May 22, AD 337 ~ Death of Constantine the Great, as recorded by Eusebius Pamphilus

Gloria Romanorum ^ | May 22, 2017 | Florentius

[Antoninus]

On this date in AD 337 ended one of the most impactful lives in all of human history. The Roman emperor Constantine the Great passed from human existence to eternal life on May 22, AD 337. (Click here if you need a refresher on Constantine's many and long-standing accomplishments.)

A primary account of Constantine's final days and death may be found in the Vita Constantini of the historian Eusebius Pamphilus--a Christian bishop who knew Constantine personally. The entire Vita is well worth reading, but here are a few snippets detailing the final sickness and death of the emperor after 31 years of rule--the longest reign since the founder of the Roman Empire, Augustus.

When reading the following passage, it is well to remember that Constantine, though a promoter of Christianity, had not yet been officially initiated into the Christian Church until right before his death:

At first [Constantine] experienced some slight bodily indisposition, which was soon followed by positive disease. In consequence of this he visited the hot baths of his own city; and thence proceeded to that which bore the name of his mother [that is, Helenopolis after Saint Helena, Constantine's mother]. Here he passed some time in the church of the martyrs, and offered up supplications and prayers to God. Being at length convinced that his life was drawing to a close, he felt the time had come at which he should seek purification from sins of his past career, firmly believing that whatever errors he had committed as a mortal man, his soul would be purified from them through the efficacy of the mystical words and the salutary waters of baptism. Impressed with these thoughts, he poured forth his supplications and confessions to God, kneeling on the pavement in the church itself, in which he also now for the first time received the imposition of hands with prayer. After this he proceeded as far as the suburbs of Nicomedia, and there, having summoned the bishops to meet him, addressed them in the following words.

"The time is arrived which I have long hoped for, with an earnest desire and prayer that I might obtain the salvation of God. The hour has come in which I too may have the blessing of that seal which confers immortality; the hour in which I may receive the seal of salvation. I had thought to do this in the waters of the river Jordan, wherein our Saviour, for our example, is recorded to have been baptized: but God, who knows what is expedient for us, is pleased that I should receive this blessing here. Be it so, then, without delay: for should it be his will who is Lord of life and death, that my existence here should be prolonged, and should I be destined henceforth to associate with the people of God, and unite with them in prayer as a member of his Church, I will prescribe to myself from this time such a course of life as befits his service."

After he had thus spoken, the prelates performed the sacred ceremonies in the usual manner, and, having given him the necessary instructions, made him a partaker of the mystic ordinance. Thus was Constantine the first of all sovereigns who was regenerated and perfected in a church dedicated to the martyrs of Christ....At the conclusion of the ceremony he arrayed himself in shining imperial vestments, brilliant as the light, and reclined on a couch of the purest white, refusing to clothe himself with the purple any more.

He then lifted his voice and poured forth a strain of thanksgiving to God, after which he added these words: "Now I know that I am truly blessed: now I feel assured that I am accounted worthy of immortality, and am made a partaker of Divine light." He further expressed his compassion for the unhappy condition of those who were strangers to such blessings as he enjoyed: and when the tribunes and generals of his army appeared in his presence with lamentations and tears at the prospect of their bereavement, and with prayers that his days might yet be prolonged, he assured them in reply that he was now in possession of true life; that none but himself could know the value of the blessings he had received; so that he was anxious rather to hasten than to defer his departure to God. He then proceeded to complete the needful arrangement of his affairs, bequeathing an annual donation to the Roman inhabitants of his imperial city; apportioning the inheritance of the empire, like a patrimonial estate, among his own children; in short, making every disposition according to his own pleasure.

All these events occurred during a most important festival, I mean the august and holy solemnity of Pentecost....He was removed about mid-day to the presence of his God, leaving his mortal remains to his fellow mortals, and carrying into fellowship with God that part of his being which was capable of understanding and loving him. Such was the close of Constantine's mortal life.

For more about the incredibly eventful life of Constantine the Great, see these posts:

October 28, AD 312 ~ Constantine defeats Maxentius at the Battle of the Milvian Bridge

September 18, AD 324 -- Constantine defeats Licinius at the Battle of Chrysopolis

Constantine's Execution of Crispus and Fausta

"I myself have witnessed the end of those who harassed the worshipers of God" ~ Constantine's letter to Shapur II of Persia

[Antoninus]

On this date some 1,682 years ago, one of the most influential men in history died. If not for Constantine and his miraculous vision of a cross in the sky, human history would have been very different.

[Pelham]

Constantine also moved the capital of the Empire from Rome to Byzantium/Constantinople.

[freedomjusticeruleoflaw]

Thanks for posting

[Mrs. Don-o]

I ought to study this history more. My mother had a particular devotion to Constantine's mother, St. Helena, whose prayers, like those of St. Monica, "availeth much."

Question, if somebody can answer: was Constantine baptized by his biographer, this same BIshop Eusebius of Pamphylia? And was Eusebius of the Arian party, or of Orthodox Catholic belief?

[C19fan]

he felt the time had come at which he should seek purification from sins of his past career, firmly believing that whatever errors he had committed as a mortal man, his soul would be purified from them through the efficacy of the mystical words and the salutary waters of baptism.

Constantine despite being the major patron of the Church never got baptized until this moment. From what I understand before the era of regular confession, if you were baptized then committed a mortal sin your soul was in real trouble. Considering Constantine had his own son and 2nd wife executed, executed his brother in law, and who knows what else he took the chance to the last moment to cleanse away his myriad sins.

[C19fan]

Helena is a popular saint in the Holy Land. You see her icons everywhere. Of course that makes sense as she traveled to the region to identify the sites of the Nativity and Resurrection.

[Antoninus]

Question, if somebody can answer: was Constantine baptized by his biographer, this same BIshop Eusebius of Pamphylia? And was Eusebius of the Arian party, or of Orthodox Catholic belief?

Great question. The answers are "No" and "sort of."

Constantine was baptized by Eusebius of Nicomedia, not Eusebius Pamphilus (who, for the record, owed his second name to the martyr, Pamphilus, who was his teacher. He was a native of Caesarea in Palestine). Eusebius Pamphilus would later be considered sympathetic to "semi-Arianism".

Eusebius of Nicomedia was more clearly sympathetic to the Arian party, and this is where things get complicated. Eusebius of Nicomedia, though a defender of the Arian party, nonetheless signed the Creed of Nicaea in AD 325. He was exiled by Constantine and the bishops anyway because he refused to participate in the excommunication of Arius. Three years later, he would write a letter to the bishops as recorded in the Ecclesiastical History of Sozomen disavowing Arianism and was thus reinstated in his see at Nicomedia. From that point on, Eusebius carried on a very worldly (as opposed to theological) vendetta against his opponents who had gotten him exiled after Nicaea. To the best of my knowledge, he never publicly repudiated the creed he has signed at Nicaea, never posed as an Arian, and was considered a bishop in good standing when he baptized Constantine. The eventual victory of Saint Athanasius over Eusebius's much more clearly Arian minions decades later cast a pall of Arianism over Eusebius that has persisted to this day.

A good summary of his life may be found here: Eusebius of Nicomedia.

[Antoninus]

Considering Constantine had his own son and 2nd wife executed, executed his brother in law, and who knows what else he took the chance to the last moment to cleanse away his myriad sins.

Delaying baptism like this was apparently not an uncommon thing in that era, though obviously not something that the Church would sanction. It seems that Theodosius the Great did something similar, delaying his baptism until late in life.

Constantine's execution of his wife and son (as well as his possible motives) are covered in some detail here: Constantine's Execution of Crispus and Fausta

And here is another article from a 5th century source detailing the practice of Confession, particularly in the Roman Church which "carefully observed this custom from the beginning to the present time."

[married21]

The students at my kids’ public high school have to read a book recommended by a teacher over the summer and discuss it at a seminar when they return. The band director recommended Eusebius, and a number of students signed up for his seminar, including my son. So I just wanted folks to know that at least a few public school kids have done some classical reading and discussion. Unfortunately, you should be aware that public school kids these days often do not read a book word for word. They read some, skim some, and look up a commentary or two. So, even a solid curriculum cannot save those who are determined to cut corners and deprive themselves of a compleat education.

[Antoninus]

The students at my kids’ public high school have to read a book recommended by a teacher over the summer and discuss it at a seminar when they return. The band director recommended Eusebius, and a number of students signed up for his seminar, including my son. So I just wanted folks to know that at least a few public school kids have done some classical reading and discussion.

Wow, that IS impressive. I assume they will be reading his Ecclesiastical History? That is an utterly fascinating work in my opinion.

[fieldmarshaldj]

*ping of possible interest*

[SunkenCiv]

Thanks fieldmarshaldj.

[married21]

Actually, he tells me that seminar was two years ago and he doesn’t remember the actual title. However, he did say it was interesting, and it was probably the most dense reading he did in high school. The following year, the seminar was “The Screwtape Letters”. There are some vocal conservatives at his school, although they are in the minority.

[Antoninus]

There are some vocal conservatives at his school, although they are in the minority.

A vocal minority can do a lot. The key is vocal. :-)

[Antoninus]

This day in history ping.