[Robert Drobot]

† Octave Day of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary † The Catholic Church teaches that Mary was taken up body and soul into heaven after her death. Although the formal definition was not made until 1950 by Pope Pius XII, this belief in Mary's Assumption dates back to the apostolic age. This is a formal Dogma of the Church which all Catholics are required to believe. POPE PIUS XII VICAR OF CHRIST SERVANT OF GOD PIUS EPISCOPUS SERVUS SERVORUM DEI AD PERPETUAM REI MEMORIAM CONSTITUTIO APOSTOLICA ~ MUNIFICENTISSIMUS DEUS* ~ FIDEI DOGMA DEFINITUR DEIPARAM VIRGINEM MARIAM CORPORE ET ANIMA FUISSE AD CAELESTEM GLORIAM ASSUMPTAM Munificentissimus Deus, qui omnia potest, cuiusque providentiae consilium sapientia et amore constat, arcano suae mentis proposito populorum singulorumque hominum dolores intersertis temperat gaudiis, ut, diversis rationibus diversisque modis, ipsum diligentibus omnia cooperentur in bonum (cfr. Rom. 8, 28). Iamvero Pontificatus Noster, quemadmodum praesens aetas, tot curis, sollicitudinibus angoribusque premitur ob gravissimas calamitates ac multorum a veritate virtuteque aberrationes; cernere tamen magno Nobis solacio est, dum, catholica fides publice actuoseque manifestatur, pietatem erga Deiparam Virginem vigere ac fervescere cotidie magis, ac fere ubique terrarum melioris sanctiorisque vitae praebere auspicia. Quo fit ut, dum Beatissima Virgo sua materna munia pro Christi sanguine redemptis amantissime explet, filiorum mentes animique ad studiosiorem eius privilegiorum contemplationem impensius excitentur. Deus reapse, qui ex omni aeternitate Mariam Virginem propensissima singularique intuetur voluntate, « ubi venit plenitudo temporis » ( Gal. 4, 4 ), providentiae suae consilium ita ad effectum deduxit, ut quae privilegia, quas praerogativas liberalitate summa eidem concesserat, eadem perfecto quodam concentu refulgerent. Quodsi summam eiusmodi liberalitatem perfectumque gratiarum concentum Ecclesia sempre agnovit ac per saeculorum decursum cotidie magis pervestigavit, nostra tamen aetate privilegium illud corporeae in Caelum Assumptionis Deiparae Virginis Mariae clariore luce profecto enituit. Quod quidem privilegium, cum Decessor Noster imm. mem. Pius IX almae Dei Parentis immaculatae conceptionis dogma sollemniter sanxit, tum novo quodam fulgore illuxit. Arctissime enim haec duo privilegia inter se conectuntur. Christus quidem peccatum et mortem propria sua morte superavit; et qui per baptismum superno modo iterum generatus est, per eumdem Christum peccatum et mortem vicit. Attamen plenum de morte victoriae effectum Deus generali lege iustis conferre non vult, nisi cum finis temporum advenerit. Itaque iustorum etiam corpora post mortem resolvuntur, ac novissimo tandem die cum sua cuiusque gloriosa anima coniungentur. Verumtamen ex generali eiusmodi lege Beatam Virginem Mariam Deus exemptam voluit. Quae quidem, singulari prorsus privilegio, immaculata conceptione sua peccatum devicit, atque adeo legi illi permanendi in sepulcri corruptione obnoxia non fuit, neque corporis sui redemptionem usque in finem temporum exspectare debuit. Ideo cum sollemniter sancitum fuit Deiparam Virginem Mariam hereditaria labe immunem inde ab origine fuisse, tum christifidelium animi incensiore quadam spe permoti fuere, futurum ut a supremo Ecclesiae Magisterio dogma quoque corporeae Assumptionis Mariae Virginis in Caelum quamprimum definiretur. Siquidem cernere fuit non modo singulos christifideles, sed eos quoque, qui Nationum vel ecclesiasticarum provinciarum quasi personam gererent, ac vel etiam non paucos Concilii Vaticani Patres hoc instanter ab Apostolica Sede postulare. Decursu autem temporum huiusmodi postulationes ac vota, nedum remitterent, cotidie magis et numero et instantia succrevere. Etenim piae habitae sunt, hac de causa, precum contentiones; studia hac superre a pluribus eximiisque theologis vel privatim, vel in publicis ecclesiasticis Athenaeis et in ceteris scholis sacris disciplinis tradendis alacriter impenseque provecta; Conventus Mariales multis in catholici orbis partibus vel ex una tantum, vel ex pluribus Nationibus celebrati. Quae quidem studia pervestigationesque maiore in luce posuere in christianae fidei deposito, Ecclesiae concredito, dogma quoque con tineri Assumptionis Mariae Virginis in Caelum ; ac plerumque inde consecutae sunt postulationes, quibus ab Apostolica Sede suppliciter efflagitabatur, ut haec veritas sollemniter definiretur. Hoc pio certamine christifideles miro quodam modo coniuncti fuere cum suis sacris Antistitibus; qui quidem eiusdem generis petitiones, numero profecto spectabiles, ad hanc divi Petri Cathedram miserunt. Propterea, cum ad Summi Pontificatus solium evecti fuimus, supplicationes eiusmodi ad milia bene multa ex quavis terrarum orbis parte et ex quovis civium ordine, ex Dilectis nempe Filiis Nostris Sacri Collegii Cardinalibus, ex Venerabilibus fratribus Archiepiscopis et Episcopis, ex Dioecesibus, atque ex paroeciis ad hanc Apostolicam Sedem iam delatae erant. Quamobrem, dum impensas ad Deum admovimus preces, ut ad gravissimam hanc causam decernendam lumen Sancti Spiritus menti Nostrae impertiretur, peculiares edidimus normas, quibus iussimus ut collatis viribus severiora hac de re inirentur studia; atque interea petitiones omnes colligerentur accurateque perpenderentur, quae inde a Decessore Nostro fel. rec. Pio IX ad nostra usque tempora de Assumptione Beatae Mariae Virginis in Caelum ad Apostolicam hanc Sedem missae fuissent ( Petitiones de Assumptione corporea B. Virginis Mariae in caelum definienda ad S. Sedem delatae; 2 vol., Typis Polyglottis Vaticanis, 1942). Cum vero tanti momenti tantaeque gravitatis causa ageretur, opportunum duximus Venerabiles omnes in Episcopatu Fratres directo atque ex auctoritate rogare ut mentem cuiusque suam conceptis verbis Nobis aperire vellent. Quapropter die mensis Maii, anno MDCCCCXXXXVI, Nostras ad eos dedimus Litteras « Deiparae Virginis Mariae », in quibus haec habebantur : « An vos, Venerabiles Fratres, pro eximia vestra sapientia et prudentia censeatis: Assumptionem corpoream Beatissimae Virginis tamquam dogma fidei proponi et definiri posse, et an id cum clero et populo vestro exoptetis ». Ii autem quos « Spiritus Sanctus posuit Episcopos regere Ecclesiam Dei » ( Act. 20, 28), ad utramque quaestionem quod attinet, unanima fere voce assentientes responderunt. Haec « singularis catholicorum Antistitum et fidelium conspiratio » (Bulla Ineffabilis Deus, Acta Pii IX, p. I, vol. I, p. 5), qui Dei Matris autumant corpoream in Caelum Assumptionem ut fidei dogma definiri posse, cum concordem Nobis praebeat ordinarii Ecclesiae Magisterii doctrinam concordemque christiani populi fidem — quam idem Magisterium sustinet ac dirigit — idcirco per semet ipsam ac ratione omnino certa ab omnibusque erroribus immuni manifestat eiusmodi privilegium veritatem esse a Deo revelatam in eoque contentam divino deposito, quod Christus tradidit Sponsae suae fideliter custodiendum et infallibiliter declarandum (cfr. Conc. Vat. De fide catholica, cap. 4). Quod profecto Ecclesiae Magisterium non quidem industria mere humana, sed praesidio Spiritus veritatis ( cfr. Io. 14, 26 ), atque adeo sine ullo prorsus errore, demandato sibi munere fungitur revelatas adservandi veritates omne per aevum puras et integras; quamobrem eas intaminatas tradit, eisdem adiciens nihil, nihil ab iisdem detrahens. « Neque enim — ut Concilium Vaticanum docet — Petri successoribus Spiritus Sanctus promissus est ut, eo revelante, novam doctrinam patefacerent, sed ut, eo assistente, traditam per Apostolos revelationem seu fidei depositum sancte custodirent et fideliter exponerent » (Conc. Vat. Const. De Ecclesia Christi, cap. 4). Itaque ex ordinarii Ecclesiae Magisterii universali consensu certum ac firmum sumitur argumentum, quo comprobatur corpoream Beatae Mariae Virginis in Caelum Assumptionem — quam quidem, quoad caelestem ipsam « glorificationem » virginalis corporis almae Dei Matris, nulla humanae mentis facultas naturalibus suis viribus cognoscere poterat — veritatem esse a Deo revelatam, ideoque ab omnibus Ecclesiae filiis firmiter fideliterque credendam. Nam, ut idem Concilium Vaticanum asseverat: « Fide divina et catholica ea omnia credenda sunt, quae in verbo Dei scripto vel tradito continentur, et ab Ecclesia sive sollemni iudicio, sive ordinario et universali Magisterio tamquam divinitus revelata credenda proponuntur » ( De fide catholica,/i>, cap. 3 ). Communis huius fidei Ecclesiae varia inde a remotis temporibus per saeculorum decursum manifestantur testimonia, indicia atque vestigia; eademque fides luculentiore in dies lumine panditur. Siquidem christifideles, suorum Pastorum institutione ac ductu, a Sacris Litteris didicere Virginem Mariam, per terrestrem suam peregrinationem, vitam egisse sollicitudinibus, angustiis, doloribus affectam ; ac praeterea id evenisse, quod sanctissimus senex Simeon cecinerat, acutissimum nempe gladium cor eius transverberasse ad Divini sui Nati crucem nostrique Redemptoris. Parique modo haud difficile iisdem fuit assentiri magnam etiam Dei Matrem, quemadmodum iam Unigenam suum, ex hac vita decessisse. Hoc tamen minime prohibuit quo minus palam crederent ac profiterentur sacrum eius corpus sepulcri corruptioni obnoxium fuisse numquam, numquam augustum illud Divini Verbi tabernaculum in tabem, in cinerem resolutum fuisse. Quin immo, divina collustrati gratia pietateque erga eam permoti, quae Dei Parens est suavissimaque Mater nostra, clariore cotidie luce mirabilem illam privilegiorum concordiam ac cohaerentiam contemplati sunt, quae Providentissimus Deus almae huic Redemptoris nostri sociae impertiit, et quae talem attigere celsissimum verticem, qualem praeter ipsam nemo a Deo creatus, excepta humana Iesu Christi natura, assecutus est umquam. Hanc eamdem fidem innumera illa templa manifesto testantur, quae in honorem Mariae Virginis Caelo receptae Deo dicata fuere; itemque sacrae illae imagines inibi christifidelium venerationi propositae, quae singularem eiusmodi Beatae Virginis triumphum ante omnium oculos efferunt. Urbes praeterea, dioeceses ac regiones peculiari tutelae ac patrocinio Deiparae Virginis ad Caelum evectae fuere concreditae; parique modo religiosa Instituta, probante Ecclesia, excitata sunt, quae quidem ex eiusmodi privilegio nomen accipiunt. Neque silentio praetereundum est in mariali rosario, cuius recitationem Apostolica haec Sedes tantopere commendat, unum haberi mysterium, piae meditationi propositum, quod, ut omnes norunt, de Assumptione agit Beatae Virginis in Caelum. Universali autem ac splendidiore modo haec sacrorum Pastorum ac christifidelium fides tum manifestatur, cum inde ab antiquis temporibus in Orientis et in Occidentis regionibus liturgica sollemnia hac de causa celebrantur; hinc enim Sancti Ecclesiae Patres atque Doctores lucem haurire numquam praetermisere, quandoquidem, ut omnibus in comperto est, sacra Liturgia, « cum sit etiam veritatum caelestium professio, quae supremo Ecclesiae Magisterio subicitur, argumenta ac testimonia suppeditare potest, non parvi quidem momenti, ad peculiare decernendum christianae doctrinae caput » ( Litt. Enc. Mediator Dei, A. A. S. vol. XXXIX, p. 541 ). In liturgicis libris, qui festum referunt vel Dormitionis, vel Assumptionis Sanctae Mariae, dictiones habentur, quae concordi quodam modo testantur, cum Deipara Virgo ex hoc terrestri exsilio ad superna pertransiit, sacro eius corpori ex Providentis Dei consilio ea contigisse, quae cum Incarnati Verbi Matris dignitate consentanea essent, cum ceterisque privilegiis eidem impertitis. Haec, ut praeclaro utamur exemplo, in Sacramentario asseverantur, quod Decessor Noster imm. mem. Hadrianus I ad Imperatorem misit Carolum Magnum. In eo enim haec habentur: « Veneranda nobis, Domine, huius est diei festivitas, in qua sancta Dei Genitrix mortem subiit temporalem, nec tamen mortis nexibus deprimi potuit, quae Filium tuum Dominum nostrum de se genuit incarnatum » ( Sacramentarium Gregorianum ). Quod vero heic verborum illa temperantia indicatur, qua Romana Liturgia uti solet, in ceteris vel orientalis, vel occidentalis antiquae Liturgiae voluminibus luculentius ac fusius declaratur. Sacramentarium Gallicanum, ut unum in exemplum afferamus, hoc Mariae privilegium dicit « inexplicabile sacramentum, tanto magis praeconabile, quanto est inter homines assumptione Virginis singulare ». Atque in Byzantina Liturgia corporea Mariae Virginis Assumptio non modo cum Dei Matris dignitate etiam atque etiam conectitur, sed cum aliis quoque privilegiis, peculiarique ratione cum virginea eius maternitate, singulari Providentis Dei consilio praestituta: « Tibi rex rerum omnium Deus ea, quae supra naturam sunt, tribuit; sicut enim in partu te virginem custodivit, sic et in sepulcro corpus tuum incorruptum servavit, et per divinam translationem conglorificavit » ( Menaei totius anni,/i> ). Quod autem Apostolica Sedes, quae muneris est heres, Apo stolorum Principi concrediti, in fide confirmandi fratres ( cfr. Luc. 22, 32 ) sollemniorem in dies auctoritate sua eiusmodi celebrationem reddidit, id profecto studiosam christifidelium mentem efficaciter permovit ad magis cotidie magisque huius commemorati mysterii gravitatem considerandam. Itaque Assumptionis festum ex illo honoris gradu, quem in ceteris Marialibus celebrationibus inde ab initio obtinuerat, ad sollemniorum celebrationum ordinem totius liturgici cycli evectum fuit. Ac Decessor Noster S. Sergius I, cum Litaniam seu Processionem Stationalem, quae dicitur, in quattuor Marialibus celebrationibus habendas praescriberet, una simul festum Nativitatis, Annuntiationis, Purificationis ac Dormitionis Mariae Virginis enumerat ( Liber Pontificalis ). Deinceps vero S. Leo IV festum, quod iam titulo Assumptionis Beatae Genetricis Dei celebrabatur, sollemniore etiam modo recolendum curavit, cum pervigilium ante habendum iuberet, postea vero supplicationes in octavum diem; atque ipsemet, hanc opportunitatem libenter nactus, in genti stipatus multitudine sollemnes eiusmodi celebrationes participare voluit (Ibid.). Ac praeterea pridie huius diei sacrum habendum ieiunium iam antiquitus fuisse praeceptum, ex iis omnino patet, quae Decessor Noster S. Nicolaus I testatur, cum de praecipuis ieiuniis agit, « quae . . . sancta Romana suscepit antiquitus et tenet Ecclesia » ( Responsa Nicolai Papae I ad consulta Bulgarorum ). Quandoquidem vero Ecclesiae Liturgia catholicam non gignit fidem, sed eam potius consequitur, ex eaque, ut ex arbore fructus, sacri cultus ritus proferuntur, idcirco Sancti Patres magnique Doctores in homiliis orationibusque, quas hoc festo die ad populum habuere, non hinc veluti ex primo fonte, eius modi doctrinam hauserunt, sed de ea potius, utpote christifidelibus iam nota atque accepta, locuti sunt; eamdem luculentius declararunt; eius sensum atque rem altioribus rationibus proposuere, id praesertim in clariore collocantes luce, quod liturgici libri saepenumero presse breviterque attigerant: hoc nempe festo non solummodo Beatae Virginis Mariae nullam habitam esse exanimis corporis corruptionem commemorari, sed eius etiam ex morte deportatum triumphum, eiusque caelestem « glorificationem », ad Unigenae sui exemplum Iesu Christi. Itaque S. Ioannes Damascenus, qui prae ceteris eximius traditae huius veritatis praeco exstat, corpoream almae Dei Matris Assumptionem cum aliis eius dotibus ac privilegiis comparans, haec vehementi eloquentia edicit: « Oportebat eam, quae in partu illaesam servaverat virginitatem, suum corpus sine ulla corruptione etiam post mortem conservare. Oportebat eam, quae Creatorem ut puerum in sinu gestaverat, in divinis tabernaculis commorari. Oportebat sponsam, quam Pater desponsaverat, in thalamis caelestibus habitare. Oportebat eam, quae Filium suum in cruce conspexerat, et, quem pariendo effugerat doloris gladium, pectore exceperat, ipsum Patri considentem contemplari. Oportebat Dei Matrem ea, quae Filii sunt, possidere et ab omni creatura tamquam Dei Matrem et ancillam excoli » ( S. Ioan. Damasc. Encomium in dormitionem Dei Genitricis semperque Virginis Mariae, hom. II, 14; cfr. etiam ibid. n. 3 ). Haec quidem S. Ioannis Damasceni vox aliorum vocibus, eamdem asseverantium doctrinam, fideliter respondet. Etenim haud minus clarae accurataeque dictiones in orationibus illis inveniuntur, quas vel superioris vel eiusdem aevi Patres, per occasionem plerumque huius festi, habuere. Itaque, ut aliis utamur exemplis, S. Germanus Constantinopolitanus corpus Deiparae Virginis Mariae incorruptum fuisse et ad Caelum evectum non modo cum divina eius maternitate consentaneum putabat, sed etiam cum peculiari sanctitate eiusdem virginalis corporis: « Tu, secundum quod scriptum est, in pulchritudine appares; et corpus tuum virginale toturn sanctum est, totum castum, totum Dei domicilium; ita ut ex hoc etiam a resolutione in pulverem deinceps sit alienum; immutatum quidem, quatenus humanum, ad excelsam incorruptibilitatis vitam; idem vero vivum atque praegloriosum, incolume atque perfectae vitae particeps » ( S. Germ. Const. In Sanctae Dei Genitricis Dormitionem, sermo I). Alius vero antiquissimus scriptor asseverat: « Igitur ut gloriosissima Mater Christi Salvatoris nostri Dei, vitae et immortalitatis largitoris, ab ipso vivificatur, in aeternum concorporea in incorruptibilitate, qui illam a sepulcro suscitavit et ad seipsum assumpsit, ut ipse solus novit » ( Encomium in Dormitionem Sanctissimae Dominae nostrae Deiparae semperque Virginis Mariae [S. Modesto Hierosol. attributum], n. 4 ). Cum autem hoc liturgicum festum latius in dies impensioreque pietate celebraretur, Ecclesiae Antistites ac sacri oratores, crebriore usque numero, officii sui esse duxerunt aperte ac nitide explanare mysterium, quod eodem hoc festo recolitur, atque edicere illud esse cum ceteris revelatis veritatibus coniunctissimum. In scholasticis theologis non defuere qui, cum in veritates divinitus revelatas altius introspicere vellent, atque illum praebere cuperent concentum, qui inter rationem theologicam, quae dicitur, ac catholicam intercedit fidem, animadvertendum putarent hoc Mariae Virginis Assumptionis privilegium cum divinis veritatibus miro quodam modo concordare, per Sacras Litteras nobis traditis. Cum hinc ratiocinando proficiscerentur, varia protulere argumenta, quibus mariale eiusmodi privilegium illustrarent, quorum quidem argumentorum quasi primum elementum hoc esse asseverabant, Iesum Christum nempe, pro sua erga Matrem pietate, eam voluisse ad Caelum assumptam; eorumdem vero argumentorum vim incomparabili inniti dignitate eius divinae maternitatis atque etiam eorum omnium munerum, quae eam consequuntur; quae quidem sunt insignis eius sanctitas, omnium hominum angelorumque sanctitudinem exsuperans; intima Ma riae cum Filio suo coniunctio; ac praecipuae illius dilectionis affectus, qua Filius dignissimam Matrem suam prosequebatur. Ac saepenumero theologi occurrunt oratoresque sacri, qui Sanctorum Patrum vestigiis insistentes (cfr. S. Ioan Damasc. Encomium in Dormitionem Dei Genitricis semperque Virginis Mariae, hom. 11, 2, I I ; Encomium in Dormitionem [ S. Modesto Hierosol. attributum]), ut suam illustrent Assumptionis fidem, quadam usi libertate, eventus ac verba referunt, quae a Sacris Litteris mutuantur. Itaque, ut nonnulla tantum memoremus, quae hac de re saepius usurpantur, sunt qui Psaltae sententiam inducant : « Surge, Domine, in requiem tuam, tu et Arca sanctificationis tuae » (Ps. 131, 8); atque Arcam foederis, incorruptibili ligno instructam atque in Dei templo positam, quasi imaginem cernant purissimi Mariae Virginis corporis, ab omni sepulcri corruptione servati immunis, atque ad tantam in Caelo gloriam evecti. Parique modo, hac de re agentes, Reginam describunt in regiam Caelorum aulam per triumphum ingredientem ac dextero Divini Redemptoris assidentem lateri (Ps. 14,10, 14-16); itemque Canticorum Sponsam inducunt, « quae ascendit per desertum, sicut virgula fumi ex aromatibus myrrae et thuris », ut corona redimiatur (Cant. 31, 6; cfr. 4, 8; 6,9). Quae quidem ab iisdem veluti imagines proponuntur caelestis illius Reginae, caelestisque Sponsae, quae una cum Divino Sponso ad Caelorum aulam evehitur. Ac praeterea scholastici doctores non modo in variis Veteris Testamenti figuris, sed in illa etiam Muliere amicta sole, quam Ioannes Apostolus in insula Patmo ( Apoc. 12 , I sq. ) contemplatus est, Assumptionem Deiparae Virginis significatam viderunt. Item ex Novi Testamenti locis haec verba peculiari cura considerationi proposuere suae: « Ave, gratia plena, Dominus tecum, benedicta tu in mulieribus » ( Luc. I, 28 ), cum in Assumptionis mysterio complementum cernerent plenissimae illius gratiae, Beatae Virgini impertitae, singularemque benedictionem maledictioni Hevae adversantem. Eam ob rem, sub Scholasticae Theologiae initio vir piissimus Amedeus Lausannensis Episcopus affirmat Mariae Virginis carnem incorruptam permansisse; — neque enim credi fas est corpus eius vidisse corruptionem — cum revera animae suae iterum coniunctum fuerit, atque una cum ea in caelesti aula excelsa redimitum gloria. « Erat namque plena gratia et in mulieribus benedicta (Luc. 1, 28). Deum verum de Deo vero sola ineruit concipere, quem virgo peperit, virgo lactavit, fovens in gremio, eique in omnibus ahno ministravit obsequio » ( AMEDEUS LAUSANNENSIS, De Beatae Virginis obitu, Assumptione in Caelum, exaltatione ad Filii dexteram ). In sacris vero scriptoribus, qui eo tempore Divinarum Litterarum sententiis variisque similitudinibus seu analogiis usi, Assumptionis doctrinam, quae pie credebatur, illustrarunt ac confirmarunt, peculiarem locum obtinet Doctor Evangelicus S. Antonius Patavinus. Is enim, festo Assumptionis die, haec Isaiae prophetae verba interpretatus: « locum pedum meorum glorificabo » ( Is. 60, 13), modo certo asseveravit a Divino Redemptore Matrem, suam dilectissimam, ex qua humanam sumpserat carnem, summa ornatam fuisse gloria. « Per hoc aperte habes — ita ait — quod Beata Virgo in corpore, quo fuit locus pedum Domini, est assumpta ». Quamobrem sacer Psaltes scribit : « Exsurge, Domine, in requiem tuam, tu et Arca sanctificationis tuae ». Quemadmodum, ita ipse asserit, Iesus Christus ex triumphata morte resurrexit atque ad dexteram sui Patris ascendit, ita pariter « surrexit et Arca sanctificationis suae, cum in hac die Virgo Mater ad aethereum thalamum est assumpta » ( S. ANTONIUS PATAV. Sermones dominicales et in solemnitatibus. In Assumptione S. Mariae Virginis sermo ). Cum autem, media aetate, Theologia Scholastica maxime floreret, S. Albertus Magnus, variis ad rem probandam collatis argumentis, quae vel Sacris Litteris, vel sententiis a maioribus traditis, vel denique Liturgia rationeque theologica, quae dicitur, innituntur, ita concludit: « His rationibus et auctoritatibus et multis aliis manifestum est, quod Beatissima Dei Mater in corpore et anima super choros Angelorum est assumpta. Et hoc modis omnibus credimus esse verum », ( S. ALBERTUS MAGNUS, Mariale sive quaestiones super Evang. «Missus est », q. 132). In oratione vero, quam die Annunciationi sacro Beatae Virginis habuit, haec Angeli salutantis verba explanans: « Ave, gratia plena... », Doctor Universalis, dum Hevae Sanctissimam Virginem comparat, hanc clare significanterque asseverat quadruplici illa maledictione fuisse immunem, cui Heva obnoxia fuit (Idem, Sermones de sanctis, sermo XV: In Annuntiatione Beatae Mariae; cfr. etiam Mariale, q. 132 ). Doctor Angelicus, insignis magistri sui vestigia premens, quamvis dedita opera eiusmodi quaestionem numquam agitaverit, quotiescumque tamen per occasionem eam attingit, una cum Catholica Ecclesia constanter retinet cum Mariae anima eius corpus in Caelum fuisse assumptum, ( cfr. Summa Theol. q. 27, a. i c. ; ibid., q. 83, a. 5 ad 8; Expositio salutationis angelicae; In symb. Apostolorum expositio, art 5; IV Sent 12, q. r, art. 3, sol. 3; D. 43, q. i, art. 3, sol. I et 2 ). Eamdem sententiam amplectitur, in multis aliis, Doctor Seraphicus, qui quidem pro certo omnino habet, quemadmodum Deus Mariam Sanctissimam, sive concipientem, sive parientem, virginalis pudoris virginalisque integritatis violatione immunem servavit, sic minime permisisse ut eius corpus in tabem, in cinerem resolveretur ( cfr. S. BONAVENTURA, De Nativitate B. Mariae Virginis, sermo 5). Haec Sacrae Scripturae verba interpretans, eademque sensu quodam accommodato Beatae Virgini tribuens: « Quae est ista, quae ascendit de deserto, deliciis affluens, innixa super dilectum suum », ( Cant., 8, 5 ), ita arguit: « Et hinc constare potest quod corporaliter ibi est... Cum enim... beatitudo non esset consummata nisi personaliter ibi esset, et persona non sit anima, sed coniunctum, patet quod secundum coniunctum, id est corpus et animam, ibi est: alioquin consummatam non haberet fruitionem », ( S. BONAVENTURA, De Assumptione B. Mariae Virginis, sermo I ). Sera autem Scholasticae Theologiae aetate, hoc est saeculo XV, S. Bernardinus Senensis ea omnia, quae medii aevi theologi hac super causa edixerant ac disceptaverant, summatim colligens ac diligenter retractans, non satis habuit praecipuas eorum referre considerationes, quas superioris temporis doctores iam proposuerant, sed alias etiam adiecit. Similitudo nempe divinae Matris divinique Filii, ad animi corporisque nobilitatem dignitatemque quod attinet — ob quam quidem similitudinem ne cogitare quidem possumus caelestem Reginam a caelesti Rege separari — omnino postulat ut Maria « esse non clebeat, nisi ubi est Christus » ( S. BERNARDINUS SENENS, In Assumptione B. M. VirginisM, sermo II); ac praeterea rationi congruens et consentaneum est, quemadmodum hominis, ita etiam mulieris animam ac corpus sempiternam iam gloriam in Caelo assecuta esse; ac denique idcirco quod numquam Ecclesia Beatae Virginis exuvias requisivit ac populi cultui proposuit, argumentum praebetur, quod « quasi sensibile experimentum » ( Idem l. c. ) referri potest. Recentioribus vero temporibus, quas supra rettulimus, Sanctorum Patrum Doctorumque sententiae communi in usu fuere. Consensum christianorum amplectens, a superioribus aetatibus traditum, S. Robertus Bellarminus exclamavit: « Et quis, obsecro, credere posset, arcam sanctitatis, domicilium Verbi, templum Spiritus Sancti corruisse? Exhorret plane animus meus vel cogitare carnem illam virgineam, quae Deum genuit, peperit, aluit, gestavit, vel in cinerem esse conversam, vel in escam vermibus traditam ( S. ROBERTUS BELLARMINUS, Conciones habitae Lovanii, concio 40: De Assumptione B. Mariae Virginis ). Parique modo S. Franciscus Salesius, postquam asseveravit dubitare fas non esse Iesum Christum perfectissimo modo divinum mandatum, quo filii iubentur proprios honorare parentes, ad rem deduxisse, hanc sibi quaestionem proponit: « Quinam filius, si posset, matrem suam ad vitam non revocaret, atque eam post mortem in Paradisum non adduceret? » ( Œuvres de St François de Sales, Sermon autographe pour la fête de l'Assomption ). Ac S. Alfonsus scribit: « Iesus Mariae corpus post mortem corrumpi noluit, cum in suum dedecus redundaret virginalem eius carnem in tabem redigi, ex qua suam ipsemet carnem assumpserat » ( S. ALFONSO M.DE' LIGUORI, Le glorie di Maria, parte II, disc. I ). Cum vero mysterium, quod hoc festo celebratur, iam in sua luce positum esset, haud defuere doctores, qui, potius quam de theologicis argumentis agerent, quibus demonstraretur conve niens omnino ac consentaneum esse corpoream credere Beatae Mariae Virginis in Caelum Assumptionem, mentem animumque suum ad ipsam converterent Ecclesiae fidem, mysticae Christi Sponsae non habentis maculam aut rugam ( cfr. Eph. 5, 27 ), quae quidem ab Apostolo nuncupatur « columna et firmamentum veritatis » ( 1 Tim. 3,15 ); atque communi hac fide innixi, contrariam sententiam temerariam putarent, ne dicamus haereticam. Siquidem, ut alii non pauci, S. Petrus Canisius, postquam declaravit ipsum Assumptionis vocabulum non modo animae, sed corporis etiam « glorificationem » significare, atque Ecclesiam multis iam saeculis hoc mariale Assumptionis mysterium venerari ac celebrare sollemniter, haec animadvertit : « Quae sententia iam saeculis aliquot obtinet, ac piorum animis infixa totique Ecclesiae sic commendata est, ut qui Mariae corpus in Caelum negant assumptum, ne patienter quidem audiantur, sed velut nimium contentiosi, aut prorsus temerarii, et haeretico magis quam catholico spiritu imbuti homines passim exsibilentur » ( S. PETRUS CANISIUS, De Maria Virgine ). Eodem tempore Doctor Eximius, cum hanc de mariologia profiteretur normam, nempe « mysteria gratiae, quae Deus in Virgine operatus est, non esse ordinariis legibus metienda, sed divina omnipotentia, supposita rei decentia, absque ulla Scripturarum contradictione aut repugnantia » ( SUAREZ F. In tertiam partem D. Thomae, q. 27, art. 2, disp. 3, sec. 5, n. 31 ), universae Ecclesiae communi fretus fide, ad Assumptionis mysterium quod attinet, concludere poterat hoc idem mysterium eadem animi firmitate credendum esse, ac Immaculatam Conceptionem B. Virginis; iamque tum autumabat veritates eiusmodi definiri posse. Haec omnia Sanctorum Patrum ac theologorum argumenta considerationesque Sacris Litteris, tamquam ultimo fundamento, nituntur; quae quidem almam Dei Matrem nobis veluti ante oculos proponunt divino Filio suo coniunctissimam, eius que semper participantem sortem. Quamobrem quasi impossibile videtur eam cernere, quae Christum concepit, peperit, suo lacte aluit, eumque inter ulnas habuit pectorique obstrinxit suo, ab eodem post terrestrem hanc vitam, etsi non anima, corpore tamen separatam. Cum Redemptor noster Mariae Filius sit, haud poterat profecto, utpote divinae legis observator perfectissimus, praeter Aeternum Patrem, Matrem quoque suam dilectissimam non honorare. Atqui, cum eam posset tam magno honore exornare, ut eam a sepulcri corruptione servaret incolumem, id reapse fecisse credendum est. Maxime autem illud memorandum est, inde a saeculo Mariam Virginem a Sanctis Patribus veluti novam Hevam proponi novo Adae, etsi subiectam, arctissime coniunctam in certamine illo adversus inferorum hostem, quod, quemadmodum in protoevangelio ( Gen. 3, 15 ) praesignificatur, ad plenissimam deventurum erat victoriam de peccato ac de morte, quae semper in gentium Apostoli scriptis inter se copulantur ( cfr. Rom. cap. 5 et 6; 1 Cor. 15, 21- 26; 54 - 57 ). Quamobrem, sicut gloriosa Christi anastasis essentialis pars fuit ac postremum huius victoriae tropaeum, ita Beatae Virginis commune cum Filio suo certamen virginei corporis « glorificatione » concludendum erat; ut enim idem Apostolus ait, « cum... mortale hoc induerit im mortalitatem, tunc fiet sermo, qui scriptus est : absorpta est mors in victoria » (1 Cor. 15, 54 ). Idcirco augusta Dei Mater, Iesu Christo, inde ab omni aeternitate, « uno eodemque decreto » ( Bulla Ineffabilis Deus, 1. c., p. 599 ) praedestinationis, arcano modo coniuncta, immaculata in suo conceptu, in divina maternitate sua integerrima virgo, generosa Divini Redemptoris socia, qui plenum de peccato eius que consectariis deportavit triumphum, id tandem assecuta est, quasi supremam suorum privilegiorum coronam, ut a sepulcri corruptione servaretur immunis, utque, quemadmodum iam Filius suus, devicta morte, corpore et anima ad supernam Caeli gloriam eveheretur, ubi Regina refulgeret ad eiusdem sui Filii dexteram, immortalis saeculorum Regis ( cfr. 1 Tim. 1, 17 ). Quoniam igitur universa Ecclesia, in qua viget Veritatis Spiritus, qui quidem eam ad revelatarum perficiendam veritatum cognitionem infallibiliter dirigit, multipliciter per saeculorum decursum suam fidem manifestavit, et quoniam universi terrarum orbis Episcopi prope unanima consensione petunt, ut tam quam divinae et catholicae fidei dogma definiatur veritas corporeae Assumptionis Beatissimae Virginis Mariae in Caelum quae veritas Sacris Litteris innititur, christifidelium animis penitus est insita, ecclesiastico cultu inde ab antiquissimis temporibus comprobata, ceteris revelatis veritatibus summe consona, theologorum studio, scientia ac sapientia splendide explicata et declarata — momentum Providentis Dei consilio praestitutum iam advenisse putamus, quo insigne eiusmodi Mariae Virginis privilegium sollemniter renuntiemus. Nos, qui Pontificatum Nostrum peculiari Sanctissimae Virginis patrocinio concredidimus, ad quam quidem in tot tristissimarum rerum vicibus confugimus, Nos, qui Immaculato eius Cordi universum hominum genus publico ritu sacravimus, eius que praesidium validissimum iterum atque iterum experti sumus, fore omnino confidimus ut sollemnis haec Assumptionis pronuntiatio ac definitio haud parum ad humanae consortionis profectum conferat, cum in Sanctissimae Trinitatis gloriam vertat, cui Deipara Virgo singularibus devincitur vinculis. Futurum enim sperandum est ut christifideles omnes ad impensiorem erga caelestem Matrem pietatem excitentur ; utque eorum omnium animi, qui christiano gloriantur nomine, ad desiderium moveantur Mystici Iesu Christi Corporis participandae unitatis, suique erga illam augendi amoris, quae in omnia eiusdem augusti Corporis membra maternum gerit animum. Itemque sperandum est ut gloriosa meditantibus Mariae exempla magis magisque persuasum sit quantum valeat hominum vita, si Caelestis Patris voluntati exsequendae omnino sit dedita ac ceterorum omnium procurando bono ; ut, dum « materialismi » commenta et quae inde oritur morum corruptio, virtutis lumina submergere minantur, hominumque, excitatis dimicationibus, perdere vitas, praeclarissimo hoc modo ante omnium oculos plena in luce ponatur ad quam excelsam metam animus corpusque nostrum destinentur ; ut denique fides corporeae Assumptionis Mariae in Caelum nostrae etiam resurrectionis fidem firmiorem efficiat, actuosiorem reddat. Quod autem hoc sollemne eventum in Sacrum, qui vertitur, Annum Providentis Dei consilio incidit, Nobis laetissimum est; ita enim Nobis licet, dum Iubilaeum Maximum celebratur, fulgenti hac gemma Deiparae Virginis frontem exornare, ac monumentum relinquere aere perennius incensissimae Nostrae in Dei Matrem pietatis. Quapropter, postquam supplices etiam atque etiam ad Deum admovimus preces, ac Veritatis Spiritus lumen invocavimus, ad Omnipotentis Dei gloriam, qui peculiarem benevolentiam suam Mariae Virgini dilargitus est, ad sui Filii honorem, immortalis saeculorum Regis ac peccati mortisque victoris, ad eiusdem augustae Matris augendam gloriam et ad totius Ecclesiae gaudium exsultationemque, auctoritate Domini Nostri Iesu Christi, Beatorum Apostolorum Petri et Pauli ac Nostra pronuntiamus, declaramus et definimus divinitus revelatum dogma esse : Immaculatam Deiparam semper Virginem Mariam, expleto terrestris vitae cursu, fuisse corpore et anima ad caelestem gloriam assumptam. Quamobrem, si quis, quod Deus avertat, id vel negare, vel in dubium vocare voluntarie ausus fuerit, quod a Nobis definitum est, noverit se a divina ac catholica fide prorsus defecisse. Ut autem ad universalis Ecclesiae notitiam haec Nostra corporeae Mariae Virginis in Caelum Assumptionis definitio deducatur, has Apostolicas Nostras Litteras ad perpetuam rei memoriam exstare voluimus; mandantes ut harum transumptis, seu exemplis etiam impressis, manu alicuius notarii publici subscriptis, et sigillo personae in ecclesiastica dignitate constitutae munitis, eadem prorsus fides ab omnibus habeatur, quae ipsis praesentibus adhiberetur, si forent exhibitae vel ostensae. Nulli ergo hominum liceat paginam hanc Nostrae declarationis, pronuntiationis ac definitionis infringere, vel ei ausu temerario adversari et contraire. Si quis autem hoc attentare praesumpserit, indignationem Omnipotentis Dei ac Beatorum Petri et Pauli Apostolorum eius se noverit incursurum. Datum Romae, apud S. Petrum anno Iubilaei Maximi millesimo nongentesimo quinquagesimo, die prima mensis Novembris, in festo omnium Sanctorum, Pontificatus Nostri anno duo decimo. Ego PIUS, Catholicae Ecclesiae Episcopus, ita definiendo subscripsi Ego FRANCISCUS Episcopus Ostiensis et Tusculanus Cardinalis MARCHETTI SELVAGGIANI, S. Collegii Decanus. Ego EUGENIUS Episcopus Portuensis et S. Rufinae Cardinalis TISSERANT. Ego CLEMENS Episcopus Veliternus Cardinalis MICARA. Ego IOSEPH Episcopus Albanensis Cardinalis PIZZARDO. Ego BENEDICTUS Episcopus Praenestinus Cardinalis ALOISI MASELLA. Ego ADEODATUS IOANNES Episcopus Sabinensis et Mandelensis Cardinalis PIAZZA. Ego ALEXIUS tituli S. Calisti Presbyter Cardinalis ASCALESI. Ego MICHAEL tituli S. Anastasiae Presbyter Cardinalis de FAULHABER. Ego IOANNES BAPTISTA tituli S. Mariae in Traspontina Presbyter Cardinalis NASALLI ROCCA. Ego ALEXANDER tituli S. Mariae in Cosmedin Presbyter Cardinalis VERDE. Ego IOSEPH ERNESTUS tituli S. Mariae de Ara Caeli Presbyter Cardinalis VAN ROEY. Ego PETRUS tituli S. Mariae trans Tiberim Presbyter Cardinalis SEGURA Y SAENZ. Ego ALFRIDUS ILDELFONSUS tituli S. Martini in Montibus Presbyter Cardinalis SCHUSTER. Ego EMMANUEL tituli Ss. Marcellini et Petri Presbyter Cardinalis CONÇALVES CEREJEIRA. Ego ACHILLES tituli S. Sixti Presbyter Cardinalis LIENART. Ego PETRUS tituli S. Crucis in Hierusalem Presbyter Cardinalis FUMASONI BIONDI. Ego FRIDERICUS tituli S. Mariae de Victoria Presbyter Cardinalis TEDESCHINI. Ego ELIAS tituli S. Marci Presbyter Cardinalis DALLA COSTA. Ego THEODORUS tituli S. Chrysogoni Presbyter Cardinalis INNITZER. Ego IGNATIUS GABRIEL tituli Basilicae XII Apostolorum Presbyter Cardinalis TAPPOUNI. Ego DOMINICUS tituli S. Apollinaris Presbyter Cardinalis JORIO. Ego MAXIMUS tituli S. Mariae in Porticu Presbyter Cardinalis MASSIMI. Ego PETRUS tituli SS. Trinitatis in Monte Pincio Presbyter Cardinalis GERLIER. Ego GREGORIUS PETRUS XV tituli S. Bartholomaei in Insula Presbyter Cardinalis AGAGIANIAN. Ego Iulius tituli S. Pudentianae Presbyter Cardinalis SALIÈGE. Ego IACOBUS CAROLUS tituli S. Mariae de Populo Presbyter Cardinalis Mc GUIGAN. Ego CLEMENS AEMILIUS tituli S. Balbinae Presbyter Cardinalis ROQUES. Ego NORMANNUS THOMAS tituli Ss. Quatuor Coronatorum Presbyter Cardinalis GILROY. Ego FRANCISCUS tituli Ss. Ioannis et Pauli Presbyter Cardinalis SPELLMAN. Ego THEODOSIUS CLEMENS tituli S. Petri ad vincula Presbyter Cardinalis DE GOUVEIA. Ego EMMANUEL tituli S. Laurentii in Lucina Presbyter Cardinalis ARTEAGA Y BETANCOURT. Ego IOSEPH tituli S. Ioannis ante Portam Latinam Presbyter Cardinalis FRINGS. Ego BERNARDUS tituli Ss. Andreae et Gregorii Presbyter Cardinalis GRIFFIN. Ego CONRADUS tituli S. Agathae Presbyter Cardinalis VON PREYSING. Ego THOMAS tituli S. Mariae in Via Presbyter Cardinalis TIEN CHEN SIN. Ego NICOLAUS S. Nicolai in Carcere Tulliano Protodiaconus Cardinalis CANALI. Ego IOANNES S. Georgii in Velo Aureo Diaconus Cardinalis MERCATI. Ego IOSEPH S. Eustachii Diaconus Cardinalis BRUNO. * * * Sacrum Consistorium : Feria secunda, die XXX Octobris mensis a. MCML, in aula supra porticum Basilicae vaticanae, Consistorium Semipublicum habitum est de Assumptione corporea Beatissimae Virginis Mariae tamquam dogmate definienda. In sollemni dogmatica definitione Beatae Mariae Virginis corporeae in caelum Assumptioni, die prima Novembris mensis, in festo Sanctorum omnium, anno sacro MCML, in petriano foro ante Basilicam Vaticanam habita: Allocutio. Oratio. *Discorsi e Radiomessaggi di Sua Santità Pio XII, XII, Dodicesimo anno di Pontificato, 2 marzo 1950 - 1° marzo 1951, pp. 475 - 492 Tipografia Poliglotta Vaticana *A.A.S., vol. XXXXII ( 1950 ), n. 15, pp. 753 - 773. Α ☧ Ω Α ☧ Ω APOSTOLIC CONSTITUTION OF POPE PIUS XII ~ MUNIFICENTISSIMUS DEUS* ~ DEFINING THE DOGMA OF THE ASSUMPTION "ex cathedra" ( from the chair of Blessed Apostle Saint Peter ) November 1, 1950 1. The most bountiful God, who is almighty, the plan of whose providence rests upon wisdom and love, tempers, in the secret purpose of his own mind, the sorrows of peoples and of individual men by means of joys that he interposes in their lives from time to time, in such a way that, under different conditions and in different ways, all things may work together unto good for those who love him.[1] 2. Now, just like the present age, our pontificate is weighed down by ever so many cares, anxieties, and troubles, by reason of very severe calamities that have taken place and by reason of the fact that many have strayed away from truth and virtue. Nevertheless, we are greatly consoled to see that, while the Catholic faith is being professed publicly and vigorously, piety toward the Virgin Mother of God is flourishing and daily growing more fervent, and that almost everywhere on earth it is showing indications of a better and holier life. Thus, while the Blessed Virgin is fulfilling in the most affectionate manner her maternal duties on behalf of those redeemed by the blood of Christ, the minds and the hearts of her children are being vigorously aroused to a more assiduous consideration of her prerogatives. 3. Actually God, who from all eternity regards Mary with a most favorable and unique affection, has "when the fullness of time came"[2] put the plan of his providence into effect in such a way that all the privileges and prerogatives he had granted to her in his sovereign generosity were to shine forth in her in a kind of perfect harmony. And, although the Church has always recognized this supreme generosity and the perfect harmony of graces and has daily studied them more and more throughout the course of the centuries, still it is in our own age that the privilege of the bodily Assumption into heaven of Mary, the Virgin Mother of God, has certainly shone forth more clearly. 4. That privilege has shone forth in new radiance since our predecessor of immortal memory, Pius IX, solemnly proclaimed the dogma of the loving Mother of God's Immaculate Conception. These two privileges are most closely bound to one another. Christ overcame sin and death by his own death, and one who through Baptism has been born again in a supernatural way has conquered sin and death through the same Christ. Yet, according to the general rule, God does not will to grant to the just the full effect of the victory over death until the end of time has come. And so it is that the bodies of even the just are corrupted after death, and only on the last day will they be joined, each to its own glorious soul. 5. Now God has willed that the Blessed Virgin Mary should be exempted from this general rule. She, by an entirely unique privilege, completely overcame sin by her Immaculate Conception, and as a result she was not subject to the law of remaining in the corruption of the grave, and she did not have to wait until the end of time for the redemption of her body. 6. Thus, when it was solemnly proclaimed that Mary, the Virgin Mother of God, was from the very beginning free from the taint of original sin, the minds of the faithful were filled with a stronger hope that the day might soon come when the dogma of the Virgin Mary's bodily Assumption into heaven would also be defined by the Church's supreme teaching authority. 7. Actually it was seen that not only individual Catholics, but also those who could speak for nations or ecclesiastical provinces, and even a considerable number of the Fathers of the Vatican Council, urgently petitioned the Apostolic See to this effect. 8. During the course of time such postulations and petitions did not decrease but rather grew continually in number and in urgency. In this cause there were pious crusades of prayer. Many outstanding theologians eagerly and zealously carried out investigations on this subject either privately or in public ecclesiastical institutions and in other schools where the sacred disciplines are taught. Marian Congresses, both national and international in scope, have been held in many parts of the Catholic world. These studies and investigations have brought out into even clearer light the fact that the dogma of the Virgin Mary's Assumption into heaven is contained in the deposit of Christian faith entrusted to the Church. They have resulted in many more petitions, begging and urging the Apostolic See that this truth be solemnly defined. 9. In this pious striving, the faithful have been associated in a wonderful way with their own holy bishops, who have sent petitions of this kind, truly remarkable in number, to this See of the Blessed Peter. Consequently, when we were elevated to the throne of the supreme pontificate, petitions of this sort had already been addressed by the thousands from every part of the world and from every class of people, from our beloved sons the Cardinals of the Sacred College, from our venerable brethren, archbishops and bishops, from dioceses and from parishes. 10. Consequently, while we sent up earnest prayers to God that he might grant to our mind the light of the Holy Spirit, to enable us to make a decision on this most serious subject, we issued special orders in which we commanded that, by corporate effort, more advanced inquiries into this matter should be begun and that, in the meantime, all the petitions about the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary into heaven which had been sent to this Apostolic See from the time of Pius IX, our predecessor of happy memory, down to our own days should be gathered together and carefully evaluated.[3] 11. And, since we were dealing with a matter of such great moment and of such importance, we considered it opportune to ask all our venerable brethren in the episcopate directly and authoritatively that each of them should make known to us his mind in a formal statement. Hence, on May 1, 1946, we gave them our letter "Deiparae Virginis Mariae," a letter in which these words are contained: "Do you, venerable brethren, in your outstanding wisdom and prudence, judge that the bodily Assumption of the Blessed Virgin can be proposed and defined as a dogma of faith? Do you, with your clergy and people, desire it?" 12. But those whom "the Holy Spirit has placed as bishops to rule the Church of God"[4] gave an almost unanimous affirmative response to both these questions. This "outstanding agreement of the Catholic prelates and the faithful,"[5] affirming that the bodily Assumption of God's Mother into heaven can be defined as a dogma of faith, since it shows us the concordant teaching of the Church's ordinary doctrinal authority and the concordant faith of the Christian people which the same doctrinal authority sustains and directs, thus by itself and in an entirely certain and infallible way, manifests this privilege as a truth revealed by God and contained in that divine deposit which Christ has delivered to his Spouse to be guarded faithfully and to be taught infallibly.[6] Certainly this teaching authority of the Church, not by any merely human effort but under the protection of the Spirit of Truth,[7] and therefore absolutely without error, carries out the commission entrusted to it, that of preserving the revealed truths pure and entire throughout every age, in such a way that it presents them undefiled, adding nothing to them and taking nothing away from them. For, as the Vatican Council teaches, "the Holy Spirit was not promised to the successors of Peter in such a way that, by his revelation, they might manifest new doctrine, but so that, by his assistance, they might guard as sacred and might faithfully propose the revelation delivered through the apostles, or the deposit of faith."[8] Thus, from the universal agreement of the Church's ordinary teaching authority we have a certain and firm proof, demonstrating that the Blessed Virgin Mary's bodily Assumption into heaven- which surely no faculty of the human mind could know by its own natural powers, as far as the heavenly glorification of the virginal body of the loving Mother of God is concerned-is a truth that has been revealed by God and consequently something that must be firmly and faithfully believed by all children of the Church. For, as the Vatican Council asserts, "all those things are to be believed by divine and Catholic faith which are contained in the written Word of God or in Tradition, and which are proposed by the Church, either in solemn judgment or in its ordinary and universal teaching office, as divinely revealed truths which must be believed."[9] 13. Various testimonies, indications and signs of this common belief of the Church are evident from remote times down through the course of the centuries; and this same belief becomes more clearly manifest from day to day. 14. Christ's faithful, through the teaching and the leadership of their pastors, have learned from the sacred books that the Virgin Mary, throughout the course of her earthly pilgrimage, led a life troubled by cares, hardships, and sorrows, and that, moreover, what the holy old man Simeon had foretold actually came to pass, that is, that a terribly sharp sword pierced her heart as she stood under the cross of her divine Son, our Redeemer. In the same way, it was not difficult for them to admit that the great Mother of God, like her only begotten Son, had actually passed from this life. But this in no way prevented them from believing and from professing openly that her sacred body had never been subject to the corruption of the tomb, and that the august tabernacle of the Divine Word had never been reduced to dust and ashes. Actually, enlightened by divine grace and moved by affection for her, God's Mother and our own dearest Mother, they have contemplated in an ever clearer light the wonderful harmony and order of those privileges which the most provident God has lavished upon this loving associate of our Redeemer, privileges which reach such an exalted plane that, except for her, nothing created by God other than the human nature of Jesus Christ has ever reached this level. 15. The innumerable temples which have been dedicated to the Virgin Mary assumed into heaven clearly attest this faith. So do those sacred images, exposed therein for the veneration of the faithful, which bring this unique triumph of the Blessed Virgin before the eyes of all men. Moreover, cities, dioceses, and individual regions have been placed under the special patronage and guardianship of the Virgin Mother of God assumed into heaven. In the same way, religious institutes, with the approval of the Church, have been founded and have taken their name from this privilege. Nor can we pass over in silence the fact that in the Rosary of Mary, the recitation of which this Apostolic See so urgently recommends, there is one mystery proposed for pious meditation which, as all know, deals with the Blessed Virgin's Assumption into heaven. 16. This belief of the sacred pastors and of Christ's faithful is universally manifested still more splendidly by the fact that, since ancient times, there have been both in the East and in the West solemn liturgical offices commemorating this privilege. The holy Fathers and Doctors of the Church have never failed to draw enlightenment from this fact since, as everyone knows, the sacred liturgy, "because it is the profession, subject to the supreme teaching authority within the Church, of heavenly truths, can supply proofs and testimonies of no small value for deciding a particular point of Christian doctrine."[10] 17. In the liturgical books which deal with the feast either of the dormition or of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin there are expressions that agree in testifying that, when the Virgin Mother of God passed from this earthly exile to heaven, what happened to her sacred body was, by the decree of divine Providence, in keeping with the dignity of the Mother of the Word Incarnate, and with the other privileges she had been accorded. Thus, to cite an illustrious example, this is set forth in that sacramentary which Adrian I, our predecessor of immortal memory, sent to the Emperor Charlemagne. These words are found in this volume: "Venerable to us, O Lord, is the festivity of this day on which the holy Mother of God suffered temporal death, but still could not be kept down by the bonds of death, who has begotten your Son our Lord incarnate from herself."[11] 18. What is here indicated in that sobriety characteristic of the Roman liturgy is presented more clearly and completely in other ancient liturgical books. To take one as an example, the Gallican sacramentary designates this privilege of Mary's as "an ineffable mystery all the more worthy of praise as the Virgin's Assumption is something unique among men." And, in the Byzantine liturgy, not only is the Virgin Mary's bodily Assumption connected time and time again with the dignity of the Mother of God, but also with the other privileges, and in particular with the virginal motherhood granted her by a singular decree of God's Providence. "God, the King of the universe, has granted you favors that surpass nature. As he kept you a virgin in childbirth, thus he has kept your body incorrupt in the tomb and has glorified it by his divine act of transferring it from the tomb."[12] 19. The fact that the Apostolic See, which has inherited the function entrusted to the Prince of the Apostles, the function of confirming the brethren in the faith,[13] has by its own authority, made the celebration of this feast ever more solemn, has certainly and effectively moved the attentive minds of the faithful to appreciate always more completely the magnitude of the mystery it commemorates. So it was that the Feast of the Assumption was elevated from the rank which it had occupied from the beginning among the other Marian feasts to be classed among the more solemn celebrations of the entire liturgical cycle. And, when our predecessor St. Sergius I prescribed what is known as the litany, or the stational procession, to be held on four Marian feasts, he specified together the Feasts of the Nativity, the Annunciation, the Purification, and the Dormition of the Virgin Mary.[14] Again, St. Leo IV saw to it that the feast, which was already being celebrated under the title of the Assumption of the Blessed Mother of God, should be observed in even a more solemn way when he ordered a vigil to be held on the day before it and prescribed prayers to be recited after it until the octave day. When this had been done, he decided to take part himself in the celebration, in the midst of a great multitude of the faithful.[15] Moreover, the fact that a holy fast had been ordered from ancient times for the day prior to the feast is made very evident by what our predecessor St. Nicholas I testifies in treating of the principal fasts which "the Holy Roman Church has observed for a long time, and still observes."[16] 20. However, since the liturgy of the Church does not engender the Catholic faith, but rather springs from it, in such a way that the practices of the sacred worship proceed from the faith as the fruit comes from the tree, it follows that the holy Fathers and the great Doctors, in the homilies and sermons they gave the people on this feast day, did not draw their teaching from the feast itself as from a primary source, but rather they spoke of this doctrine as something already known and accepted by Christ's faithful. They presented it more clearly. They offered more profound explanations of its meaning and nature, bringing out into sharper light the fact that this feast shows, not only that the dead body of the Blessed Virgin Mary remained incorrupt, but that she gained a triumph out of death, her heavenly glorification after the example of her only begotten Son, Jesus Christ-truths that the liturgical books had frequently touched upon concisely and briefly. 21. Thus St. John Damascene, an outstanding herald of this traditional truth, spoke out with powerful eloquence when he compared the bodily Assumption of the loving Mother of God with her other prerogatives and privileges. "It was fitting that she, who had kept her virginity intact in childbirth, should keep her own body free from all corruption even after death. It was fitting that she, who had carried the Creator as a child at her breast, should dwell in the divine tabernacles. It was fitting that the spouse, whom the Father had taken to himself, should live in the divine mansions. It was fitting that she, who had seen her Son upon the cross and who had thereby received into her heart the sword of sorrow which she had escaped in the act of giving birth to him, should look upon him as he sits with the Father. It was fitting that God's Mother should possess what belongs to her Son, and that she should be honored by every creature as the Mother and as the handmaid of God."[17] 22. These words of St. John Damascene agree perfectly with what others have taught on this same subject. Statements no less clear and accurate are to be found in sermons delivered by Fathers of an earlier time or of the same period, particularly on the occasion of this feast. And so, to cite some other examples, St. Germanus of Constantinople considered the fact that the body of Mary, the virgin Mother of God, was incorrupt and had been taken up into heaven to be in keeping, not only with her divine motherhood, but also with the special holiness of her virginal body. "You are she who, as it is written, appears in beauty, and your virginal body is all holy, all chaste, entirely the dwelling place of God, so that it is henceforth completely exempt from dissolution into dust. Though still human, it is changed into the heavenly life of incorruptibility, truly living and glorious, undamaged and sharing in perfect life."[18] And another very ancient writer asserts: "As the most glorious Mother of Christ, our Savior and God and the giver of life and immortality, has been endowed with life by him, she has received an eternal incorruptibility of the body together with him who has raised her up from the tomb and has taken her up to himself in a way known only to him."[19] 23. When this liturgical feast was being celebrated ever more widely and with ever increasing devotion and piety, the bishops of the Church and its preachers in continually greater numbers considered it their duty openly and clearly to explain the mystery that the feast commemorates, and to explain how it is intimately connected with the other revealed truths. 24. Among the scholastic theologians there have not been lacking those who, wishing to inquire more profoundly into divinely revealed truths and desirous of showing the harmony that exists between what is termed the theological demonstration and the Catholic faith, have always considered it worthy of note that this privilege of the Virgin Mary's Assumption is in wonderful accord with those divine truths given us in Holy Scripture. 25. When they go on to explain this point, they adduce various proofs to throw light on this privilege of Mary. As the first element of these demonstrations, they insist upon the fact that, out of filial love for his mother, Jesus Christ has willed that she be assumed into heaven. They base the strength of their proofs on the incomparable dignity of her divine motherhood and of all those prerogatives which follow from it. These include her exalted holiness, entirely surpassing the sanctity of all men and of the angels, the intimate union of Mary with her Son, and the affection of preeminent love which the Son has for his most worthy Mother. 26. Often there are theologians and preachers who, following in the footsteps of the holy Fathers,[20] have been rather free in their use of events and expressions taken from Sacred Scripture to explain their belief in the Assumption. Thus, to mention only a few of the texts rather frequently cited in this fashion, some have employed the words of the psalmist: "Arise, O Lord, into your resting place: you and the ark, which you have sanctified"[21]; and have looked upon the Ark of the Covenant, built of incorruptible wood and placed in the Lord's temple, as a type of the most pure body of the Virgin Mary, preserved and exempt from all the corruption of the tomb and raised up to such glory in heaven. Treating of this subject, they also describe her as the Queen entering triumphantly into the royal halls of heaven and sitting at the right hand of the divine Redeemer.[22] Likewise they mention the Spouse of the Canticles "that goes up by the desert, as a pillar of smoke of aromatical spices, of myrrh and frankincense" to be crowned.[23] These are proposed as depicting that heavenly Queen and heavenly Spouse who has been lifted up to the courts of heaven with the divine Bridegroom. 27. Moreover, the scholastic Doctors have recognized the Assumption of the Virgin Mother of God as something signified, not only in various figures of the Old Testament, but also in that woman clothed with the sun whom John the Apostle contemplated on the Island of Patmos.[24] Similarly they have given special attention to these words of the New Testament: "Hail, full of grace, the Lord is with you, blessed are you among women,"[25] since they saw, in the mystery of the Assumption, the fulfillment of that most perfect grace granted to the Blessed Virgin and the special blessing that countered the curse of Eve. 28. Thus, during the earliest period of scholastic theology, that most pious man, Amadeus, Bishop of Lausarme, held that the Virgin Mary's flesh had remained incorrupt-for it is wrong to believe that her body has seen corruption-because it was really united again to her soul and, together with it, crowned with great glory in the heavenly courts. "For she was full of grace and blessed among women. She alone merited to conceive the true God of true God, whom as a virgin, she brought forth, to whom as a virgin she gave milk, fondling him in her lap, and in all things she waited upon him with loving care."[26] 29. Among the holy writers who at that time employed statements and various images and analogies of Sacred Scripture to Illustrate and to confirm the doctrine of the Assumption, which was piously believed, the Evangelical Doctor, St. Anthony of Padua, holds a special place. On the feast day of the Assumption, while explaining the prophet's words: "I will glorify the place of my feet,"[27] he stated it as certain that the divine Redeemer had bedecked with supreme glory his most beloved Mother from whom he had received human flesh. He asserts that "you have here a clear statement that the Blessed Virgin has been assumed in her body, where was the place of the Lord's feet. Hence it is that the holy Psalmist writes: 'Arise, O Lord, into your resting place: you and the ark which you have sanctified."' And he asserts that, just as Jesus Christ has risen from the death over which he triumphed and has ascended to the right hand of the Father, so likewise the ark of his sanctification "has risen up, since on this day the Virgin Mother has been taken up to her heavenly dwelling."[28] 30. When, during the Middle Ages, scholastic theology was especially flourishing, St. Albert the Great who, to establish this teaching, had gathered together many proofs from Sacred Scripture, from the statements of older writers, and finally from the liturgy and from what is known as theological reasoning, concluded in this way: "From these proofs and authorities and from many others, it is manifest that the most blessed Mother of God has been assumed above the choirs of angels. And this we believe in every way to be true."[29] And, in a sermon which he delivered on the sacred day of the Blessed Virgin Mary's annunciation, explained the words "Hail, full of grace"-words used by the angel who addressed her-the Universal Doctor, comparing the Blessed Virgin with Eve, stated clearly and incisively that she was exempted from the fourfold curse that had been laid upon Eve.[30] 31. Following the footsteps of his distinguished teacher, the Angelic Doctor, despite the fact that he never dealt directly with this question, nevertheless, whenever he touched upon it, always held together with the Catholic Church, that Mary's body had been assumed into heaven along with her soul.[31] 32. Along with many others, the Seraphic Doctor held the same views. He considered it as entirely certain that, as God had preserved the most holy Virgin Mary from the violation of her virginal purity and integrity in conceiving and in childbirth, he would never have permitted her body to have been resolved into dust and ashes.[32] Explaining these words of Sacred Scripture: "Who is this that comes up from the desert, flowing with delights, leaning upon her beloved?"[33] and applying them in a kind of accommodated sense to the Blessed Virgin, he reasons thus: "From this we can see that she is there bodily...her blessedness would not have been complete unless she were there as a person. The soul is not a person, but the soul, joined to the body, is a person. It is manifest that she is there in soul and in body. Otherwise she would not possess her complete beatitude.[34] 33. In the fifteenth century, during a later period of scholastic theology, St. Bernardine of Siena collected and diligently evaluated all that the medieval theologians had said and taught on this question. He was not content with setting down the principal considerations which these writers of an earlier day had already expressed, but he added others of his own. The likeness between God's Mother and her divine Son, in the way of the nobility and dignity of body and of soul-a likeness that forbids us to think of the heavenly Queen as being separated from the heavenly King- makes it entirely imperative that Mary "should be only where Christ is."[35] Moreover, it is reasonable and fitting that not only the soul and body of a man, but also the soul and body of a woman should have obtained heavenly glory. Finally, since the Church has never looked for the bodily relics of the Blessed Virgin nor proposed them for the veneration of the people, we have a proof on the order of a sensible experience.[36] 34. The above-mentioned teachings of the holy Fathers and of the Doctors have been in common use during more recent times. Gathering together the testimonies of the Christians of earlier days, St. Robert Bellarmine exclaimed: "And who, I ask, could believe that the ark of holiness, the dwelling place of the Word of God, the temple of the Holy Spirit, could be reduced to ruin? My soul is filled with horror at the thought that this virginal flesh which had begotten God, had brought him into the world, had nourished and carried him, could have been turned into ashes or given over to be food for worms."[37] 35. In like manner St. Francis of Sales, after asserting that it is wrong to doubt that Jesus Christ has himself observed, in the most perfect way, the divine commandment by which children are ordered to honor their parents, asks this question: "What son would not bring his mother back to life and would not bring her into paradise after her death if he could?"[38] And St. Alphonsus writes that "Jesus did not wish to have the body of Mary corrupted after death, since it would have redounded to his own dishonor to have her virginal flesh, from which he himself had assumed flesh, reduced to dust."[39] 36. Once the mystery which is commemorated in this feast had been placed in its proper light, there were not lacking teachers who, instead of dealing with the theological reasonings that show why it is fitting and right to believe the bodily Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary into heaven, chose to focus their mind and attention on the faith of the Church itself, which is the Mystical Body of Christ without stain or wrinkle[40] and is called by the Apostle "the pillar and ground of truth."[41] Relying on this common faith, they considered the teaching opposed to the doctrine of our Lady's Assumption as temerarious, if not heretical. Thus, like not a few others, St. Peter Canisius, after he had declared that the very word "assumption" signifies the glorification, not only of the soul but also of the body, and that the Church has venerated and has solemnly celebrated this mystery of Mary's Assumption for many centuries, adds these words of warning: "This teaching has already been accepted for some centuries, it has been held as certain in the minds of the pious people, and it has been taught to the entire Church in such a way that those who deny that Mary's body has been assumed into heaven are not to be listened to patiently but are everywhere to be denounced as over-contentious or rash men, and as imbued with a spirit that is heretical rather than Catholic."[42] 37. At the same time the great Suarez was professing in the field of mariology the norm that "keeping in mind the standards of propriety, and when there is no contradiction or repugnance on the part of Scripture, the mysteries of grace which God has wrought in the Virgin must be measured, not by the ordinary laws, but by the divine omnipotence."[43] Supported by the common faith of the entire Church on the subject of the mystery of the Assumption, he could conclude that this mystery was to be believed with the same firmness of assent as that given to the Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin. Thus he already held that such truths could be defined. 38. All these proofs and considerations of the holy Fathers and the theologians are based upon the Sacred Writings as their ultimate foundation. These set the loving Mother of God as it were before our very eyes as most intimately joined to her divine Son and as always sharing his lot. Consequently it seems impossible to think of her, the one who conceived Christ, brought him forth, nursed him with her milk, held him in her arms, and clasped him to her breast, as being apart from him in body, even though not in soul, after this earthly life. Since our Redeemer is the Son of Mary, he could not do otherwise, as the perfect observer of God's law, than to honor, not only his eternal Father, but also his most beloved Mother. And, since it was within his power to grant her this great honor, to preserve her from the corruption of the tomb, we must believe that he really acted in this way. 39. We must remember especially that, since the second century, the Virgin Mary has been designated by the holy Fathers as the new Eve, who, although subject to the new Adam, is most intimately associated with him in that struggle against the infernal foe which, as foretold in the protoevangelium,[44] would finally result in that most complete victory over the sin and death which are always mentioned together in the writings of the Apostle of the Gentiles.[45] Consequently, just as the glorious resurrection of Christ was an essential part and the final sign of this victory, so that struggle which was common to the Blessed Virgin and her divine Son should be brought to a close by the glorification of her virginal body, for the same Apostle says: "When this mortal thing hath put on immortality, then shall come to pass the saying that is written: Death is swallowed up in victory."[46] 40. Hence the revered Mother of God, from all eternity joined in a hidden way with Jesus Christ in one and the same decree of predestination,[47] immaculate in her conception, a most perfect virgin in her divine motherhood, the noble associate of the divine Redeemer who has won a complete triumph over sin and its consequences, finally obtained, as the supreme culmination of her privileges, that she should be preserved free from the corruption of the tomb and that, like her own Son, having overcome death, she might be taken up body and soul to the glory of heaven where, as Queen, she sits in splendor at the right hand of her Son, the immortal King of the Ages.[48] 41. Since the universal Church, within which dwells the Spirit of Truth who infallibly directs it toward an ever more perfect knowledge of the revealed truths, has expressed its own belief many times over the course of the centuries, and since the bishops of the entire world are almost unanimously petitioning that the truth of the bodily Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary into heaven should be defined as a dogma of divine and Catholic faith-this truth which is based on the Sacred Writings, which is thoroughly rooted in the minds of the faithful, which has been approved in ecclesiastical worship from the most remote times, which is completely in harmony with the other revealed truths, and which has been expounded and explained magnificently in the work, the science, and the wisdom of the theologians-we believe that the moment appointed in the plan of divine providence for the solemn proclamation of this outstanding privilege of the Virgin Mary has already arrived. 42. We, who have placed our pontificate under the special patronage of the most holy Virgin, to whom we have had recourse so often in times of grave trouble, we who have consecrated the entire human race to her Immaculate Heart in public ceremonies, and who have time and time again experienced her powerful protection, are confident that this solemn proclamation and definition of the Assumption will contribute in no small way to the advantage of human society, since it redounds to the glory of the Most Blessed Trinity, to which the Blessed Mother of God is bound by such singular bonds. It is to be hoped that all the faithful will be stirred up to a stronger piety toward their heavenly Mother, and that the souls of all those who glory in the Christian name may be moved by the desire of sharing in the unity of Jesus Christ's Mystical Body and of increasing their love for her who shows her motherly heart to all the members of this august body. And so we may hope that those who meditate upon the glorious example Mary offers us may be more and more convinced of the value of a human life entirely devoted to carrying out the heavenly Father's will and to bringing good to others. Thus, while the illusory teachings of materialism and the corruption of morals that follows from these teachings threaten to extinguish the light of virtue and to ruin the lives of men by exciting discord among them, in this magnificent way all may see clearly to what a lofty goal our bodies and souls are destined. Finally it is our hope that belief in Mary's bodily Assumption into heaven will make our belief in our own resurrection stronger and render it more effective. 43. We rejoice greatly that this solemn event falls, according to the design of God's providence, during this Holy Year, so that we are able, while the great Jubilee is being observed, to adorn the brow of God's Virgin Mother with this brilliant gem, and to leave a monument more enduring than bronze of our own most fervent love for the Mother of God. 44. For which reason, after we have poured forth prayers of supplication again and again to God, and have invoked the light of the Spirit of Truth, for the glory of Almighty God who has lavished his special affection upon the Virgin Mary, for the honor of her Son, the immortal King of the Ages and the Victor over sin and death, for the increase of the glory of that same august Mother, and for the joy and exultation of the entire Church; by the authority of our Lord Jesus Christ, of the Blessed Apostles Peter and Paul, and by our own authority, we pronounce, declare, and define it to be a divinely revealed dogma: the Immaculate Mother of God, the ever Virgin Mary, having completed the course of her earthly life, was assumed body and soul into heavenly glory. 45. Hence if anyone, which God forbid, should dare willfully to deny or to call into doubt that which we have defined, let him know that he has fallen away completely from the divine and Catholic Faith. 46. In order that this, our definition of the bodily Assumption of the Virgin Mary into heaven may be brought to the attention of the universal Church, we desire that this, our Apostolic Letter, should stand for perpetual remembrance, commanding that written copies of it, or even printed copies, signed by the hand of any public notary and bearing the seal of a person constituted in ecclesiastical dignity, should be accorded by all men the same reception they would give to this present letter, were it tendered or shown. 47. It is forbidden to any man to change this, our declaration, pronouncement, and definition or, by rash attempt, to oppose and counter it. If any man should presume to make such an attempt, let him know that he will incur the wrath of Almighty God and of the Blessed Apostles Saint Peter and Saint Paul. 48. Given at Rome, at St. Peter's, in the year of the great Jubilee, 1950, on the first day of the month of November, on the Feast of All Saints, in the twelfth year of our pontificate. I, PIUS, Bishop of the Catholic Church, have signed, so defining. END NOTES 1. Rom 8:28. 2. Gal 4:4. 3. Cf. Hentrich-Von Moos, Petitiones de Assumptione Corporea B. Virginis Mariae in Caelum Definienda ad S. Sedem Delatae, 2 volumes (Vatican Polyglot Press, 1942). 4. Acts 20:28. 5. The Bull Ineffabilis Deus, in the Acta Pii IX, pars 1, Vol. 1, p. 615. 6. The Vatican Council, Constitution Dei filius, c. 4. 7. Jn 14:26. 8. Vatican Council, Constitution Pastor Aeternus, c. 4. 9. Ibid., Dei Filius, c. 3. 10. The encyclical Mediator Dei (Acta Apostolicae Sedis, XXXIX, 541). 11. Sacramentarium Gregorianum. 12. Menaei Totius Anni. 13. Lk 22:32. 14. Liber Pontificalis. 15. Ibid. 16. Responsa Nicolai Papae I ad Consulta Bulgarorum. 17. St. John Damascene, Encomium in Dormitionem Dei Genetricis Semperque Virginis Mariae, Hom. II, n. 14; cf. also ibid, n. 3. 18. St. Germanus of Constantinople, In Sanctae Dei Genetricis Dormitionem, Sermo I. 19. The Encomium in Dormitionem Sanctissimae Dominae Nostrate Deiparae Semperque Virginis Mariae, attributed to St. Modestus of Jerusalem, n. 14. 20. Cf. St. John Damascene, op. cit., Hom. II, n. 11; and also the Encomium attributed to St. Modestus. 21. Ps 131:8. 22. Ps 44:10-14ff. 23. Song 3:6; cf. also 4:8; 6:9. 24. Rv 12:1ff. 25. Lk 1:28. 26. Amadeus of Lausanne, De Beatae Virginis Obitu, Assumptione in Caelum Exaltatione ad Filii Dexteram. 27. Is 61:13. 28. St. Anthony of Padua, Sermones Dominicales et in Solemnitatibus, In Assumptione S. Mariae Virginis Sermo.29. St. Albert the Great, Mariale, q. 132. 30. St. Albert the Great, Sermones de Sanctis, Sermo XV in Annuntiatione B. Mariae; cf. also Mariale, q. 132. 31. St. Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theol., I, lla; q. 27, a. 1; q. 83, a. 5, ad 8; Expositio Salutationis Angelicae; In Symb. Apostolorum Expositio, a. S; In IV Sent., d. 12, q. 1, a. 3, sol. 3; d. 43, q. 1, a. 3, sol. 1, 2. 32. St. Bonaventure, De Nativitate B. Mariae Virginis, Sermo V. 33. Song 8:5. 34. St. Bonaventure, De Assumptione B. Mariae Virginis, Sermo11. 35. St. Bernardine of Siena, In Assumptione B. Mariae Virginis, Sermo 11. 36. Ibid. 37. St. Robert Bellarmine, Conciones Habitae Lovanii, n. 40, De Assumption B. Mariae Virginis. 38. Oeuvres de St. Francois De Sales, sermon for the Feast of the Assumption. 39. St. Alphonsus Liguori, The Glories of Mary, Part 2, d. 1. 40. Eph 5:27. 41. I Tim 3:15. 42. St. Peter Canisius, De Maria Virgine. 43. Suarez, In Tertiam Partem D. Thomae, q. 27, a. 2, disp. 3, sec. 5, n. 31. 44. Gen 3:15. 45. Rom 5-6; I Cor. 15:21-26, 54-57. 46. I Cor 15:54. 47. The Bull Ineffabilis Deus, loc. cit., p. 599. 48. I Tim 1:17. Prayer to Mary Assumed into Heaven Mary, my dear Mother and mighty Queen, take and receive my poor heart With all its freedom and desires, all its love and all the virtues and graces with which it may be adorned. All I am, all I might be, all I have and hold in the order of nature as well as of grace, I have received from God through your loving intercession, my Lady and Queen. Into your sovereign hands I entrust all, that it may be returned to its noble origin. Mary, Queen of every heart, I love you. Guide me to a greater love for Jesus. Mary, Assumed into Heaven and Queen of the Universe, ever-Virgin Mother of God, Obtain peace and salvation for His faithful through your prayers, For you have given birth to Christ the King, Savior of all who come to His Father through Him. Amen. Α ☧ Ω

[Robert Drobot]

CALENDAR of the SAINTS 22 August 2010 Anno Dómini "....and, lo, a great multitude, which no man could number, of all nations, and kindreds, and people, and tongues, stood before the throne, and before the Lamb, clothed with white robes, and palms in their hands; And cried with a loud voice, saying, Salvation to our God which sitteth upon the throne, and unto the Lamb. ~ ~ Apocalypse Α ☧ Ω Saint Andrew of Fiesole Born to the Irish nobility. Brother of Saint Bridget the Younger. Educated by Saint Donatus of Fiesoli, and made a pilgimage to Rome, Italy with him in 816. When Donatus was miraculously chosen bishop of Fiesole, Italy, Andrew was ordained as archdeacon. He served for 47 years, restored the church of Saint Martin and founded a monastery in Mensola, Italy where he may have lived for a while as a monk. He was known as “the Scot”, common in that day when speaking of some one from Ireland. Legend says that as he lay dying, his sister was brought to him his bedside by an angel for a final farewell. Α ☧ Ω Saint Antoninus, Martyr Matter in the reign of Emperor Commodus. Saint Antoninus was a public executioner in Rome. Involved in the trial of Saint Eusebius, Antoninus had a vision thereafter announcing he was a Christian, and was beheaded for his belief in Jesus the Christas the one true God. Α ☧ Ω Saint Arnulf Hermit, venerated at Arnulphsbury or Eynesbury, in England. Α ☧ Ω Bishop Saint Athanasius, Martyr Bishop and martyr with Anthusa the elder, Charisius, and Neophytus. Athanasius was the bishop of Tarsus in Cilicia. Anthusa was a noble from Seleucia. Charisius and Neophytus were slaves of Anthusa. They were caught up in the persecution of Emperor Valerian. Athanasius and the two male slaves were martyred. Anthusa appears to have survived for twenty-three years. Α ☧ Ω Saint Flaviano Α ☧ Ω Saint Giacomo Α ☧ Ω Saint Gunifort, Martyr A martyr of Pavia, Italy. Α ☧ Ω Bishop Saint Hippolytus of Porto, Martyr Bishop and martyr of Porto, Italy. He was drowned in Porto or in Ostia. His cult was suppressed in 1969. Α ☧ Ω Saint John Kemble, Martyr Son of John and Anne Kemble. Studied at Douai, France. Ordained on 23 February 1625 at Douai College. Returned to England on 4 June 1625 as a missioner in Monmouthshire and Herefordshire. He tended to his covert flock for 53 years. Arrested at Pembridge Castle, the home of a family member, in 1678, and lodged in Hereford Gaol. Falsely accused of being part of the Titus Oates Plot. Condemned in March 1679 for the treason of Catholic priesthood. Martryed at age 80. One of the Forty Martyrs of England and Wales. Before leaving for his execution, John sat for a while with the under-sheriff, having a final drink and smoking a final pipe. This led to the Herefordshire expression "Kemble cup" and "Kemble pipe", meaning one taken before a parting. Sentenced to be hanged, drawn, and quartered on 22 August 1679 at Widemarsh Common, Hereford, England. However, he was so well respected in the area that he was permitted to die on the gallows - avoiding the agony of the drawing and quartering turtureous elements of his sentence. Buried in the Welsh Newton Churchyard. His hand is preserved as a relic at Saint Francis Xavier's church, Hereford, England. Α ☧ Ω Saint John Wall, Martyr Born to a wealthy Catholic family. Studied in Douai, and entered the Roman College on 5 November 1641, using the name John Marsh. Ordained 3 December 1645. Joined the Friars Minor in Rome on 1 January 1651, taking the name Joachim of Saint Anne. Vicar and novice-master at Douai. Joined the Worcester mission in 1656 where he served for over 20 years, using several aliases, and living as a fugitive. Arrested in connection with the Titus Oates Plot in December 1678; acquitted of participation in the plot, but was martyred for the crime of priesthood. One of the Forty Martyrs of England and Wales. Hanged, drawn, and quartered on 22 August 1679 near Redhill, Corcester, England. Buried at Saint Oswald's church. Α ☧ Ω Saint Martial, Martyr Martyr with Saint Epictetus, Saint Felix, Saint Maprilis, and Saint Saturninus. These martyrs are recorded in the Passio of Saint Aurea. Α ☧ Ω Saint Maurus and Companions, Martyr Chief martyr of a group of fifty who suffered at Reims. Maurus was a priest. Α ☧ Ω Blessed Richard Kirkman, Martyr Studied at Douai, France; ordained in Rheims, France in 1579. Returned to England to minister to covert Catholics. Tutor for Richard Dymake’s family in Scrivelsby. Arrested near Wakefield in 1582 for the treason of not accepting the Queen as head of the Church. Martyr. Hanged, drawn and quartered in 1582 at York, England. Blessed Simeon Lukach, Martyr Greek Catholic. Born to a farm family. Entered the seminary in 1913; his studies were interruprted by World War I, but he graduated in 1919. Ordained in 1919. Taught moral theology at the seminary in Ivano-Franksivsk. Believed to have been secretly ordained a bishop in April 1945; the secrecy was necessitated by Soviet persecution of the Church. Arrested for his faith by Soviet secret police on 26 October 1949; held until 11 February 1955. Worked as a covert priest after his release. Imprisoned again in July 1962. Contracted tuberculosis and died in prison; martyr. Α ☧ Ω Saint Sigfrid Sigfrid, who died in the year 690, was a deacon at Wearmouth Abbey. He was known for his knowledge of scripture and for his frail health. He was elected coadjutor abbot in 688 on the death of Saint Erstwine while Abbot St. Benedict Biscop was in Rome. Sigfrid died soon after Saint Benedict. Α ☧ Ω Saint Symphorian of Autun, Martyr Son of Senator Faustus and Blessed Augusta. Covert Christian. As a young man he studied at Autun, Gaul (modern France). There he was ordered by provincial governor Heraclius for not worshipping the pagan goddess Cybele, he asked for tools to destroy the statue. Arrested and flogged for heresy. Because he was from a noble family, he was given a chance to recant, and was even offered bribes to do so; he declined. Beheaded by sword on 22 August 178 in the presence of his mother. A church was built over his grave in the late 5th century. Readings Do not be afraid, Symphorian. You death will lead straight to eternal life. Life will not be taken from you, only changed. - Blessed Augusta at Symphorian's execution. Α ☧ Ω Blessed William Lacey, Martyr Martyr of England. Born in Horton, West Riding, Yorkshire, he distinguished himself as a lawyer and as an ardent Catholic, using his house as a refuge for the much-oppressed Catholics of the time. Following the death of his second wife in 1579, he left England and studied at Reims, France, in preparation for his eventual ordination at Rome. William returned to England and worked in the area of Yorkshire until his arrest. He was arrested in York Prison while participating in the Eucharistic ceremony being sung in the cell of Blessed Thomas Bell. Condemned, he was executed at Knavesmaire,just outside of York with Blessed Richard Kirkman. Blessed William was beatified in 1886 Α ☧ Ω