IIRC, we had to take a similar exam back in the early 80’s to get a security clearance to work in certain nuclear power plants. I remember it taking longer than 10 minutes though. Maybe POTUS took an abbreviated one? Some of those questions are designed to provoke an emotional response like...”this is pure BS, I’m done!” but you know you have to plod thru it. Some of those questions are triple redundant on purpose to make you think how you answered it the first, or even the 2nd time. In the end, I guess they can tell from the given answers if you’re sane and on the “up & “up” or a potential saboteur, etc.?? Dunno if it did or not, but I got my clearance though.
Sounds like the test you took is the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory.