantor/2004-01-22-kantor_x.htm) USA Today.
- Theo Asir (December 1, 2003). Depolymerization Field Observation Report (observation of Carthage, Missouri plant). (http://home.everestkc.net/tasir/CWT/Depolymerization.htm)
- Brad Lemley (July 2004). Anything Into Oil. (update) (http://www.discover.com/issues/jul-04/features/anything-into-oil/) Discover.
- Mark Kawar (May 9, 2003). From trash to black gold. Omaha World Herald.
- Res-Energy (Accessed 2004). RES Plant Daily Output (PDF, 32.5kb). (http://res-energy.com/press/pdf/RES%20Plant%20Daily%20Output.pdf) Renewable Environmental Solutions.
- Fortune Magazine Article (http://www.fortune.com/fortune/smallbusiness/articles/0,15114,1018747,00.html) (February 2005) update on the Changing World Technologies plant.
- Innovative turkey-to-oil plant eats money, spits out fowl odor (http://www.kansascity.com/mld/kansascity/news/11370598.htm), By Karen Dillon, Kansas City Star, 4/12/05. (registration required)
TOPICS: Business/Economy; News/Current Events
KEYWORDS: oil; tcc; tcp; tdp
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With the price of oil continuing to rise, this is looking better and better.
1
posted on
09/04/2005 1:36:26 PM PDT
by
Dementon
To: Dementon
A day late and a dollar short
2
posted on
09/04/2005 1:38:16 PM PDT
by
RightWhale
(25 degrees, clear, frost and birdshot, Fairbanks)
To: RightWhale
A day late and a dollar short Are you refering to the post or the technology?
3
posted on
09/04/2005 1:43:48 PM PDT
by
Dementon
(You're unique! Just like everyone else!)
To: Dementon
I agree, it's something that should be seriously explored.
To: Dementon
5
posted on
09/04/2005 1:47:43 PM PDT
by
RightWhale
(25 degrees, clear, frost and birdshot, Fairbanks)
To: RightWhale
Neither You gonna make me play 20 questions here?
6
posted on
09/04/2005 1:51:10 PM PDT
by
Dementon
(You're unique! Just like everyone else!)
To: Dementon
Ask how this pilot plant will make any difference at all in the situation of world consumption of 84 million barrels of oil a day.
7
posted on
09/04/2005 1:54:52 PM PDT
by
RightWhale
(25 degrees, clear, frost and birdshot, Fairbanks)
To: RightWhale
A day late and a dollar shortIf you are referring to this process as a way to produce oil, nothing is too late. We will always need oil. But the benefit of this is that it gets rid of some kinds trash. Rather than land-filling it, it is partially turned into something useful. It doesn't need large outside energy sources since it uses its own product to provide the heat for the process.
8
posted on
09/04/2005 2:00:27 PM PDT
by
Right Wing Assault
("..this administration is planning a 'Right Wing Assault' on values and ideals.." - John Kerry)
To: RightWhale
How will this pilot plant make any difference at all in the situation of world consumption of 84 million barrels of oil a day?
(I don't expect this one plant to make a difference. I expect it to become economically feasible to build more and eventually, the production costs to drop.)
9
posted on
09/04/2005 2:01:33 PM PDT
by
Dementon
(You're unique! Just like everyone else!)
To: Right Wing Assault
There is a cost and a benefit. This process is put forth as a possible answer to the oil peak that appears to be coming in the next decade. The cost indicates that it won't make a bit of difference in the bigger picture.
10
posted on
09/04/2005 2:03:51 PM PDT
by
RightWhale
(25 degrees, clear, frost and birdshot, Fairbanks)
To: Right Wing Assault
nothing is too late At this point everything is too late. The oil economy has about reached its zenith and will be heading down soon, along with the rest of the economy.
11
posted on
09/04/2005 2:05:33 PM PDT
by
RightWhale
(25 degrees, clear, frost and birdshot, Fairbanks)
To: Dementon
Someone care to remind me why we use animal wastes to feed our foodstock? Seems that feeding cattle grass/hay/and grains would make for better and safer beef. This would also help to bolster grain prices for farmers, thus possibly lowering the "need" for government farm subsidies/payouts.
Oh - wait, that would be logical- asking too much.... nevermind.
12
posted on
09/04/2005 2:06:31 PM PDT
by
TheBattman
(Islam (and liberalism)- the cult of Satan)
To: Right Wing Assault
I agree...saw a news segment on this very technology, and the company in the forefront, the same one developing this plant I believe, was shoveling in all types of consumer waste into the mouth of this plant...old computer parts, trash, any post-consumer waste with plastics...and out came beautiful oil. At the time it appeared to be one of those "never heard from again" technologies supposed to revolutionize our energy industry, but it appears it actually works, and with oil at the price it is now, this plant could be making $35,000 per day, 12 mil. a year at $70 a barrel oil...provided I did my math correctly (a big "if"). :) Hope it is profitable and is explored further.
13
posted on
09/04/2005 2:06:43 PM PDT
by
cj2a
(When you're pathetic, but you don't know you're pathetic, that's really pathetic.)
To: RightWhale
This is a pilot plant, therefore, small. No, the process will probably never put out 84 million barrels a day, but if you put a large plant near each major city, it would solve a few problems. Where I live, we have to truck the garbage many miles to the nearest landfill. Large fuel costs, huge wear and tear on the trucks, lots of employee time just to sit and drive. Lot of wasted money. Most of that driving would not be needed. Anything to cut out that cost would be welcome. And, oh, we make several thousand barrels of oil to sell.
14
posted on
09/04/2005 2:06:51 PM PDT
by
Right Wing Assault
("..this administration is planning a 'Right Wing Assault' on values and ideals.." - John Kerry)
To: Dementon
The savings rate has fallen to zero. There is no way to afford to build these things; the investment is impossible.
15
posted on
09/04/2005 2:07:18 PM PDT
by
RightWhale
(25 degrees, clear, frost and birdshot, Fairbanks)
To: Right Wing Assault
It will cost more to build than the value of the product. No matter what we do, the free lunch is over.
16
posted on
09/04/2005 2:08:45 PM PDT
by
RightWhale
(25 degrees, clear, frost and birdshot, Fairbanks)
To: RightWhale
"Ask how this pilot plant will make any difference at all in the situation of world consumption of 84 million barrels of oil a day." Obviously, the single pilot plant won't make a difference, but how much similar product could be produced from the megatons of garbage that any city produces every day instead of land-filling it?? It might even make garbage collection a net profit-maker.
To: Dementon
Very cool article. Thanks.
A little back of the envelope figuring suggests that just US wastes alone could generate 50 million barrels of oil per day or more.
18
posted on
09/04/2005 2:15:25 PM PDT
by
sitetest
(If Roe is not overturned, no unborn child will ever be protected in law.)
To: Wonder Warthog
I love big engineering projects. I even have a graduate degree in this kind of thing: project management. Prudhoe Bay, North Slope haul road, my favorite times. What we have to do is look at each of these ideas, oil sands, garbage depolymerization, nuclear plants, grain alcohol, electric vehicles, the whole thing and each component in terms of cost and capability. We also have to look at the availability of the oil resource of the planet in terms of cost and availability versus consumption. All these factors together are addressed in the Peak Oil model, and the numbers seem reasonable.
We'll find our economy headed down long before we run out of oil; the Peak Oil theory doesn't say we are running out of oil. It does say that oil is about to become less of a resource and we have nothing to replace that resource that will keep the economy rolling along at its present level either worldwide or in the US alone.
19
posted on
09/04/2005 2:22:10 PM PDT
by
RightWhale
(25 degrees, clear, frost and birdshot, Fairbanks)
To: sitetest
US wastes alone could generate 50 million barrels of oil per day Say that is a good number. How can we afford the investment in the necessary plants when our net savings have fallen to zero? Where will the money come from?
20
posted on
09/04/2005 2:25:04 PM PDT
by
RightWhale
(25 degrees, clear, frost and birdshot, Fairbanks)
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