Posted on 05/04/2007 1:15:21 AM PDT by Einigkeit_Recht_Freiheit
BELTSVILLE, Md. -- Unless someone or something stops it soon, the mysterious killer that is wiping out many of the nation's honeybees could have a devastating effect on America's dinner plate, perhaps even reducing us to a glorified bread-and-water diet.
Honeybees don't just make honey; they pollinate more than 90 of the tastiest flowering crops we have. Among them: apples, nuts, avocados, soybeans, asparagus, broccoli, celery, squash and cucumbers. And lots of the really sweet and tart stuff, too, including citrus fruit, peaches, kiwi, cherries, blueberries, cranberries, strawberries, cantaloupe and other melons.
In fact, about one-third of the human diet comes from insect-pollinated plants, and the honeybee is responsible for 80 percent of that pollination, according to the U.S. Department of Agriculture.
Even cattle, which feed on alfalfa, depend on bees. So if the collapse worsens, we could end up being "stuck with grains and water," said Kevin Hackett, the national program leader for USDA's bee and pollination program.
"This is the biggest general threat to our food supply," Hackett said.
While not all scientists foresee a food crisis, noting that large-scale bee die-offs have happened before, this one seems particularly baffling and alarming.
U.S. beekeepers in the past few months have lost one-quarter of their colonies -- or about five times the normal winter losses -- because of what scientists have dubbed Colony Collapse Disorder. The problem started in November and seems to have spread to 27 states, with similar collapses reported in Brazil, Canada and parts of Europe.
Scientists are struggling to figure out what is killing the honeybees, and early results of a key study this week point to some kind of disease or parasite.
Even before this disorder struck, America's honeybees were in trouble. Their numbers were steadily shrinking, because their genes do not equip them to fight poisons and disease very well, and because their gregarious nature exposes them to ailments that afflict thousands of their close cousins.
"Quite frankly, the question is whether the bees can weather this perfect storm," Hackett said. "Do they have the resilience to bounce back? We'll know probably by the end of the summer."
Experts from Brazil and Europe have joined in the detective work at USDA's bee lab in suburban Washington. In recent weeks, Hackett briefed Vice President Cheney's office on the problem. Congress has held hearings on the matter.
"This crisis threatens to wipe out production of crops dependent on bees for pollination," Agriculture Secretary Mike Johanns said in a statement.
A congressional study said honeybees add about $15 billion a year in value to our food supply.
Of the 17,000 species of bees that scientists know about, "honeybees are, for many reasons, the pollinator of choice for most North American crops," a National Academy of Sciences study said last year. They pollinate many types of plants, repeatedly visit the same plant, and recruit other honeybees to visit, too.
Pulitzer Prize-winning insect biologist E.O. Wilson of Harvard said the honeybee is nature's "workhorse -- and we took it for granted."
"We've hung our own future on a thread," Wilson, author of the book "The Creation: An Appeal to Save Life on Earth," told The Associated Press on Monday.
Beginning this past fall, beekeepers would open up their hives and find no workers, just newborn bees and the queen. Unlike past bee die-offs, where dead bees would be found near the hive, this time they just disappeared. The die-off takes just one to three weeks.
USDA's top bee scientist, Jeff Pettis, who is coordinating the detective work on this die-off, has more suspected causes than time, people and money to look into them.
The top suspects are a parasite, an unknown virus, some kind of bacteria, pesticides, or a one-two combination of the top four, with one weakening the honeybee and the second killing it.
A quick experiment with some of the devastated hives makes pesticides seem less likely. In the recent experiment, Pettis and colleagues irradiated some hard-hit hives and reintroduced new bee colonies. More bees thrived in the irradiated hives than in the non-irradiated ones, pointing toward some kind of disease or parasite that was killed by radiation.
The parasite hypothesis has history and some new findings to give it a boost: A mite practically wiped out the wild honeybee in the U.S. in the 1990s. And another new one-celled parasitic fungus was found last week in a tiny sample of dead bees by University of California San Francisco molecular biologist Joe DeRisi, who isolated the human SARS virus.
However, Pettis and others said while the parasite nosema ceranae may be a factor, it cannot be the sole cause. The fungus has been seen before, sometimes in colonies that were healthy.
Recently, scientists have begun to wonder if mankind is too dependent on honeybees. The scientific warning signs came in two reports last October.
First, the National Academy of Sciences said pollinators, especially America's honeybee, were under threat of collapse because of a variety of factors. Captive colonies in the United States shrank from 5.9 million in 1947 to 2.4 million in 2005.
Then, scientists finished mapping the honeybee genome and found that the insect did not have the normal complement of genes that take poisons out of their systems or many immune-disease-fighting genes. A fruitfly or a mosquito has twice the number of genes to fight toxins, University of Illinois entomologist May Berenbaum.
What the genome mapping revealed was "that honeybees may be peculiarly vulnerable to disease and toxins," Berenbaum said.
University of Montana bee expert Jerry Bromenshenk has surveyed more than 500 beekeepers and found that 38 percent of them had losses of 75 percent or more. A few weeks back, Bromenshenk was visiting California beekeepers and saw a hive that was thriving. Two days later, it had completely collapsed.
Yet Bromenshenk said, "I'm not ready to panic yet." He said he doesn't think a food crisis is looming.
Even though experts this year gave what's happening a new name and think this is a new type of die-off, it may have happened before.
Bromenshenk said cited die-offs in the 1960s and 1970s that sound somewhat the same. There were reports of something like this in the United States in spots in 2004, Pettis said. And Germany had something similar in 2004, said Peter Neumann, co-chairman of a 17-country European research group studying the problem.
"The problem is that everyone wants a simple answer," Pettis said. "And it may not be a simple answer."
The irradiation test was clever, but the question remains, how could a bacteria/parasite be so widespread so suddenly? And why now?
In my garden this year I am seeing many bumble bees, a few shiny black wasps which are new, a few yellowjackets, but I do not believe I have seen a single honeybee yet.
It only seems to be happening in America, not elsewhere, which is at least a bit heartening. Given the global portion of US agricultural production, however, it is bad enough.
You know, I remember a report on this about 6 or 7 years ago on CBN (Pat Robertson’s news station). Nice to see how long it takes the MSM to catch a news story.
If there are bees that are surviving this mystery, then that’s probably enough. It may be a slump now, but the ones which have survived(or “naturally selected”) are going to be the progenitors of the new colonies, and they will most probably be able to survive this onslaught.
Bees have been on earth for hundreds of millions of years. Methinks they’ve seen enough as a species, to be able to adapt to newer realities than most of us would think.
Ping to #7.
...well said in your in comment #7. And each year, I see fields of high mountain wildflowers but no bees. Bees apparently prefer more oxygen and warmth. For a day or two around the beginning of what is summer for lowland people, the wind blows a visible coat of pollen onto everything. [Cough, sneeze.]
Hey are you turning this into an Evo/Crevo thread. At least three of the Guppie candidates would be mad at you;0)
Let’s put this scare story into perspective. Before Europeans came to America there were no honey bees here. Lots of other insects to pollinate but no honey bees, they were imported. Plants and trees managed just fine then and I imagine they will manage now. Besides hummingbirds, bumble bees and other insects, bats also help pollinate plants. Nature always has backups in the system. I don’t think America is going to starve anytime soon for lack of pollination.
Have the terrorists found a very low tech means of hitting America's food supply by killing off our bees? And a look at the areas where they're being affected shows that these are areas that Islamists want to bring under Islamic rule...even Brazil.
adjusting tin foil hat...
Also happening in UK according to an article I read w/in last 2-3 weeks.
:)
Actually, the answer "is" simple. There was an article posted a few days back saying that the "massive honeybee dieoff" was caused by a poisonous (to bees) fungus. And no, I "don't" have a link, as it's not a topic of great interest.
It's a disease epidemic, and once it runs its course, the immune fraction will breed back. It'll probably turn out that the Africanized "killer bees" are immune.
I remember back in the 1960's, "Spanish moss" across the southern US was dying off in mass swatches, and the news drumbeat was that its demise was due to "air pollution", because moss obtains all its nutrients from the air (having no root system). Years later, they found that it was a disease epidemic, and today the moss has pretty much recovered.
Thanks for the “common sense” info. Now if we could only extend this thought into global warming.
Sounds like the Queens made the mistake of letting the workers Unionize...LOL.
I am a beekeeper. This has happened before but back before the internet and instant news.
There may be a new pathogen, but so far it is just guessing. There is little common with those who lost bees.
Plus, it is hard to get a number from the team investigating this. The best number I have found is 25% of bees lost, but we lose 20% every winter, so we are not in a crisis. Some commercial beekeepers intentionally reduce their numbers by 50% every winter since it is easy to build back up in spring.
In Florida, it was reported that 2% of beekeepers were affected.
I know one of those who lost bees to CCD probably lost them to mites, not something new. Follow the money. Think disaster funds.
Almonds require over 1,000,000 colonies and they were all pollinated this spring.
When Tracheal mites hit back in the 80s we lost even more (some states up to 80%) and only the “green” crowd though it was the end of the world. Same here.
A visible coat of pollen? That’s wild!
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