Posted on 10/26/2007 11:40:54 AM PDT by blam
A Brief History of the Salem Witch Trials
One town's strange journey from paranoia to pardon
By Jess Blumberg
Smithsonian.com, October 24, 2007
The Salem witch trials occurred in colonial Massachusetts between 1692 and 1693. More than 200 people were accused of practicing witchcraft—the Devil's magic—and 20 were executed. Eventually, the colony admitted the trials were a mistake and compensated the families of those convicted. Since then, the story of the trials has become synonymous with paranoia and injustice, and it continues to beguile the popular imagination more than 300 years later.
Salem Struggling
Several centuries ago, many practicing Christians, and those of other religions, had a strong belief that the Devil could give certain people known as witches the power to harm others in return for their loyalty. A "witchcraft craze" rippled through Europe from the 1300s to the end of the 1600s. Hundreds of thousands of supposed witches—mostly women—were executed. Though the Salem trials came on just as the European craze was winding down, local circumstances explain their onset.
In 1689, English rulers William and Mary started a war with France in the American colonies. Known as King William's War to colonists, it ravaged regions of upstate New York, Nova Scotia and Quebec, sending refugees into the county of Essex and, specifically, Salem Village in the Massachusetts Bay Colony. (Salem Village is present-day Danvers, Massachusetts; colonial Salem Town became what's now Salem.)
The displaced people created a strain on Salem's resources. This aggravated the existing rivalry between families with ties to the wealth of the port of Salem and those who still depended on agriculture. Controversy also brewed over Reverend Samuel Parris, who became Salem Village's first ordained minister in 1698, and was disliked because of his rigid ways and greedy nature. The Puritan villagers believed all the quarreling was the work of the Devil.
In January of 1692, Reverend Parris' daughter Elizabeth, age 9, and niece Abigail Williams, age 11, started having "fits." They screamed, threw things, uttered peculiar sounds and contorted themselves into strange positions, and a local doctor blamed the supernatural. Another girl, Ann Putnam, age 11, experienced similar episodes. On February 29, under pressure from magistrates Jonathan Corwin and John Hathorne, the girls blamed three women for afflicting them: Tituba, the Parris' Caribbean slave; Sarah Good, a homeless beggar; and Sarah Osborne, an elderly impoverished woman.
Witch Hunt
All three women were brought before the local magistrates and interrogated for several days, starting on March 1, 1692. Osborne claimed innocence, as did Good. But Tituba confessed, "The Devil came to me and bid me serve him." She described elaborate images of black dogs, red cats, yellow birds and a "black man" who wanted her to sign his book. She admitted that she signed the book and said there were several other witches looking to destroy the Puritans. All three women were put in jail.
With the seed of paranoia planted, a stream of accusations followed for the next few months. Charges against Martha Corey, a loyal member of the Church in Salem Village, greatly concerned the community; if she could be a witch, then anyone could. Magistrates even questioned Sarah Good's 4-year-old daughter, Dorothy, and her timid answers were construed as a confession. The questioning got more serious in April when Deputy Governor Thomas Danforth and his assistants attended the hearings. Dozens of people from Salem and other Massachusetts villages were brought in for questioning.
On May 27, 1692, Governor William Phipps ordered the establishment of a Special Court of Oyer (to hear) and Terminer (to decide) for Suffolk, Essex and Middlesex counties. By the time the court convened in June, the total number of people in custody was 62. Earlier that month, Sarah Osborne The first case brought to the special court was Bridget Bishop, an older woman known for her gossipy habits and promiscuity. When asked if she committed witchcraft, Bishop responded, "I am as innocent as the child unborn." The defense must not have been convincing, because she was found guilty and, on June 10, became the first person hanged on what was later called Gallows Hill.
Five days later, respected minister Cotton Mather wrote a letter imploring the court not to allow spectral evidence—testimony about dreams and visions. The court largely ignored this request and five people were sentenced and hanged in July, five more in August and eight in September. On October 3, following in his son's footsteps, Increase Mather, then president of Harvard, denounced the use of spectral evidence: "It were better that ten suspected witches should escape than one innocent person be condemned."
Governor Phipps, in response to Mather's plea and his own wife being questioned for witchcraft, prohibited further arrests, released many accused witches and dissolved the Court of Oyer and Terminer on October 29. Phipps replaced it with a Superior Court of Judicature, which disallowed spectral evidence and only condemned 3 out of 56 defendants. Phipps eventually pardoned all who were in prison on witchcraft charges by May 1693. But the damage had been done: 19 were hanged on Gallows Hill, a 71-year-old man was pressed to death with heavy stones, several people died in jail and nearly 200 people, overall, had been accused of practicing "the Devil's magic."
Restoring Good Names
Following the trials and executions, many involved, like judge Samuel Sewall, publicly confessed error and guilt. On January 14, 1697, the General Court ordered a day of fasting and soul-searching for the tragedy of Salem. In 1702, the court declared the trials unlawful. And in 1711, the colony passed a bill restoring the rights and good names of those accused and granted £600 restitution to their heirs. However, it was not until 1957—more than 250 years later—that Massachusetts formally apologized for the events of 1692.
In the 20th century, artists and scientists alike continued to be fascinated by the Salem witch trials. Playwright Arthur Miller resurrected the tale with his 1953 play The Crucible, using the trials as an allegory for the McCarthyism paranoia in the 1950s. Additionally, numerous hypotheses have been devised to explain the strange behavior that occurred in Salem in 1692. One of the most concrete studies, published in Science in 1976 by psychologist Linnda Caporael, blamed the abnormal habits of the accused on the fungus ergot, which can be found in rye, wheat and other cereal grasses. Toxicologists say that eating ergot-contaminated foods can lead to muscle spasms, vomiting, delusions and hallucinations. Also, the fungus thrives in warm and damp climates—not too unlike the swampy meadows in Salem Village, where rye was the staple grain during the spring and summer months.
In August 1992, to mark the 300th anniversary of the trials, Nobel Laureate Elie Wiesel dedicated the Witch Trials Memorial in Salem. Also in Salem, the Peabody Essex Museum houses the original court documents, and the town's most-visited attraction, the Salem Witch Museum, attests to the public's enthrallment with the 1692 hysteria.
Ping.
But we are doing the same thing as they did, right now, with Global Warming.
This is what happens when you give people too much power over you. Like socialists, they will attempt to control every aspect of your life if they don’t like how you think or speak.
She doesn't look like a witch.
Political correctness too. (And, calling everything racist)
bttt
Maybe it was just a very bad year for witches and the were justly condemned.
Yes, and no.
If I truly believed that a person was in legue with the Devil, and using powers of the Devil to kill other people — people I loved -— I could see knocking them off.
The distinction being that I do not believe the evil forces of the world work like that.
All that said, the untold part of the story is that several the little girls involved were actually dabbling in (what they believed to be) witchcraft taught to them by a slave that practised some sort of African pagan religion (probably something similar to what we’d now call VooDoo) -— starting the whole fiasco.
Something rarely mentioned about the Spanish Inquisition and witch trials, is that they were demanded by the public before they went astray. Usually because the public have become fed up with criminals, perverts and annoying people making mischief.
Also, it is important to note that belief in witches was held by many of the common people, even those accused of witchery. And no doubt, there were some who actively tried to become witches, just as there are today. Except back then, they did so for nefarious purposes.
Today, what would the Secret Service do if somebody was selling voodoo dolls with the President’s face on them in a community that heavily believed in voodoo? While it does not reflect a direct threat on the President’s life, it is still a threat.
Duke LAX.
Actually the left acts like everyday is a Salem Witch trial, accusing Republicans of one thing or another.
...never mind
IIRC, few, if any, people were killed as witches in nations with the Inquistion. The Inquistion, as hard as it is to believe now, was probably an advancement in jurisprudence.
The parallel to this was the hysteria that swept the country 10 years ago when over-zealous investigators and social workers were ‘uncovering’ satanic day care centers by aggresively interrogating small children.
A weak rendition of what the Vatican did a few centuries earlier. Nobody burns witches like the Vatican.
The Inquisition was originally created in order to put a stop to the practice of local authorities using heresy cases for political purposes. The church was in the business of saving souls, not eliminating enemies. It got out of hand when combined with secular authority as in the case of the Spanish Inquisition.
I’ll have to double-check that in a pre-WWII history book I read that in, though.
A completely pointless and stupid gesture. But a good rehearsal for all those slavery apologies to come.
19 people hanged and none of them were Black. So, what’s with the hysteria over Halloween decorations?
Witches (or those believed to be witches) were burned in Europe, but not in Massachusetts.
CS Lewis was a great man, but he was wrong about this. We still have witch trials. "Hate Crime" is the latest incarnation.
19 people hanged and none of them were Black. So, what’s with the hysteria over Halloween decorations?
Was there one Hallween. Was great entertainment. Would go back again.
BTW: “...thousands of tourists who come to Salem every October, spending money, snarling traffic, and sometimes getting arrested for drunken or violent behavior.”
You wrote it so it sound like thousands of the tourists were drunk getting arrested, etc. Not true.
Have you thought of a job as a headline writer for the New York Times?
That's how I understand it too. What I wonder is whether more people have been killed, lost property etc. without the Inquistion.
It looks like 800-5000 persons were executed by order of the Inqusition between 1478 and 1834.
Meanwhile, from 1450-1700 an estimated 8,000 to 26,000 persons were killed as witches in Germany alone.
If I may I’d like to suggest that someone throw water on Hitlery Crinton. My guess is she’ll either melt ala Oz or simply explode into flame!
Are the descendants of the witches asking for reparations? Surely the governor of MA, the mayor, even the federal government should offer an official apology!!
Most of the worst abuses by the Inquisition happened in Spain where the Inquisition was directly under the control of the king; and where there was the unique problem of converting the moslems.
I don't mean to sugar coat the Inquisition. They tortured many more than they killed. But I think you're right about central Europe getting the worst of it - especially if you factor in murderous cults like the Taborites and the Anabaptists.
Bring back the "Fairness Doctrine" and hang all those conservative talk show hosts!"
Ted "hiccup" Kennedy
The population of Western Europe in 1500 was maybe 50 million people.
There is no way tens of thousands of women were executed for witchcraft in early modern Europe.
The number of women actually executed for witchcraft in this period is probably 1 or 2% of what the author is claiming.
You'd think the Smithsonian at least would do a little fact checking.
"The Vatican" - by which I presume you mean the Papcy, never burned a single witch.
But keep making stuff up - it exposes your prejudices and your true nature.
Let’s face it. You can’t Torquemada anything.
You're the one that drank the koolaid, not me. How many were executed during the Spanish Inquisition? The Inquisitors had a Papal commission.
Bit of Trivia, but I am descended from a man who was burned at the stake during the Mexican Inquisition (spotted lighting candles on Friday night) -— uncle and whole family variously imprisoned or killed.
You've come a long way, baby.
That's true. I didn't even consider that.
And now you're a freeper causing trouble. Must run in the family :-)
It does. Lost one in the Alamo, too.
If you put yourself in that era...with no TV, radio or news...then a witch trial is about the only entertainment you might get for the whole year.
The point he was making is that human nature hasn’t changed, it has just been kept in check (at times).
I haven’t seen any mention of drowning “witches.” I thought that was a sure test and that many were drowned to prove their innocence. Of course those who survived the water test would be dealt with in some other manner.
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Thanks Blam, and a ping to, uh-oh, I've got to recover those hard drive files. What a year this has been... and I've been ailing with brain fever or somethin', and can't remember names and stuff, or rather, it's been worse than usual. I can't remember who does the Early America list. Aiiee. |
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Every single person executed by the Spanish Inquisition (and there were actually far fewer than is commonly thought) were executed by the Spanish throne.
Had the Papacy taken it upon itself to execute a single Spanish subject - on Spanish territory no less - it would have been a cause for war between the Kingdom of Spain and the Papal States.
A war that the Papal States would have assuredly lost - badly.
In discussions like this, apologists like you hold the Vatican blameless, when in fact, it was pulling all the strings.
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