One of Saturn's 31 known satellites, the rocky Phoebe
A NASA image of Saturn taken from Cassini last month. The spacecraft is to swing into the orbit of Saturn on June 30.
Posted on 06/14/2004 10:37:40 PM PDT by neverdem
The destination is within clear view, and a beckoning sight it is. Saturn and its creamy pastel bands of thick atmosphere shimmer in pale sunlight, and the majestic rings of dust and rock set it apart from the Sun's other worlds. Dancing about in rhythmic orbits are 31 known satellites, of which the most mysterious and inviting is the planet-size Titan.
After a nearly seven-year voyage from Earth, the Cassini spacecraft is fast approaching the moment that scientists have dreamed of and planned for over the better part of their careers. The spacecraft is scheduled to swing into the orbit of Saturn on the evening of June 30.
Expectations are high for the $3.3 billion American-European mission, which is planned to last at least four years and could keep going for as long as a decade.
"The Saturn system represents an unsurpassed laboratory, where we can look for answers to many fundamental questions about the physics, chemistry and evolution of the planets and the conditions that give rise to life," Dr. Edward J. Weiler, associate administrator for science at NASA, said in a statement.
Scientists dare not predict the discoveries waiting to be made as the spacecraft focuses its cameras and instruments repeatedly on Saturn and its signature rings and takes the measure of the icy moons during at least 76 orbits.
"Prepare to be amazed," Dr. Carolyn Porco, head of the mission's imaging team, said in an interview last week.
Anxiety also is rising, though a compensating air of optimism seems to prevail. The spacecraft's performance over the 2.2-billion-mile flight so far has been virtually trouble free.
"There's not a single thing to point to and say, 'I'm worried about that,' " said Robert T. Mitchell, the project manager at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, Calif., where the mission is being directed.
Still, when the time comes for the Cassini to thread the gap between two dust rings, and the main engine to kick on and burn 96 minutes, slowing for capture by Saturn's strong gravity, Mr. Mitchell confessed, "I'll be in mission control with my fingers crossed."
The spacecraft has already had its first Saturn encounter, passing by Phoebe, the planet's small dark outermost moon on Friday. Scientists theorize that in Phoebe they may be getting their first close examination of an object from the outer reaches of the solar system. Everything about its appearance and motions suggests that 137-mile-diameter Phoebe originated far beyond the outer planets and that it was flung toward Saturn, which captured it into its orbit. Saturn itself, second to Jupiter in size, now looms so large that its full girth no longer fits inside the frame of the craft's narrow-angle camera. The Cassini's two cameras are expected to take as many as 500,000 pictures in the next four years.
If all continues to go well, the spacecraft - the 4,700-pound Cassini orbiter and the attached 700-pound Huygens, to be released in December to investigate the atmosphere and surface of Titan - will arrive at Saturn below the plane of the spreading rings. It is to pass through the gap between the F and G rings.
Recent photography, including observations by the Hubble Space Telescope, shows no sign of hazardous debris in the Cassini path, Mr. Mitchell said. Three previous spacecraft have flown through the region without harm.
Once through the passage, the 96-minute firing of the engine is to begin braking the Cassini's velocity. Should the main engine fail, there is a backup. As soon as the Cassini settles into orbit, it is to turn its cameras down for a long close look at the rings, searching for evidence of how particles of dust cluster there, then dissipate and gather again in ever transient structures.
The spacecraft will also be taking some of its closest pictures of Saturn at this point, as it begins the first of its orbits among the planet's family of moons.
Dr. Porco, a planetary scientist at the Space Science Institute in Boulder, Colo., said the initial four-year orbital tour had been plotted in detail "to give us great flexibility in observing all the important targets in the Saturn system."
In the 45 years of space-age exploration of the solar system, spacecraft have visited all the planets, save Pluto. They have orbited Venus, Mars and Jupiter, and landed on Venus and Mars. Three spacecraft have flown by Saturn, but this will be the first attempt to orbit the giant planet.
The object of greatest curiosity for the mission is Titan. Forty-five of the 76 Cassini orbits will include Titan flybys, coming as close as 600 miles from its surface on some encounters.
The icy moon is larger than Mercury or Pluto and somewhat smaller than Mars. Its substantial atmosphere, like Earth's, is thick with nitrogen, though it has no free oxygen. The other atmospheric components are methane, ethane, propane and other organic materials containing hydrogen and carbon. Titan has a greenhouse-warmed climate with methane clouds and rain, perhaps even lakes.
"Titan is like a time machine taking us to the past to see what Earth might have been like," said Dr. Dennis Matson, the project's chief scientist at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. "The hazy moon may hold clues to how the primitive Earth evolved into a life-bearing planet."
But scientists cautioned that they did not expect that the Cassini mission would find life on Titan.
The large moon has not made it easy for inquiring scientists. A dense haze obscures the surface, except for glimpses of shadowy dark regions that contrast with the occasional bright patch. The approaching cameras of the Cassini have taken some pictures that show surface traces but no details. In October and again in December, the spacecraft is to fly close enough for its radar to penetrate the clouds and haze for the best mapping yet of a broad swath of Titan's topography.
The European-built Huygens spacecraft will undertake the mission's most ambitious effort to explore Titan. On Dec. 24, the Cassini is to release the wok-shaped spacecraft on its 20-day freefall journey to enter Titan's atmosphere. It is to deploy parachutes and begin two and a half hours of intensive observations of the atmosphere for the rest of the descent.
No one is making promises as to if or how long the Huygens will continue transmitting data from the surface - perhaps three minutes, possibly a half-hour. The European Space Agency managed the development of the spacecraft and is in charge of its operations from a control center in Darmstadt, Germany.
The two spacecraft are named for Europeans who had prominent roles in the early history of Saturn astronomy. Although Galileo in 1610 was the first to observe Saturn's rings, he died never knowing that was what they were. He vaguely described them as "arms" that seemed to grow on Saturn and then disappear for unknown reasons. The mystery was solved a half-century later by the Dutch scientist Christiaan Huygens, who also discovered Titan. Huygens's ring findings were confirmed by observations by the Italian-French astronomer Jean Dominique Cassini.
Scientists and flight controllers of the Cassini mission expect that four years will not be long enough to satisfy their curiosity about Saturn and environs. If they come upon a surprising discovery that cries out for further investigation, they would probably have to wait to pursue that quest after the prime four-year mission is over, said Mr. Mitchell, the project manager.
The problem is that the spacecraft's course for the first four years is largely fixed. The craft has insufficient fuel for major trajectory changes; it depends on the gravity of the planet and Titan, at closest encounters, to bend the course of its next orbit.
Dr. Porco does not let herself think of the Cassini mission at Saturn lasting less than a decade. She pointed out that the Galileo spacecraft successfully orbited Jupiter for eight years, despite its many infirmities.
"This is going to be a mission the likes of which has never been seen before," she added. "This is the mission of my career."
And so it may also be for many others of the 200 flight planners and controllers and the 250 science investigators who wait expectantly and eagerly for a spacecraft, seven years from home, to find its way through a gate in the rings of Saturn and emerge with wonders to report and pictures to post of places as never seen before.
One of Saturn's 31 known satellites, the rocky Phoebe
A NASA image of Saturn taken from Cassini last month. The spacecraft is to swing into the orbit of Saturn on June 30.
PING
Bump for later.
So, just how many dinosaurs have died on this moon to become hydrocarbons??? "Fossil fuels" my @ss. Titan sounds more like an oil refinery than an early Earth. Definitely a "No Smoking" area.
bttt
What, you don't believe in extracelestial dinosaurs? They are otherwise called dragons./sarcasm
OK, so he works for the Slimes, but let's give the Devil his due, the guy can just plain write.
Its substantial atmosphere, like Earth's, is thick with nitrogen, though it has no free oxygen. The other atmospheric components are methane, ethane, propane and other organic materials containing hydrogen and carbon.
thanks for the info... :)
Interesting. Thanks.
I wonder if the spacecraft will run into Al Gore.
Only if Florida designs it.
So, are you saying that you don't believe in dragons?
Who's going to flame the thread without dragons? (see Ann McCaffrey's series on Pern for further info)
Christmas Eve
I believe in dragon ladies.
Why not? He invented Saturn, don't you know?
~I believe in dragon ladies.~
Are dragon ladies good or bad? The mental image I get is not a pretty sight. Maybe I was looking in the mirror....?
Dragon ladies can be good or bad. I take them as I find them.
I felt that way too. A rare pleasure from NYT.
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