[SunkenCiv]

Transcript
0:00	·	Haiti a country of nearly 12 million people in the Caribbean is on the brink of total State collapse around 200
0:06	·	different heavily armed gangs have managed to seize control over large swats of the country's territory and are operating with near impunity while some
0:13	·	of the more heavily armed gangs that are more similar to paramilitaries have managed to seize control over as much as 90% of Haiti's capital and largest city
0:20	·	Port of Prince these gangs have been able to completely overpower what little is left in the country of the former
0:26	·	Haitian government some of the larger and more heavily armed ones have even managed to establish roadblocks and
0:31	·	checkpoints between Porta Prince and the country's largest airport and between Porta Prince and the country's primary
0:36	·	Maritime ports and oil terminals by doing so they have in effect become capable of holding the entire country as
0:42	·	a hostage by dominating Haiti' access to the outside world and access to Imports of crucial supplies and oil there's
0:49	·	hardly even a Haitian government left in the country to speak of that's actually capable of fighting back against them
0:54	·	because there aren't even any elected government officials remaining in the country at all now the most recently elected president of P jovenel moisy was
1:01	·	assassinated 2 and 1/2 years ago now back in July of 2021 by still unidentified gunmen who raided his own
1:08	·	private residence in fact no elections of any kind have been held in Haiti since 2016 nearly 8 years ago now as
1:15	·	before Moy was assassinated he chose to continually delay the Haitian elections that were supposed to take place in 2019
1:21	·	his choice to delay those elections along with corruption allegations and a worsening economy in the island nation
1:26	·	led to mass protests against him that ultimately culminated in his assassination in July of 2021 under
1:32	·	deeply suspicious circumstances the gunmen who murdered him are assumed to continue remaining at large while hadi's
1:38	·	own governmental investigation into the matter has been extremely slow-going a fact that appears very suspicious when
1:44	·	you consider that merely 2 days before moisy was assassinated moisey had appointed a man named Ariel Henry to
1:51	·	become the country's next prime minister then 2 Days Later moisy was killed in his home and Ariel Henry Rose to power
1:58	·	as hadi's new acting Prime prime minister without ever being ratified by the country Senate after taking over
2:04	·	Henry has also continually delayed elections in the country for the past 2 and 1/2 years meaning that since no new
2:10	·	president has ever been elected and every single member in the Senate's terms have all been allowed to expire Henry has been acting as Haiti's deao
2:17	·	leader this whole entire time without ever being elected or approved by the Senate to do so there have been multiple
2:23	·	accusations ever since that Henry was directly involved in the plot to assassinate moisei so that he could
2:29	·	seize power in the country for himself including accusations that have come from hadi's Chief prosecutor and then
2:35	·	merely 2 months after moy's suspicious assassination rocked Haiti politically a devastating 7.2 magnitude earthquake
2:43	·	struck Haiti's tiberon peninsula in August of 2021 that would rock Haiti even further that disaster would kill
2:50	·	around 2,250 people in the country and injure more than 12,000 others and would also
2:56	·	cause up to $1.7 billion in economic destruction for ha 0 representing about 8% of the entire Haitian nominal GDP at
3:03	·	the time so if you're following in the span of Just 2 months across the summer of 2021 Haiti witnessed their elected
3:09	·	president get assassinated then a catastrophic earthquake that caus significant financial and human destruction and on top of those a new
3:16	·	unelected and unratified leader who Rose to power under these circumstances and who became immediately viewed by the
3:21	·	majority of Haitians as completely illegitimate it was the perfect opportunity for many of Haiti's heavily
3:27	·	armed gangs many of which consisted of former members of the haian police to begin seizing advantage of the power
3:33	·	vacuum and the chaos to carve out their own areas of influence through Force violence of all kinds within Haiti has
3:39	·	therefore skyrocketed ever since 2021 largely as a result of the gang war that has been raging across the country's
3:45	·	capital city with the United Nations reporting that more than 3,000 people in Haiti have been killed by gang violence
3:51	·	in 2023 alone a statistic that makes the current conflict going on in Haiti one of the most violent ongoing conflicts in
3:58	·	the entire world right now with a comparable number of deaths from Warfare in 2023 as happened in Yemen as a result
4:04	·	in July of 2023 the Biden Administration in the United States urged All American citizens to immediately leave from Haiti
4:11	·	and to not travel to the country under any circumstances until further notice as Haiti continues to collapse into
4:17	·	increasingly violent Anarchy moreover since the current crisis in Haiti exploded in mid 2021 well over a 100,000
4:25	·	hazian have fled from their country as refugees and risked their lives either by traveling into South America and then
4:30	·	trekking by foot through the notoriously dangerous Daran Gap northwards to the United States or have embarked towards
4:37	·	US Territory directly by whatever makeshift boats or water capable crafts they've been able to get their hands on
4:42	·	which has recently made Haitians one of the largest nationalities of people being encountered by the United States border patrol ever since due to the fact
4:50	·	that the various gangs in Haiti currently control an estimated 90% of the capital and largest city in the country and the government has
4:55	·	completely lost its Monopoly on Force the unelected aeriel Henry Administration has been repeatedly
5:01	·	requesting and at times pleading for a foreign armed intervention into the country to crush the power of the gangs
5:07	·	and to restore the power and authority of the government across the whole country after which Henry has promised
5:13	·	to finally host the terminally delayed elections in Haiti again on the 2nd of October 2023 his frequent requests for
5:19	·	this foreign intervention were finally granted after the United Nations security Council passed a resolution
5:24	·	authorizing yet another armed intervention into Haiti as the details currently stand now as of December 2023
5:31	·	the United States will be largely funding the intervention with more than $100 million while the East African
5:36	·	nation of Kenya will be taking the lead of the intervention with boots on the ground they will be deploying at least a thousand of their own police officers
5:42	·	and soldiers to Haiti with the objective of destroying the gangs control over the capital and restoring the authority of
5:48	·	the Haitian government and they'll be assisted by smaller numbers of troops deployed from the neighboring Caribbean countries of Jamaica the Bahamas and
5:54	·	Antigua and Barbuda but this latest intervention into Haiti going on right now is only the most most recent one in
6:00	·	a very very long history of foreign interventions into the country that have gone back centuries none of which have
6:06	·	ever succeeded in establishing the conditions to prevent another intervention from becoming necessary again in the future out of the past 108
6:14	·	years of History going back to 1915 Haiti has seen the presence of foreign troops deployed to its soil for 41 of
6:21	·	those years or about 38% of the time including very recently in 1994 and then
6:26	·	again between 2004 and 2019 andu to be yet again in 2023 and likely 2024 until
6:33	·	who knows when always in the name of securing the peace in the country and achieving political stability and yet
6:38	·	never actually succeeding in doing so the current crisis going on in Haiti is however arguably the worst in the
6:44	·	country's entire modern history as Haiti currently stands on the precipice of becoming the only truly failed state in
6:50	·	the Western Hemisphere On a par with the likes of mear Sudan or Afghanistan as measured by 2023 is addition of the
6:57	·	fragile States index and as Haiti collapses further into Anarchy and violence and the United Nations
7:03	·	intervention led by Kenya and funded by the United States comes to try and restore order to the country again Haiti's only Geographic neighbor by land
7:10	·	right next door the Dominican Republic or Dr is building a new Great Wall along their entire length of shared border to
7:17	·	separate themselves from the Haitians even more than they already are the Dominicans began the Wall's Construction
7:22	·	in February of 2023 as the gang war in Haiti was escalating and when it's finished it will be the second longest
7:29	·	wall anywhere in the Americas remaining only behind the length of the US Mexico border wall it'll be 4 M high and made
7:35	·	up of 20 cm thick concrete and topped with metal mesh to prevent people from climbing over it more than 70
7:41	·	watchtowers are planned to be constructed along the wall while dozens of gates will be built into it to enable Dominican soldiers to carry out patrols
7:48	·	the wall will include drones cameras Radars motion sensors and fiber optic cables for communications that are all
7:54	·	designed to block anyone the Dominicans don't want from the Haitian side from being able to cross over the border and
8:00	·	once it's completed the wall will effectively transform Haiti and the Dominican Republic into two completely
8:06	·	separate Islands despite them each sharing the same Geographic Island and despite the fact that they've shared
8:11	·	this same island for centuries the Dominican Republic in Haiti ended up experiencing radically different
8:17	·	Destinies and even without the wall the two may as well already be in completely different worlds in nominal terms the
8:24	·	Dominican Republic's economy is 4 and 1 half times larger than Haiti while in purchasing power parity terms the
8:30	·	Dominican Republic's economy is seven times larger than Haiti despite the two countries having a roughly comparable
8:36	·	population this further means that when it comes to GDP per capita Dominicans are on average 5 to eight times
8:41	·	wealthier than Haitians are next door with citizens of the Dominican Republic being more comparable to countries like
8:46	·	Serbia or Argentina and citizens of Haiti being more comparable to countries like Rwanda and Uganda in terms of
8:52	·	poverty about 58% of Haitians live on less than $365 a day making Haiti one of only six
8:59	·	countries worldwide outside of subsaharan Africa where the majority of the population continues to live under
9:04	·	poverty by comparison only 4.3% of the Dominican Republic's population still lives in poverty while Dominicans also
9:10	·	live around a decade longer than Haitians do 98% of the Dominican Republic's population have access to
9:16	·	electricity while only 47% of Haitians do which once again makes Haiti one of
9:21	·	only two countries anywhere in the world outside of subsaharan Africa where the majority of the population still doesn't
9:27	·	have any access to Electric Haiti is on the brink of becoming a failed state with runaway violence and
9:33	·	is one of the most hopelessly impoverished countries in the world while the Dominican Republic right next door is on the cusp of transitioning
9:40	·	into a high inome fully developed country by the end of the decade in 2030 if Haiti remains more or less in the
9:47	·	same state as it is now by then there will probably be no other greater disparity in the entire world across
9:52	·	borders by levels of development and income other than the Saudi and Oman borders with Yemen and the South Korea
9:58	·	Russia China borders with North Korea so how did this very unique situation on this island develop in the first place
10:04	·	why did Haiti and the Dominican Republic despite existing together on the same island for centuries and having a very
10:10	·	comparable current population size end up so vastly different from one another and so separate from each other some of
10:17	·	the factors that explain this difference today are historical reasons but they don't explain the whole picture you see
10:23	·	the island that they both exist on Hispanola was initially colonized by the Spanish but it was first legally divided
10:28	·	in 1997 by the Treaty of riswick that formerly established a Spanish colony in the Eastern 2/3 of the island and a
10:34	·	French colony in the western third though the borders between them were slightly different than they are today from the very beginning of this division
10:41	·	of the island though the French and the Spanish treated their separate colonies on either side radically differently the
10:46	·	Spanish ended up pursuing a policy that was more focused on settler colonialism over on their side with more limited
10:51	·	amounts of slavery by the standards of the Tie by the end of the 18th century the modern Dominican Republic still
10:57	·	under Spanish colonial rule only had had a population of about 104,000 people only 30,000 of whom were enslaved people
11:04	·	from Africa and meanwhile the French over on their side of the island treated things extremely different they pursued
11:10	·	a policy of historically enormous exploitation the likes of which have hardly ever been seen before since it's
11:16	·	estimated that across the 18th century alone the French forcibly transported approximately 800,000 Africans from
11:23	·	their continent to modern-day Hadi of slaves a figure that represents nearly double the number of African slaves
11:29	·	brought to the entire North American continent during the entirety of the North Atlantic slave trade by 1789 on
11:35	·	the eve of the French Revolution it's estimated that Haiti's population was around 556 th000 people which was a
11:42	·	little more than five times the total population of the neighboring Spanish Colonial Dominican Republic but only
11:48	·	32,000 of the people who lived in Haiti at that time were European whites there were an additional 24,000 freed people
11:55	·	of color and an estimated 500,000 African an and their descendants Bound in the chains of slavery
12:02	·	outnumbering their white Colonial Masters by a ratio of nearly 16 to1
12:07	·	France used all of these slaves as their labor source to work across the vast sugar and coffee plantations that they
12:13	·	set up all across the island which for a Time made Haiti the most lucrative and financially valuable colony in the
12:19	·	entire world for the people who actually dominated it so ruthlessly by 1789
12:25	·	roughly half of all the sugar and coffee that was being consumed in Europe came from the slave plantations of Haiti and
12:30	·	they helped to make the French Kingdom the wealthiest in Europe at the time Haiti would also become independent
12:35	·	decades before the Dominican Republic would and through far more violent circumstances in the midst of the chaos
12:42	·	of the French Revolution the slaves of Haiti who vastly outnumbered their colonial Masters rose up in a violent
12:47	·	revolution of their own in 1791 across the next 13 years both the haian slaves
12:53	·	and the colonial French engaged in a brutal genocidal war of annihilation against the other wherein an estimated
13:00	·	200,000 Haitians would die and virtually the entire Colonial white population of Haiti would be either killed themselves
13:07	·	or driven out of the country never to return by 1804 the French had given up and retreated from their former Colony
13:14	·	but they along with the vast majority of the rest of the outside world continued refusing to recognize Haiti's
13:19	·	Independence for decades and although Haiti had paid dearly with blood for their sovereignty between 1791 and 1804
13:26	·	they weren't finished paying for their sovereignty with treasure yet and they wouldn't be for a very long time in 1825
13:33	·	French warships showed up outside the Haitian Capital port a prince they gave the Haitians only two options one they
13:40	·	could accept a deal in which France would finally recognize Haiti's Independence in exchange for Haiti
13:45	·	agreeing to financially compensate France for their loss of property experienced during the Haitian
13:50	·	revolution including France's loss of their hundreds of thousands of former slaves which France asserted was 150
13:58	·	million Franks Haiti could either accept this backwards deal or refuse and take option two war and then the French
14:05	·	warship sitting in the harbor would simply blow up everything they could and port a prince with a gun pointed to
14:10	·	their head Haiti selected option one and agreed to pay their former Colonial slave masters for their own Freedom that
14:16	·	they had already paid for with blood the debt became known as the French Indemnity and although France would
14:22	·	technically later reduced the amount owed by the Haitians to 90 million Franks the indemnity economically
14:28	·	hobbled for more than a century afterwards as they struggled paying it back with meager resources of their own
14:34	·	and a continued lack of international recognition Beyond France that limited their trade opportunities the Haitians
14:40	·	were in no financial position to pay back France's Indemnity that was forced upon them they then resorted to several
14:45	·	Desperate Measures to help pay back the debt that included cutting down massive amounts of their own trees for their
14:51	·	timber in order to sell to the French which contributed greatly to Haiti's modern catastrophic deforestation
14:58	·	problem and then with no recognition by the United States or from other European powers Haiti was then forced into taking
15:04	·	out several predatory loans from French banks to help pay off their original 1825 Indemnity that was forced upon them
15:11	·	by the French government which transformed their original debt into effectively a double debt the original
15:16	·	Indemnity plus all of the interest on the loans that they were then forced to take out in order to pay the original
15:22	·	Indemnity Haiti's government coffers remain depleted and empty for decades and decades as they continually made
15:28	·	attempts to pay off this debt and the French continually threatened to bomb their ports if they didn't pay by the
15:34	·	1880s the Haitian double debt was acquired by the modern cic bank that is still headquartered in Paris today while
15:40	·	the payments continued cic created Haiti's First Central Bank in 1880 but it was a bank that they owned as a front
15:46	·	for their own financial interest in Haiti the central bank was owned by cic instead of by the Haitian government
15:52	·	itself and then the precursor of today's City Bank headquartered in New York acquired a stake in the Haitian Central
15:58	·	Bank in the Haitian double debt in the early 20th century by the 1920s City Bank had bought out or outmaneuvered the
16:04	·	other European shareholders in the Haitian Central Bank and so all of hai's double debt repayments on the original
16:09	·	1825 French Indemnity began flowing to Wall Street afterwards City Bank was
16:14	·	then able to use its control over the Haitian Central Bank to impose tens of millions of dollars of additional
16:20	·	predatory loans on the country in order to service their original 1825 Indemnity
16:25	·	a situation that American Communists at the time described as transforming Haiti into an American slave Colony it wasn't
16:32	·	until 1935 that the Haitian Central Bank gained its actual independence from City Bank and it wasn't until 1947 that Haiti
16:40	·	managed to finally pay off the double debt that had been originally imposed on them by France
16:45	·	122 years previously in total the Haitians ended up paying a total of 112
16:51	·	million Franks on their double debt or about $570 million in today's money this
16:57	·	siphoning off of ha meager resources to banks in France and in the United States over more than a century prevented the
17:03	·	Haitians from being able to use that money to invest in themselves with things like better infrastructure education or health care services in
17:10	·	2022 the New York Times released a landmark investigation into the lasting Legacy of this double debt forced upon
17:17	·	haian society and concluded that had all of that money stayed within Haiti from the very beginning and was used for
17:23	·	their own development and compounded over the past two centuries of history since then it would have been worth a
17:29	·	minimum of approximately $21 billion in today's money and potentially as much as
17:34	·	$115 billion by other estimates after the Dominican Republic gained their own independence they would never face this
17:41	·	same kind of debt problem that was forced upon them by their former Colonial overlords that lasted well into
17:47	·	the mid 20th century and so they would have greater opportunities to invest resources into themselves from earlier
17:53	·	on but that's still only a part of the full explanation into how they became so different today in the 21st century you
18:00	·	see the Dominican Republic achieved its first independence from Spain in 1821 under much better circumstances that
18:06	·	Haiti achieved theirs from France but immediately afterwards Haiti decided to invade and conquer the Dominican
18:13	·	Republic just the following year in 1822 3 years before the double debt was
18:18	·	forced upon them by France after the double debt was forced on them the Haitians attempted to then Force the
18:24	·	Dominicans they had conquered to help pay it off by levying very high tax on them the Haitians would end up occupying
18:30	·	the Dominican Republic for a total of 22 years as they attempted to incorporate the entire Island under the rule of
18:36	·	Haiti an occupation that is remembered within the Dominican Republic today as a particularly brutal and dark period in
18:42	·	their history that continues to negatively influence Dominican Republic Haiti relations to this day eventually
18:48	·	the Dominican Republic was able to fight off their Haitian occupiers in 1844 after 22 years of control but the
18:54	·	Haitians refused to recognize their independence and would launch four more milit military invasions into the
18:59	·	Dominican Republic until they were finally decisively defeated for good in 1856 it wouldn't be all the way until
19:07	·	1867 that Haiti would finally recognize the Dominican Republic's Independence and abandoned their ambition to dominate
19:14	·	the entire Island from there the two sides of the same island experienced fairly similar histories for a very long
19:20	·	time although the Dominican Republic didn't have the same exact kind of debt issues that Haiti had both were
19:26	·	impoverished and politically unstable countries susceptible to violence and authoritarian dictatorships for decades
19:32	·	for a Time the United States even invaded and occupied both of them for very similar reasons ensuring that both
19:37	·	of their debts continued being paid to Wall Street City Bank was able to convince the United States to invade and
19:43	·	occupy Haiti in 1915 while the Dominican Republic was invaded and occupied by American troops the following year in
19:49	·	1916 for 7 years the United States occupied the entirety of Hispanola and
19:55	·	meddled around with the Border further to create the modern bound boundary between Haiti and the Dominican Republic that we know today the United States
20:02	·	withdrew from the Dominican Republic in 1924 but continued occupying Haiti for the next decade until 1934 representing
20:09	·	a 19- yearlong occupation of Haiti by the United States and representing one of the longest foreign occupations in
20:16	·	all of American History Allis city Bank was able to expand its economic control over the country and impose new
20:21	·	predatory loans on the Haitian government in the process then after the United States withdrew from both
20:27	·	countries the Republic and Haiti alike experienced long periods of authoritarian dictatorial rule that saw
20:33	·	little economic progress being made for decades the Dominican Republic came under the control of a former General
20:38	·	named rapael truo in 1930 just 6 years after the Americans left the country
20:44	·	while Haiti eventually coalesced under the control of another dictator named Francois duvalier in 1957 tru's police
20:51	·	state in the Dominican Republic lasted for 31 years until he was assassinated in 1961 leading to another period of
20:57	·	Chaos in the the Dominican Republic that culminated with a civil war in the country blowing up in 1965 then fearful of the Communist
21:04	·	Regime in Cuba's ability to influence the Civil War and flipped the Dominican Republic into another Caribbean
21:09	·	communist state the United States intervened directly in the Dominican Civil War and found itself occupying the
21:15	·	Dominican Republic again but after that the United States was able to organize elections in the country in 1966 and
21:21	·	withdrew the same year and there has never been another foreign intervention or occupation of the Dominican Republic
21:27	·	ever since Since the situation in Haiti meanwhile turned out very differently Haiti was dominated by franois dualer
21:34	·	and his own authoritarian police state until his own death in 1971 but unlike tru's long regime in the Dominican
21:41	·	Republic that collapsed immediately after his death the dualer regime in Haiti survived with a succession of
21:46	·	franois duvalier's son Jean Claude duvalier who continued ruling the country as an authoritarian police state
21:52	·	for the next 15 years up until 1986 when he was finally overthrown by a cou d'a
21:59	·	during these 29 years that the dualer regime survived in Haiti it was consistently supported and propped up by
22:05	·	the United States because of the duvalier's harsh anti-communist policies that Washington saw as vital to
22:10	·	counterbalancing communist Cuba in the Caribbean only 50 Mi away from Haiti communist activities within Haiti were
22:17	·	punishable by the death penalty under the duvalay and as many as 60,000 Haitians were killed by their seet
22:24	·	police so ultimately while the Dominican Republic emerged from their authoritarian dictatorship and Civil War
22:29	·	period in 1966 Haiti wouldn't end up emerging from their dictatorship period until 20 years later in
22:36	·	1986 and they've never been able to emerge from their chaotic period afterwards up to the point of 1966 when
22:43	·	the Dominican Republic successfully held elections and the United States withdrew from the country the Dominican Republic and Haiti were basically two sides of
22:50	·	the same coin both were highly impoverished and underdeveloped with very similarly sized economies very
22:56	·	similar incomes very similar population sizes and both had been isolated from the outside world for decades because of
23:02	·	long-standing authoritarian dictatorships and or continuous political instability that had long scared away foreign investment but then
23:09	·	things started changing for the Dominican Republic in the late 1960s and early 1970s as the country began
23:15	·	successfully reforming itself becoming more democratic more stable and steadily opening up more to trade with the
23:21	·	outside world it's at this moment that when you compare the graphs of inflation adjusted GDP per capita between the
23:27	·	Dominican Republic in Haiti that you begin to see the Dominican Republic finally start rapidly accelerating away
23:33	·	from Haiti and the strange part about this graph is that the absolute all-time high of Haiti's GDP per capita to date
23:40	·	was actually backed during the repressive Duval dictatorship period all the way back in 1980 ever since then for
23:47	·	more than 40 years now Haiti GDP per capita has either decreased continually
23:52	·	or remain largely stagnant while the Dominican Republics has continually exploded up upwards so clearly while
24:00	·	deep historical factors have played a role in Haiti's crippling poverty and instability today the very clear
24:05	·	economic Divergence between Haiti and the Dominican Republic didn't actually start happening until fairly recently
24:12	·	after 1968 and there are probably many many reasons for that for one foreign
24:17	·	investors like investing in countries that are politically stable over ones that are not and Haiti has continued
24:23	·	being chronically unstable ever since 1986 after the impressive 29- yearlong
24:29	·	duvalier regime was overthrown that year the Haitian military established a transitional regime until the first open
24:34	·	and free elections in Haitian history were held in 1990 which resulted in the first election of Jean Bertrand aristy
24:42	·	the first democratically elected leader of Haiti's modern history however he was only able to serve as the country's
24:48	·	president for 7 months until September of 1991 when the military decided to launch another coup and overthrow him
24:55	·	which led to the Clinton Administration in the United States to initiate an economic blockade of Haiti with new
25:00	·	trade restrictions that impoverished the country even further and then eventually the Clinton Administration authorized a
25:06	·	new American Military intervention into the country in 1994 to topple the military hunter from power and restore
25:13	·	aisti back to the presidency the United States sent two aircraft carriers to Haiti and more than 20,000 troops during
25:20	·	operation uphold democracy in 1994 and then faced with this overwhelming Firepower the haian military hund
25:27	·	collapsed and conceited power to avoid a war they knew they would lose aristy was
25:33	·	then reinstated as the country's president and then he would win reelection again for another term in
25:38	·	2001 but then after the United States military intervened to restore him to power and after Ain won his next
25:44	·	election again in 2001 he would end up doing something that would really really piss off both the United States and
25:51	·	France he didn't start committing massive human rights violations he didn't start any wars or start any trade
25:57	·	disputes what he did was far worse he had the goal in 2003 to become the first
26:04	·	and so far only leader in Haiti's entire history to formally demand that
26:09	·	reparations be paid to Haiti from France over the indemnity and the double debt
26:14	·	that they had forced upon them all the way back in 1825 Arin demanded that France pay Haiti
26:21	·	nothing less than $21 billion in reparations a figure that was at the
26:27	·	time more than four times greater than the entire haian GDP within only months
26:33	·	of him making this demand farri paramilitary rebels in Haiti began launching an extremely successful
26:39	·	rebellion in the country and some of these Rebels had allegedly received previous training from US Special Forces
26:46	·	by February of 2004 these Rebels had captured Haiti's fourth and second largest cities and they were beginning
26:51	·	to lay Siege to the capital Porter Prince as the rebels began breaking into and sacking the capital on the the 29th
26:58	·	of February Diplomatic Security Service officers from the United States arrived at the haian presidential Palace and
27:04	·	what followed next between them is unclear and deeply controversial according to most American government
27:10	·	officials arisin chose to then voluntarily resign as Haiti's president and wanted to escape from the country as
27:16	·	the rebels broke into the capital he allegedly agreed to be transferred to hadi's primary airport escorted by US
27:22	·	security Personnel where he then boarded a plane and was flown directly to the Central African Republic to live a new
27:28	·	life in Exile however there are tons of conflicting accounts as to what exactly
27:33	·	happened according to aristy himself the American officials who came to him on that morning pressured him into
27:38	·	immediately resigning saying that if he didn't the rebels would break into the palace and murder him in his entire
27:43	·	family aide claimed that he was forced to resign then kidnapped by American forces taken at gunpoint to the airport
27:50	·	and then flown out without any knowledge of where he was actually going where the French managed to convince the Central
27:56	·	African Republic to accept him live on the plane as the events were continuing to happen where he was then forcibly
28:02	·	flown into Exile against his will these allegations from aristy have also been
28:07	·	pretty heavily supported by the actions of the Americans and the French that surrounded the timeline of his removal
28:12	·	from Power very notably the United Nations security Council of which France and the United States are each permanent
28:18	·	members rejected an appeal from the Caribbean community on the 26th of February 2004 that would have sent
28:24	·	International peacekeeping forces to Haiti to stop the Rebellion before aristy had actually resigned then only 3
28:32	·	days later on the 29th of February merely hours after aristy had resigned
28:37	·	under these dubious circumstances the United Nations security Council suddenly voted unanimously with both French and
28:44	·	American approvals to authorize an armed intervention into Haiti immediately after arista's resignation in Exile
28:51	·	Haiti Supreme Court chief justice named bonafos Alexander succeeded him as the acting interim president and wouldn't
28:57	·	you know it Alexander also immediately withdrew Haiti's demand for the $21 billion worth of reparations from France
29:05	·	that aride had made himself only months previously and no official Haitian government demands on the reparations
29:11	·	have been made ever since the very next day a thousand US Marines were suddenly
29:16	·	deployed to Haiti to restore order while French Canadian and Chilean troops came the following morning 18 years later in
29:23	·	2022 a damning report released by The New York Times including direct testimony from the former French
29:29	·	Ambassador who was serving to Haiti back then in 2004 concluded that the events of February 2004 in hati amounted to
29:36	·	nothing less than a cou d'a toss sponsored by France and the United States to overthrow the democratically
29:42	·	elected government of Jean Bertrand aristy in order to crush Haiti's demands for $21 billion worth of reparations
29:49	·	from France then after aristy was pushed into Exile in Africa the United States passed over the responsibility of
29:55	·	maintaining the peace in Haiti to the French and then later to the Brazilians as the United Nations stabilization
30:01	·	mission in Haiti better known by its French acronym as Mana led by the Brazilians for nearly all of its history
30:07	·	Mana was initially tasked with simply restoring Law and Order and democracy to Haiti by creating the conditions
30:12	·	required to host new elections again but mana and thousands of foreign troops from all over the world would remain in
30:18	·	Haiti all the way until 2019 15 years later after they had arrived as Haiti
30:25	·	stability always seemed forever Out Of Reach Mission creep set in and more and more disasters kept befalling the
30:33	·	chronically unfortunate people of hati you see across the 1990s and 2000s it
30:38	·	was continuous political disasters coups rebellions and foreign interventions that kept hobbling Haiti's ability to
30:45	·	develop events that were all nearly absent within the Dominican Republic but in the next decade across the 2010s it
30:51	·	would become Haiti's unique Geographic problems that would contribute more to the pace of continuous disasters is
30:57	·	holding the country back because while thousands of foreign troops in Haiti under Mana could change Haiti's
31:03	·	political stability through Force they could do nothing to alter Haiti's Geographic instability you see despite
31:09	·	being located on the same island Haiti and the Dominican Republic do have some very notably different Geographic quirks
31:15	·	about them well some people have speculated in the past that the rainfall levels are higher in the Dominican Republic and that contributes to better
31:22	·	agricultural potential that's not actually really true rainfall levels across both sides of the island are
31:27	·	fairly consistent and if anything the Haitian side actually receives a little more rainfall than the Dominican side
31:32	·	does with abundant rainfall warm temperatures year round in Fairly good soils both sides of the island naturally
31:39	·	possess a very strong capability for agriculture it's why Haiti was the epicenter of the global sugar and coffee
31:44	·	Industries back during the colonial era both sides of the island have also experienced very similar demographic growth rate since the start of the 1950s
31:52	·	in 1961 at the end of the true hio dictatorship in the Dominican Republic Haiti's population was was roughly 4
31:57	·	million while the Dominican Republics was about 3.4 million 40 Years Later by
32:03	·	2001 the Dominican Republic's population more than doubled to about 8.7 million while Haiti would roughly double as well
32:10	·	to about 8.5 million well both would keep on growing from there at similar rates to their current populations in
32:15	·	2023 of about 11.8 million people in Haiti and 11.3 million people in the
32:20	·	Dominican Republic however despite the two having very similar levels of demographic growth and very similar
32:26	·	total population sizes Haiti is only about half of the Dominican Republic's Geographic size which means that Haiti
32:33	·	has always been significantly more densely populated than the Dominican Republic has been in fact out of all the
32:40	·	countries in the world today with more than 1 million people Haiti is one of the most densely populated anywhere with
32:45	·	an average density that's roughly identical to the Netherlands other than little Barbados Haiti is the most
32:51	·	densely populated country in the Western Hemisphere today with a significantly higher density than all of its immediate
32:57	·	neighbors but density all on its own doesn't imply poverty in fact higher population densities appear to correlate
33:03	·	more with greater wealth generation worldwide not less out of the top 15 densest countries with more than a
33:10	·	million people in the world roughly half of them are considered to be highly developed economies most of them are
33:16	·	fairly middle of the road and only three of them are considered to be least developed countries and only Haiti among
33:22	·	those three is located outside of subsaharan Africa within hai's unique GE graphic setting however higher
33:28	·	population density works against it in the sense that Haiti is also one of the most uniquely vulnerable locations in
33:35	·	the world to frequent natural disasters of many different kinds both sides of
33:40	·	Hispanola are very frequently battered by tropical storms and hurricanes being that Hispanola is placed in the western
33:46	·	Atlantic and the Caribbean which is one of the most hurricane prone locations in the world devastating and Powerful
33:52	·	hurricanes have rocked both Haiti and the Dominican Republic all throughout their histories but Haiti has evolved
33:58	·	over time to become more vulnerable to these storms for two very big reasons
34:03	·	first hai's population is obviously far more concentrated than within the Dominican Republic which makes them more
34:09	·	vulnerable to higher levels of damage whenever these storms hit the island and second Haiti has a serious deforestation
34:16	·	problem that the neighboring Dominican Republic simply doesn't have Haiti cut down huge amounts of their forests to
34:22	·	sell to the French and the Americans across the 19th and 20th centuries to help pay off their double debt while
34:28	·	more recently it was eventually found that Hispanola has practically zero coal oil or natural gas resources and that's
34:35	·	meant that for their entire modern histories both Haiti and the Dominican Republic have had to import virtually
34:41	·	the entirety of the fossil fuels that they've consumed and both continue relying on these Imports very heavily
34:47	·	Haiti continues to generate 80% of their electricity with these imported fossil fuels while the Dominican Republic
34:53	·	generates 85% of their electricity with them and both continue to overwhelmingly rely on imported gasoline for their
34:59	·	transportation sectors but because the Dominican Republic has been a more politically stable source of foreign
35:05	·	investment ever since the 1970s the Dominican Republic has been able to attract greater foreign investment than
35:11	·	Haiti has and so they have a significantly more developed electricity grid than Haiti does while the Dominican Republic's electricity grid is far from
35:18	·	perfect and still subject to occasional blackouts more than 98% of the Dominican population has regular access to
35:24	·	electricity as of 2021 only 47% of Haitians have regular access to
35:30	·	electricity Haiti is therefore one of only two countries worldwide outside of subsaharan Africa where the majority of
35:36	·	people still don't have any access to electricity the only other one being Papua New Guinea and Oceania and because
35:42	·	of this the majority of Haitians continue relying instead on burning wood for charcoal as their primary source of
35:48	·	energy which is also obviously exacerbated what was Haiti's already bad deforestation problem as of 2023 it's
35:56	·	currently estimated that because of these factors only about 12% of Haiti's land continues to be covered by Forest
36:03	·	which is down from about 60% Forest cover only a century ago back in 1923
36:09	·	the neighboring Dominican Republic right next door however continues to have about 44% of its much larger land mass
36:16	·	covered by forests this huge difference between them becomes extremely evident
36:22	·	when you look at the border between them today which even without the wall that's currently being constructed between them
36:27	·	is one of the most obvious political borders anywhere in the world to spot from the air or from space because the
36:32	·	Haitian side has virtually zero trees whatsoever while the Dominican Republic side is still covered by thick forests
36:40	·	the trees literally begin and end precisely where the Dominican Republic begins and ends Haiti deforestation
36:46	·	problem then further increases the country's vulnerability to hurricanes and tropical storms because without all
36:52	·	of the trees and their deep roots planted in the soil Haiti soil is much more vulnerable to erosion and so when
36:58	·	hurricanes and tropical storms hit the island the Haitian side experiences more catastrophic floods landslides and
37:04	·	mudslides than the Dominican side does and so because of its much greater population density and its much worse
37:10	·	deforestation problem Haiti is more vulnerable to destruction from hurricanes than the Dominican Republic
37:15	·	is despite them each being present on the same exact Island but Haiti also has
37:21	·	another extremely serious Geographic handicap that is largely absent in the neighboring Dominican Republic the
37:27	·	existence of very active tectonic fault lines that run directly through their most densely populated areas you see the
37:34	·	island of Hispanola exists at the geologic intersection of the North American tectonic plate to the North and
37:40	·	the Caribbean tectonic plate to the South two major fault lines run across the island in the South and the North
37:46	·	and when you overlay a map of the Island's population density and political borders over these fault lines you begin to see the major problem Haiti
37:54	·	is more than twice as densely populated as the Dominican Republic and the most densely populated part of the country is
38:00	·	located precisely along this Southern fault line the Dominican Republic has a more spread out population and the
38:06	·	Dominican Republic's biggest city Santo Domingo is safely located in the southeast of the island far away from
38:12	·	both of the fault lines and across recent history this Northern fault line has been the more dormant of the two
38:19	·	with very few notable events over the past several centuries this is meant that the Dominican Republic's second
38:24	·	largest city Santiago deos cab Aros has been spared from any very big earthquakes just like the Dominican
38:30	·	Republic's largest city has been as well and then on the other hand Haiti has not
38:36	·	been as fortunate it appears that the southern fault line that runs through the island goes through alternating
38:41	·	periods of intense seismic activity and long dormant periods in between it was
38:46	·	very active during the French and Spanish Colonial periods and caused frequent devastating earthquakes back then but then it remained largely
38:53	·	dormant for a very long period of 24 40 years until the unfortunate Year of 2010
39:00	·	came around in between that time the haian people started caring less about a potential future earthquake that might
39:06	·	or might not have happened during their lifetimes and started caring more about the frequent hurricanes that battered
39:12	·	them nearly every single year and so they began building their homes out of concrete and cinder blocks they were
39:18	·	better at resisting the Strong Winds of hurricanes in comparison to homes built out of wood that would have been better
39:24	·	at resisting the Tremors of an earthquake and then in 2010 after 240
39:30	·	years of dorcy the Southern fault line Unleashed a catastrophic earthquake that
39:35	·	shook the nation of Haiti to their core the epicenter of the Quake struck merely
39:40	·	16 miles away from haes capital and largest city Porto Prince the homes that
39:45	·	were poorly built with cemented cinder blocks to resist hurricanes Came Crashing Down and an estimated
39:52	·	250,000 Haitians lost their lives making the 2010 Haiti earthquake the single
39:58	·	deadliest natural disaster of the entire 21st century so far and something that
40:04	·	the neighboring Dominican Republic was almost completely spared from and in addition to killing around a quarter of
40:09	·	a million people in Haiti the 2010 earthquake caused an estimated $8.5 billion dollar in economic damage to the
40:17	·	country as well a figure that represented nearly three4 of the entire Haitian GDP at the time the Brazilian Le
40:24	·	Mana still present in Haiti from the 4 rebellion in coup was forced into extending their stay for longer in the
40:30	·	country in order to deal with the sheer apocalyptic scale of the humanitarian disaster after 2010 and then almost
40:38	·	immediately after the earthquake ravaged Haiti Disaster struck the country yet again foreign aid workers from all
40:45	·	around the world came to Haiti after the earthquake to assist with the United Nations response and Recovery efforts
40:50	·	but it's believed that only months after the earthquake happened United Nations peacekeepers from Nepal who came to
40:56	·	assist Mana in Haiti accidentally introduced chalera to the country a bacterial disease that mostly spreads
41:02	·	through unsanitary water and food the introduction of that disease to Haiti then sparked what also became the
41:08	·	deadliest chaler outbreak of the entire 21st century as well over the next 9
41:14	·	years up until 2019 nearly 820,000 people in Haiti would become infected by
41:20	·	CA while 10,000 of them would die from the disease and then as the chalera
41:25	·	outbreak was raging the country was still reeling from the catastrophe of the 2010 earthquake came Hurricane
41:31	·	Matthew in October of 2016 a category 4 storm that was the third strongest
41:36	·	hurricane ever on record to strike Haiti that storm killed another 546 people in
41:42	·	Haiti caused another $2.8 billion more in economic damages destroyed more than
41:48	·	200,000 people's homes and exacerbated the country's still ongoing chera epidemic even further Mina would finally
41:56	·	withdraw from Haiti in 2019 after 15 years of continuous presence in the country but the lasting legacies of the
42:03	·	2004 us and French intervention in the country that overthrew the democratically elected president who had
42:09	·	demanded reparations from France and then Mina's subsequent introduction of kalera to Haiti that killed thousands
42:15	·	more all combined to severely damage Haiti's trust in the rest of the outside world while the failure after failure of
42:22	·	the 1994 intervention and the 2004 to 2019 intervention to actually establish
42:28	·	stability within Haiti left a bad taste in the mouth of the outside world as well who didn't really want to try
42:34	·	intervening in Haiti again Haiti's last elected president jovenel Moi was elected in 2016 as Mana continued
42:42	·	remaining in the country and that would ultimately end up becoming what is to date the final election that's ever been
42:47	·	held in the country boyy himself repeatedly faced accusations of corruption and after he started delaying
42:52	·	Haiti parliamentary elections that were supposed to be held in 2019 while man USTA withdrew from the country protests
42:58	·	against his administration began growing and then came his assassination in July of 2021 under the aformentioned deeply
43:04	·	suspicious circumstances and Ariel Henry who might have had something to do with the assassination Rose to power in his
43:11	·	place without any election afterwards and then only 2 months after Mo's assassination and the rise of Henry the
43:17	·	southern fault line running through Haiti triggered again and caused another catastrophic earthquake in Haiti's
43:23	·	tiberon Peninsula that killed more than 2200 people and caused another $1.7
43:28	·	billion in estimated economic damage and that is what established the conditions
43:33	·	for the gangs in Haiti to begin carving out their control of about 90% of the country's capital Haiti's current status
43:40	·	as a failing State and the United Nations deciding that yet another armed intervention into the country was
43:45	·	necessary just a few months ago this time however the Biden Administration in Washington decided that the United
43:52	·	States would not be the one leading the intervention on the ground because of how badly ly all of the past several us
43:57	·	interventions into the country of all gone after approaching Canada and Brazil Who each refused to lead the mission
44:03	·	Washington eventually turned to Kenya to lead this latest intervention Kenya does have significant experience with
44:09	·	previous un peacekeeping operations and more importantly the Biden Administration was able to convince them
44:15	·	to lead this new intervention into Haiti by putting up $100 million worth of funding to cover it in addition to
44:21	·	agreeing on a 5-year defense cooperation agreement with Kenya that offered up unspecified us support for Kenya and
44:27	·	their own ongoing war with al-shabab in neighboring Somalia so in exchange for
44:32	·	increased American Support fighting against al-shabab at home and knowing that Kenyan soldiers can earn much higher wages as a part of un
44:39	·	peacekeeping operations than they otherwise could within the Kenyan Armed Forces Kenya has agreed to lead the
44:44	·	charge into Haiti and deploy a thousand of their own police officers and soldiers as a part of this newest un
44:49	·	intervention their mission will be to reclaim the control of Porto Prince from The Gangs Who currently dominate the
44:54	·	city and restore the Authority back to the Haitian government so that elections continually delayed ever since 2016 can
45:01	·	finally take place again but doubts abound as to how successful this Kenyon Le intervention into Haiti will actually
45:07	·	end up being there is a very very long history of corruption in both the Kenyan and the haian police forces there are
45:14	·	fears that Kenya's intervention might end up just strengthening The Power of One gang in Haiti that happens to have
45:19	·	ties to the Haitian government and police that will end up dominating over all of the others and while the Kenyans
45:25	·	backed by American funding might be able to restore the Haitian government's security sovereignty two things that
45:30	·	they won't be able to restore to Haiti on their own will be the country's monetary sovereignty and its safety from
45:35	·	continued natural disasters in total natural disasters in Haiti between 2010
45:40	·	and the present have caused around $14 billion worth of economic damage to the country and have continued hobbling
45:47	·	Haiti's ability to develop while the last time that a major natural disaster hit the Dominican Republic was Hurricane
45:53	·	George back in 1998 the caus more than $9.3 billion in damage but there have
45:59	·	been very negligible natural disasters that have happened to the Dominican Republic ever since ultimately without
46:05	·	the same deforestation problem without the same high levels of population density and without the same levels of
46:11	·	crippling economic lost opportunities from the colonial era that Haiti has endured the Dominican Republic has been
46:16	·	much more resistant to earthquakes and hurricanes than Haiti has been and with much less frequent catastrophic natural
46:22	·	disasters and greater political stability the Dominican Republic has been able to accomplish a lot of things
46:27	·	recently that Haiti has never been able to do like establishing an absolutely booming tourism sector in 2022 more than
46:35	·	82 million tourists visited the Dominican Republic making it the most popular tourist destination in the
46:42	·	entire Caribbean and even within the top five most popular tourist destinations in all of the Americas tourism now
46:49	·	accounts for nearly 12% of the Dominican Republic's entire GDP and it's become one of the country's leading Industries
46:56	·	but Haiti because of its terrible poverty frequent disasters and chronic internal instability and violence has
47:02	·	long struggled to attract the same levels of Tourism as its neighbor as recently as 2018 though Haiti was still
47:09	·	able to successfully pull around 1.3 million tourists to the country and earned around $620 million in the
47:16	·	process but ever since the covid-19 pandemic began and this most recent crisis in the country began in 2021
47:23	·	tourism to Haiti has crashed to a virtual standstill that year in 2021 a
47:28	·	mere 148,000 tourists visited Haiti and they generated only 80 million in
47:34	·	revenue for the country and that's in comparison to the 8.5 million tourists who visited the Dominican Republic in
47:41	·	20122 hadi's got many of the same Geographic historic and cultural appeals to tourism that the Dominican Republic
47:48	·	has but it just has The Chronic instability poverty and natural disaster issues that the Dominican Republic
47:54	·	doesn't and so so tourism towards the Dominican Republic continues growing year after year in a sort of positive
48:00	·	feedback loop while tourism towards Haiti continues crashing year after year in a more sort of negative feedback loop
48:07	·	which has been expanding the wealth gap between the Dominican Republic and Haiti even further and while neither side has
48:13	·	any major fossil fuel resources the Dominican Republic has had far more mineral wealth discovered than Haiti has
48:20	·	which includes the location of what's literally the largest and most profitable gold mine in all of Latin
48:26	·	America and the 13th largest gold mine discovered in the entire world the Pueblo Vio mine this single huge Gold
48:34	·	Mine currently represents about 2% of the Dominican Republic's entire GDP now
48:39	·	and it's become the country's single largest corporate taxpayer having paid more than $2.6 billion in taxes just
48:46	·	between 2013 and 2020 by contrast Haiti has exactly zero existing mines
48:53	·	currently in operation and there haven't ever been any discoveries made in the country that are as significant as Pueblo vijo in the Dominican Republic
49:00	·	the Dominican Republic has been able to use their excess tax revenues from their booming tourism and Mining sectors that
49:06	·	are absent in Haiti to reinvest aggressively into education healthc care and infrastructure in the country which
49:12	·	has then only compounded the Dominican Republic's economic advantages over Haiti even further and this is all in a
49:19	·	nutshell why the Dominican Republic has become so much more prosperous than Haiti has and with yet another foreign
49:26	·	intervention into Haiti looming it's unclear what if anything could end up fixing Haiti permanently in the future
49:33	·	some arguments have been made that in order to fix Haiti for good the country's economic sovereignty should be
49:38	·	finally restored to it at the same time as the country's security sovereignty is restored the argument goes that the
49:45	·	French government who initially extorted Haiti with the indemnity in 1825 along with the American government
49:52	·	and the banks like cic and City Bank who profited off of of the indemnity later should finally honor the demands made by
49:59	·	Jean Bertrand aristy in 2003 by setting up a reparations payment to Haiti
50:04	·	totaling $21 billion an amount that is still greater than the entire Haitian
50:09	·	GDP without it they argue Haiti will continue not being able to invest in themselves and develop themselves and
50:16	·	they'll continue being a politically unstable and violent open wound on the Earth's surface that continues causing
50:22	·	expensive problems for all of their neighbors down the road like the Dominican Republic's new border wall in
50:28	·	addition to the hundreds of thousands of refugees fleeing towards the United States that Washington will keep having
50:34	·	to deal with if this next intervention into Haiti only restores the government sovereignty in a security sense and not
50:40	·	in an economic sense with the reparations then future costly International interventions into Haiti
50:46	·	might continue becoming necessary as they've ultimately proven to be after every single previous intervention that
50:53	·	never attempted to make right the historical wrong done to Haiti in the first place but the last time that a
50:59	·	Haitian head of state demanded these reparations in 2003 it seemingly resulted in a us and French sponsored
51:06	·	coup his own forced exile to another continent and 15 years worth of foreign
51:11	·	troops on their territory that apparently accomplished so little in all that time that more foreign troops are
51:17	·	going back to the country again only 4 years after they left and as a result
51:23	·	the future of Haiti has arguably never been in more doubt than it currently is while the Dominican Republic's future is
51:30	·	bright enough that it will likely emerge as a fully developed country by the end of the decade with a wall resembling a
51:36	·	fortress that will separate itself from the completely different universe that will exist over on the Island's other
51:43	·	side a frontier that could eventually become historically different as the one separating South Korea from North Korea
51:49	·	is today and just like how the Korean Peninsula produced two very different outcomes today so too has the island of
51:57	·	Hispanola for a very very complex variety of reasons engineering a
52:03	·	solution to hai's many complicated problems is without a question one of the most challenging and pressing issues
52:09	·	facing the International Community today but our world is full of an inconceivable number of complicated
52:15	·	problems that are both big like Haiti and small like your own personal individual problems and among those
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54:11	·	as always thank you so much for watching

[ronniesgal]

wow.

[griswold3]

📌

[ifinnegan]

Thanks.