A coyote is seen in Virginia's Shenandoah National Park in June.
Photograph by Elijah Goodwin, Whimbrel Nature Photography
Posted on 11/07/2011 8:14:28 PM PST by jazusamo
Hybrid offspring of coyotes and wolves have spread south along the eastern seaboard, a new DNA study confirms.
Scientists already knew that some coyotes, which have been gradually expanding their range eastward, mated with wolves in the Great Lakes (map) region. The pairings created viable hybrid offspring—identified by their DNA and skulls—that have been found in mid-Atlantic states such as New York and Pennsylvania.
Now, new DNA analysis of coyote poop shows for the first time that some coyotes in the state of Virginia are also part wolf. Scientists think these animals are coyote-wolf hybrids that traveled south from New England along the Appalachian Mountains.
The study also identified another coyote migration route moving through the southern states.
"You have a situation where you have these two waves of coyotes coming into the mid-Atlantic, a terminus for coyote colonization," said study leader Christine Bozarth, a research fellow at the Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute in Front Royal, Virginia.
Northern Virginia in particular seems to be a convergence point for coyote migrations, Bozarth said—and the animals' numbers are increasing there, especially in suburban areas where food is more plentiful.
(See "Coyotes Now at Home in Eastern U.S." )
Versatile Coyote Already Widespread
Coyotes are originally residents of middle America, particularly between the Rocky Mountains and the Mississippi River, as well as parts of Canada and Mexico.
By the end of the 20th century, the versatile animal—which can eat almost anything, from shoe leather to fruit—had spread to nearly every corner of the U.S., even New York City.
The coyote is "one of the animals that will be left at the end, like the cockroaches, raccoons, and rabbits," Bozarth said.
For the new study, Bozarth and colleagues collected coyote scat samples in northern Virginia and extracted DNA. The team then compared the coyote DNA with that of representatives of every canid species found in eastern North America. ( Get a genetics overview .)
The study, published October 17 in the Journal of Mammalogy, found evidence that Virginia coyotes mated with Great Lakes wolves but not with the rare red wolf, which is hanging on in just a few isolated spots in the U.S. South.
That's "good news for the red wolf," whose survival is already threatened by inbreeding, which reduces the species' genetic diversity, Bozarth noted.
Hybrid Coyotes Taking Down Deer?
For now, it's impossible to say how "wolfy" the newly identified coyote-wolf hybrids really are, Bozarth added—just that "at some point down the line, a coyote mated with a Great Lakes wolf-even generations ago."
Scientists have not yet studied the behaviors of the Virginian hybrids to see if they're killing bigger wildlife or otherwise changing the ecosystem, Bozarth added.
But other East Coast hybrids seen alive or identified by their remains are noticeably larger, with more wolf-like skulls, jaws, and teeth, Bozarth noted. (See pictures of new hybrid species appearing in the warming Arctic .)
Given this, coyote-wolf hybrids "should be able to do things like take down deer, which a little, scrappy Great Plains wily coyote would not be able to do on its own," Bozarth said.
Indeed, the research highights "just how successful and adapted these hybrids are to the eastern forests," said Roland Kays, curator of mammals at the New York State Museum in Albany.
For instance, Kays's research on the previously known eastern hybrids has shown that a third of their diet is deer—a much higher proportion than in western states.
Coyotes in Mid-Atlantic "Here to Stay"
Jonathan Way, a wildlife biologist and head of the Massachusetts-based education group Eastern Coyote Research, called the new paper "timely."
Coyotes coming from the west are moving not only through the Great Lakes but also south of the region, through Ohio. But until now, it was unknown how that southern route of colonization was influencing coyotes in the mid-Atlantic region, Way said by email.
According to Way, these two fronts of coyote expansion have probably made the Virginia animals "hybrids of a hybrid."
That's because the Virginia hybrids are most likely a combination of northeastern coyote-wolf hybrids, which are slightly bigger and more wolf-like, and nonhybrid coyotes coming through Ohio.
"The results of the paper are clear and important, and confirm that mid-Atlantic coyotes have DNA from [Northeast] animals ... and western coyotes," Way said.
Whatever their exact genetic makeup, one thing is clear, study author Bozarth emphasized: Coyotes and coyote-wolf hybrids in the mid-Atlantic are "absolutely established—they're here to stay."
A coyote is seen in Virginia's Shenandoah National Park in June.
Photograph by Elijah Goodwin, Whimbrel Nature Photography
Interesting piece on coyote-wolf hybrids.
Caught one in a snare on a fence line about 7 years ago that went 41.5 lbs- pretty big to be pure coyote.
Now THERE's a career path.
Hey DB & Ellendra - think about this one next time you have a difficult customer! :-)
Shouldn’t the govt put an end to this practice? After all, it is not natural, and may end with two species becoming extinct.....
Wilees?
One more thing to worry about!
According to this PA is a route for them, wouldn’t be surprised if they turn up in OH also.
Back in about 1998, I was jogging one morning on Cape Cod. A coyote came out of the woods and intersected my path. We stopped and stared at each other and he gave me a look that seemed to say, “OK, biped, you can use this road today, but I don’t ever want to see you here again.” My next door neighbor in Chatham lost one of his cats to a ‘yote.
As well you should.
A pack of them backed my dad [literally] down the ridge to his truck, where he’d left his rifle.
He didn’t dare turn his back on them...they -were- stalking him.
Soon as he got to the truck and pulled out the rifle, they took off.
Big as GSDs, smart and fearless of humans is a seriously bad combination.
The liberal DNR dumb asses finally took away their “protected species” status and we haven’t had much of a “problem” with them since.
[’course the farmers were already capping them every calving/lambing season before that, anyway]
SS&SU.
Coyotes are all over the western states including some of the bigger cities, around populated areas pets are their favorite food. If these hybrids were here the animal lovers wouldn’t raise so much heck when the trappers go after them.
Some family in New England [can’t recall which state] lost their baby to one.
They -will- eat your dogs and cats.
1/3 of their diet is deer, *maybe*; the other 2/3 is young livestock and pets.
Easier pickings.
Then we got coydogs, running in packs of 30 or so round n round the house chasing deer at 3 am.
Then we got broad daylight coydogs in pairs-
You only see the male who lets you see him in front of you as the female comes up behind you to jump you-
We never go in the woods without a couple of .44`s.
My comment was not in jest. I was stalked by two mountain lions a decade ago. They came within seven feet of pouncing on me. I never go unarmed in the out of doors.
I’m not too familiar with these hybrids but from what I’ve read they only seem to be in the East of the U.S. and Canada.
If they spread out west here they’ll be a problem for sure.
See and hear them in this AZ retirement community at all hours, they trot down the streets unafraid. Cats are their favorite white meat, but not above taking medium to small dogs.
I was told several times that Coyotes get crossed up with domesticated dogs out here in the Midwest. Don’t know how true although.
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