From: 1 Corinthians 1:10-13, 17
An Appeal for Unity
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Commentary:
10-17. St Paul takes the Corinthians to task for the strife in their community—not, it seems, quarrels over matters of doctrines but minor disagreements due to preferenges for certain teachers. Even so, the Apostle is very much against factions, and he starts his letter by stressing that unity is essential to the Church.
He makes four points, as it were—an appeal (v. 10); a description of the state of affairs in Corinth (vv. 11-12); a doctrinal reflection:
Christ cannot be divided (v. 13); and a summary of his (Paul’s) ministry (vv. 14-17).
His appeal is virtually a warning: I appeal to you by the name of our Lord Jesus Christ.” The Apostle only calls on the name of our Lord when he has very serious counsel to offer (cf. 1 Thess 4:1; 2 Thess 3:6); he makes it clear that it is a very grave matter to put the unity of the Church at risk. Each of these groups in Corinth is appealing to whichever authority it prefers—without Paul, Apollos or Cephas having any say in the matter. Christ cannot be divided and therefore neither can the Church, Christ’s body (cf. 1 Cor 12:12-31).
Finally, St Paul points out their feeble grounds for basing divisions on personal relationships: very few of them can claim to have been
baptized by him, because his concentration has been on evangelization.
This entire passage is a defense of Church unity. Throughout the centuries the Church has confessed this truth of faith—from the
Apostles’ Creed (”I believe in the Holy Catholic Church”) right down to the “Creed of the People of God” of Paul VI: “We believe that the Church which Christ founded and for which he prayed is indefectibly one in faith and in worship, and one in the communion of a single hierarchy’ (no. 21).
10. “That you all agree...in the same mind and the same judgment”: St Paul is not calling for mere external unity or just living peaceably or being sure to come together for certain liturgical ceremonies. He wants something that goes much deeper than that: the concord that should reign among them should stem from their being of one mind, from feeling the same way about things. In saying this he obviously does not mean to restrict the freedom every Christian enjoys as far as earthly affairs are concerned: it is the unity of the Church that Paul is discussing, and in that area there is no room for factions among Christians (cf. v. 11). Differences, diversity, which do not affect the unity of the Church are something lawful and positively good.
One basic dimension of Church unity is unity of faith. That is why the Fathers and the Magisterium have borrowed from what St Paul says here, to show that genuine progress in understanding the content of truths of faith must always keep in line with earlier understanding of the same: “any meaning of the sacred dogmas that has once been declared by holy Mother Church must always be retained; and there must never be any deviation from that meaning on the specious grounds of a more profound understanding. ‘Therefore, let there be growth [...] and all possible progress in understanding, knowledge, and wisdom whether in single individuals or in the whole body, in each man as well as in the entire Church, according to the stage of their development but only within
proper limits, that is, in the same doctrine, in the same meaning, and in the same purport [”eodem sensu eademque sententia]’ (St Vincent of Lerins, “Commonitorium”, 28)” (Vatican I, “Dei Filius”, chap. 4).
11-12. St Paul now goes on to discuss the dissensions (v. 10) which “Chloe’s people” have told him about. We must presume that Chloe was a woman well known in the church at Corinth; and obviously there is no question of secret denunciations but of a well-intentioned effort to bring to Paul’s attention a problem requiring solution. Chloe’s people might have been members of her family or servants of hers who had visited the Apostle in Ephesus (cf. 1 Cor 16:15-17).
Although St Paul does not go into much detail, we can see that a number of groupings had grown up among the Corinthians They each claimed to follow a prominent Christian (clearly without any encouragement from their “heroes”), and a certain rivalry had developed which could easily undermine the unity of faith. The group who claimed Apollos—a Jewish convert from Alexandria (Egypt), a man of eloquence, well versed in the Scriptures (cf. Acts 18:24-28)—would have emerged after Apollos spent some time preaching in Corinth shortly after Paul left there (cf. Acts 19:1).
“I belong to Cephas”: the Peter group may have consisted of people who knew him to be the leader of the Apostles (cf. 3:21-23; 9:4-5; 15:5); St Peter may have passed through Corinth at some point, but there is no evidence of a visit and it is more likely that some of his disciples or converts had come to the city.
“I belong to Christ”: this can be interpreted as a reference either to a fourth group very attached to certain preachers from Jerusalem, of a Judaizing tendency—and therefore very attached to Jewish traditions and very disinclined to acknowledge the newness of Christ’s message; or else to some Christians who were disgusted at the petty quarrelling of the other groups and, therefore, would naturally claim to belong to Christ and only to Christ. It is possible, however, that this is a personal statement of St Paul’s, designed to show how foolish these groups are: You may say that you belong to Paul, to Apollos or to Peter: but I belong to Christ.
What the Apostle says here should lead us to avoid narrow-mindedness;each of us has his own job to do, where God put him, but he should also make his own the sentiments and concerns of the universal Church.
17. In the first part of this verse St Paul is giving the reasons for his actions as described in the preceding verses. The second part he
uses to broach a new subject—the huge difference between this world’s wisdom and the wisdom of God.
“Christ did not send me to baptize but to preach the Gospel”: this is areminder that preaching is St Paul’s main task, as it is of the other
Apostles (cf. Mk 3:14). This does not imply a belittling of Baptism: in his mandate to the Apostles to go out into the whole world (cf. Mt 28:19-20), our Lord charged them to baptize as well as to preach, and we know that St Paul did administer Baptism. But Baptism—the sacrament of faith presupposes preaching: “faith comes from what is heard” (Rom 10:17). St Paul concentrates on preaching, leaving it to others to baptize and gather the fruit—a further sign of his detachment and upright intention.
In Christian catechesis, evangelization and the sacraments areinterdependent. Preaching can help people to receive the sacraments
with better dispositions, and it can make them more aware of what the sacraments are; and the graces which the sacraments bring help them to understand the preaching they hear and to be more docile to it. “Evangelization thus exercises its full capacity when it achieves the most intimate relationship, or better still a permanent and unbroken intercommunication, between the Word and the Sacraments. In a certain sense it is a mistake to make a contrast between evangelization and sacramentalization, as is sometimes done. It is indeed true that a certain way of administering the Sacraments, without the solid supportof catechesis regarding these same Sacraments and a global catechesis, could end up by depriving them of their effectiveness to a great extent. The role of evangelization is precisely to educate people in the faith so as to lead each individual Christian to live the Sacraments as true Sacraments of faith—and not to receive them passively or apathetically” (Paul VI, “Evangelii Nuntiandi”, 47).
From: Matthew 4:12-25
Preaching in Galilee. The First Disciples Called
The First Disciples Called
[23] And He went about all Galilee, teaching in their synagogues and preaching the Gospel of the Kingdom and healing every disease and every infirmity among the people. [24] So His fame spread throughout Syria, and they brought Him all the sick, those afflicted with various diseases and pains, demoniacs, epileptics, and paralytics, and He healed them. [25] And great crowds followed Him from Galilee and the Decapolis and Jerusalem and Judea and from beyond the Jordan.
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Commentary:
15-16. Here St. Matthew quotes the prophecy of Isaiah 8:23-9:1. The territory referred to (Zebulun, Naphtali, the way of the sea, the land beyond the Jordan), was invaded by the Assyrians in the period 734-721 B.C., especially during the reign of Tilgathpilneser III. A portion of the Jewish population was deported and sizeable numbers of foreigners were planted in the region to colonize it. For this reason it is referred to in the Bible henceforth as the “Galilee of the Gentiles”.
The Evangelist, inspired by God, sees Jesus’ coming to Galilee as the fulfillment of Isaiah’s prophecy. This land, devastated and abused in Isaiah’s time, will be the first to receive the light of Christ’s life and preaching. The messianic meaning of the prophecy is, therefore, clear.
17. See the note on Matthew 3:2 This verse indicates the outstanding importance of the first step in Jesus’ public ministry, begun by proclaiming the imminence of the Kingdom of God. Jesus’ words echo John the Baptist’s proclamation: the second part of this verse is the same, word for word, as Matthew 3:2. This underlines the role played by St. John the Baptist as prophet and precursor of Jesus. Both St. John and our Lord demand repentance, penance, as a prerequisite to receiving the Kingdom of God, now beginning. God’s rule over mankind is a main theme in Christ’s Revelation, just as it was central to the whole Old Testament. However, in the latter, the Kingdom of God had an element of theocracy about it: God reigned over Israel in both spiritual and temporal affairs and it was through Him that Israel subjected other nations to her rule. Little by little, Jesus will unfold the new-style kingdom of God, now arrived at its fullness. He will show it to be a Kingdom of love and holiness, thereby purifying it of the nationalistic misconceptions of the people of His time.
The King invites everyone without exception to this Kingdom (cf. Matthew 22:1-4). The Banquet of the Kingdom is held on this earth and has certain entry requirements which must be preached by the proponents of the Kingdom: “Therefore the Eucharistic celebration is the center of the assembly of the faithful over which the priest presides. Hence priests teach the faithful to offer the divine Victim to God the Father in the sacrifice of the Mass, and with the Victim to make an offering of their whole lives. In the spirit of Christ the pastor, they instruct them to submit their sins to the Church with a contrite heart in the Sacrament of Penance, so that they may be daily more and more converted to the Lord, remembering His words, `Repent, for the Kingdom of Heaven is at hand’” (Vatican II, “Presbyterorum Ordinis”, 5).
18-22. These four disciples had already met our Lord (John 1:35-42), and their brief meeting with Him seems to have had a powerful effect on their souls. In this way Christ prepared their vocation, a fully effective vocation which moved them to leave everything behind so as to follow Him and be His disciples. Standing out above their human defects (which the Gospels never conceal), we can see the exemplary generosity and promptness of the Apostles in answering God’s call.
The thoughtful reader cannot fail to be struck by the delightful simplicity with which the evangelists describe the calling of these men in the midst of their daily work.
“God draws us from the shadows of our ignorance, our groping through history, and, no matter what our occupation in the world, He calls us in a loud voice, as He once called Peter and Andrew” ([St] J. Escriva, “Christ Is Passing By,” 45).
“This divine and human dialogue completely changed the lives of John and Andrew, and Peter and James and so many others. It prepared their hearts to listen to the authoritative teaching which Jesus gave them beside the Sea of Galilee” (”ibid”., 108).
We should notice the words of Sacred Scripture used to describe the alacrity with which the Apostles follow our Lord. Peter and Andrew “immediately” left their nets and followed Him. Similarly, James and John “immediately” left the boats and their father and followed Him. God passes by and calls us. If we do not answer Him “immediately”, He may continue on His way and we could lose sight of Him. When God passes by, He may do so rapidly; it would be sad if we were to fall behind because we wanted to follow Him while still carrying many things that are only a dead weight and a nuisance.
23. “Synagogue”: this word comes from the Greek and designates the building where the Jews assembled for religious ceremonies on the Sabbath and other feast days. Such ceremonies were non-sacrificial in character (sacrifices could be performed only in the Temple of Jerusalem). The synagogue was also the place where the Jews received their religious training. The word was also used to designate local Jewish communities within and without Palestine.
24. “Epileptic” (or, in some translations, “lunatic”). This word was applied in a very general way to those who had illnesses related to epilepsy. The disease was popularly regarded as being dependent on the phases of the moon (Latin: “luna”).
23-25. In these few lines, the evangelist gives us a very fine summary of the various aspects of Jesus’ work. The preaching of the gospel or “good news” of the Kingdom, the healing of diseases, and the casting out of devils are all specific signs of the Messiah’s presence, according to the Old Testament prophecies (Is 35:5-6; 61:1; 40:9; 52:7).