No, not really.
Did a paper a few years ago: For 48 destroyer and cruiser-sized ship actually “hit” by ANY weapon of ANY type (armed, unarmed, dud, air blast, torpedo, missile, or simple cannon fire) ONE TIME, not ONE of those ships in ANY NAVY was able to continue combat.
Now remember: “Continue combat” simply means you still have command, control, combat, and mobility, right?
So, your engine room must work.
Your rudder must work.
You must have 60 cycle power. (50 Hz in the EU). Cooling water to the radars. 400 Hz power.
Your CIC and radar must work and be able to issue control signals to the weapons.
Your radar or local telescope sights must work.
Your weapons must be able to load, aim, and fire.
Your bridge (or alternative) must be in control of the ship.
Well ....
Not ONE of 48 ships hit after WWII was able to do that.
We’ve got tin ships and wooden men.
Hit on the bridge, you probably put it out of action, but the hull is still intact (not always).
There isn’t enough armour you can put on a warship that will withstand the ability of modern munitions to punch right through it. That’s why they started developing systems to target the munitions before they hit the ship in the first place.
Selective data set?
The USS Liberty was roughly destroyer sized. It took bombs, strafing and napalm, and still managed to engage the surface units that were attacking it. The defense was called off because while Israelis could attack the US, the US was not supposed to defend itself. In any event, the 'unable to continue combat' theory is refuted.
(Carefully?) Excluded from your sample would be smaller ships which also survived hits and continued in combat. See, for example, the frigate HMS Brilliant - hit by Argentine aircraft cannon fire, but able two days later to fire on an Argentine ship with her main gun.
Another British frigate, HMS Argunaut, didn't fare quite so well after taking a hit to the missile magazine. (Ship was hit by 2 1000 pound bombs; both were duds, but duds are covered by your assertions.) But she continued in combat by providing robust anti-aircraft fire against attacking planes.
I expect that if I did real research instead of just Googling from memory, I could come up with more examples.
So if we were to accept your narrowly drawn position as accurate, perhaps the lesson learned is that all destroyers and cruisers should be replaced with frigates and converted freighters.
USS Gurke (destroyer) two hits from shore batteries didn't prevent the ship from continuing combat.
USS Collett (destroyer) FIVE hits from shore batteries didn't impair combat effectiveness.