I thought Fair Use could only be applied to non-profit uses. Google is definitely not a non-profit entity.
You do not have to be a non-profit to invoke fair use.
I don’t think so. If the copied portion disseminates helpful consumer information or provides a benefit to the public it qualifies for fair use even if it makes money for the user. It is impossible actually to conceive of advertising, critical reviews or news reporting without relevant quoted material.
Neither is FR.
Not, though that weighs in favor in disputed cases.
In United States copyright law, fair use is a doctrine that permits limited use of copyrighted material without acquiring permission from the rights holders. Examples of fair use include commentary, search engines, criticism, parody, news reporting, research, teaching, library archiving and scholarship. It provides for the legal, unlicensed citation or incorporation of copyrighted material in another author's work under a four-factor balancing test. - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fair_use