After the destruction of Jerusalem in 70 AD (as seen in the book of Revelations and prophesied by Jesus in the Olivet discourse), the city was levelled, but Jews remained in the land of Judaea
Then came the Kitos war where Jews in Cyprus, Cyrene etc. slaughtered gentile civilians (they depopulated those two places so badly, the authorities had to bring in new colonists) and even more so the Bar Kochkba revolt of 132-136 AD when the Jewish Messiah, Simon Bar Kochkba basically recreated the kingdom of Israel for a few years before being utterly defeated
In 136 AD they were kicked out of the land of Judaea and the land was renamed Philistia
So you can start the "Palestinian history" from this point of 136 AD
136 AD to around 320 AD --> Jews are banned from this area
320 AD to around 600 AD --> Jews are allowed into the land of Judaea but not into the city of Aelia Capitolina (the city that was built on top of Jerusalem -- note that Jerusalem was razed to the ground, it's stones were pulled apart (read Josephus) and the and the land ploughed with salt)
From 320 onwards Jews are allowed into Aelia Capitolina once a year to wail at the wailing wall
there is also the incident around 540 AD with Dhu Niwas - a Jewish king of yemen who massacred Christians and was defeated by an Ethiopian Aksumite Christian army supported by Rome, and Jews were temporarily banned from the wailing wall
From 600 to 640 AD - Jews come to live in the city of Aelia Capitolina - when the Arab armies came, they were aided by Jews inside the walls and after the Arab conquest, the Jews were given free run of the city
640 AD to around 1000 AD --> Jews are in the Jewish quarter. The lands get slowly depopulated - the only industry is religious pilgramage from Christendom and as an entrepot
Under the Crusader states there is the Kingdom of Jerusalem etc. but they are conquered by the Muslims by the 1300s
1300 to 1800 --> the area becomes a backwater with only a few thousand inhabitants. The land is abandoned to goat herds and the goats denude the mountains of trees, shrubs etc. The land is no longer fertile, and is pretty useless. The city of Jerusalem has pilgrims, but Christians are few and Muslims even less
From 1800 onwards - thanks to the rise of nationalism in Europe (due to the French revolution), large numbers of Jews migrate to Israel in Aliyah. NOW you start to see Arabs also coming in to work for the Jews. There are Muslims in the area as well as Christians and Druze and Samaritans.
And that's the history to 1948