Catholic Caucus: Daily Mass Readings, 10-28-04, Feast of Sts. Simon & Jude, Apostles

October 28, 2004
Feast of Saints Simon and Jude, Apostles

Psalm: Thursday 46 Reading I Responsorial Psalm Gospel

Reading I
Eph 2:19-22

Brothers and sisters:
You are no longer strangers and sojourners,
but you are fellow citizens with the holy ones
and members of the household of God,
built upon the foundation of the Apostles and prophets,
with Christ Jesus himself as the capstone.
Through him the whole structure is held together
and grows into a temple sacred in the Lord;
in him you also are being built together
into a dwelling place of God in the Spirit.

Responsorial Psalm
Ps 19:2-3, 4-5

R (5a) Their message goes out through all the earth.
The heavens declare the glory of God,
and the firmament proclaims his handiwork.
Day pours out the word to day,
and night to night imparts knowledge.
R Their message goes out through all the earth.
Not a word nor a discourse
whose voice is not heard;
Through all the earth their voice resounds,
and to the ends of the world, their message.
R Their message goes out through all the earth.

Gospel
Lk 6:12-16

Jesus went up to the mountain to pray,
and he spent the night in prayer to God.
When day came, he called his disciples to himself,
and from them he chose Twelve, whom he also named Apostles:
Simon, whom he named Peter, and his brother Andrew,
James, John, Philip, Bartholomew, Matthew,
Thomas, James the son of Alphaeus,
Simon who was called a Zealot,
and Judas the son of James,
and Judas Iscariot, who became a traitor.

From: Ephesians 2:19-22

Reconciliation of Jews and Gentiles in Christ (Continuation)

[19] So then you are no longer strangers and sojourners, but you are
fellow citizens with the saints and members of the household of God,
[20] built upon the foundation of the apostles and prophets, Christ
Jesus himself being the cornerstone, [21] in whom the whole structure
is joined together and grows into a holy temple in the Lord; [22] in
whom you also are built into it for a dwelling place of God in the
Spirit.

Commentary:

11-22. What is the significance of the calling of the Gentiles to the
Church? Their previous situation, separated from Christ (vv. 11-12),
has undergone radical change as a result of the Redemption Christ
achieved on the Cross: that action has, on the one hand, brought the
two peoples together (made peace between them: vv. 13-15) and, on the
other, it has reconciled them with God, whose enemy each was (vv. 16-
18). The Redemption has given rise to the Church, which St Paul here
describes as a holy temple built on the foundation
of the apostles and prophets (vv. 19-22).

19. After describing the Redemption wrought by Christ and applied in
the Church by the Holy Spirit, St Paul arrives at this conclusion: the
Gentiles are no longer strangers; they belong to Christ's Church.

In the new Israel (the Church) privileges based on race, culture or
nationality cease to apply. No baptized person, be he Jew or Greek,
slave or free man, can be regarded as an outsider or stranger in the
new people of God. All have proper citizenship papers. The Apostle
explains this by using two images: The Church is the city of saints,
and God's family or household (cf. 1 Tim 3:15). The two images are
complementary: everyone has a family, and everyone is a citizen. In
the family context, the members are united by paternal, filial and
fraternal links, and love presides; family life has a special privacy.
But as a citizen one is acting in a public capacity; public affairs and
business must be conducted in a manner that is in keeping with laws
designed to ensure that justice is respected. The Church has some of
the characteristics of a family, and some of those of a polity (cf. St
Thomas Aquinas, "Commentary on Eph, ad loc.").

The head of the Church is Christ himself, and in his Church are
assembled the children of God, who are to live as brothers and sisters,
united by love. Grace, faith, hope, charity and the action of the Holy
Spirit are invisible realities which forge the links bringing together
all the members of the Church, which is moreover something very
visible, ruled by the successor of Peter and by the other bishops (cf.
Vatican II, "Lumen Gentium", 8), and governed by laws--divine and
ecclesiastical--which are to be obeyed.

20-22. To better explain the Church, the Apostle links the image of
"the household of God" to that of God's temple and "building" (cf. 1
Cor. 3:9). Up to this he has spoken of the Church mainly as the body of
Christ (v. 16). This image and that of a building are connected: our
Lord said, "Destroy this temple and in three days I will raise it up"
(Jn 2:19), and St John goes on to explain that he was speaking "of the
temple of his body" (Jn 2:21). If the physical body of Christ is the
true temple of God because Christ is the Son of God, the Church can
also be seen as God's true temple, because it is the mystical body of
Christ.

The Church is the temple of God. "Jesus Christ is, then, the foundation
stone of the new temple of God. Rejected, discarded, left to one side,
and done to death--then as now--the Father made him and continues to
make him the firm immovable basis of the new work of building. This he
does through his glorious resurrection [...].

"The new temple, Christ's body, which is spiritual and invisible, is
constructed by each and every baptized person on the living
cornerstone, Christ, to the degree that they adhere to him and 'grow'
in him towards 'the fullness of Christ'. In this temple and by means of
it, the 'dwelling place of God in the Spirit', he is glorified, by
virtue of the 'holy priesthood' which offers spiritual sacrifices (1
Pet 2:5), and his kingdom is established in the world.

"The apex of the new temple reaches into heaven, while, on earth,
Christ, the cornerstone, sustains it by means of the foundation he
himself has chosen and laid down--'the apostles and prophets' (Eph 2:
20) and their successors, that is, in the first place, the college of
bishops and the 'rock', Peter (Mt 16: 18)" (John Paul II, "Homily at
Orcasitas, Madrid", 3 November 1981).

Christ Jesus is the stone: this indicates his strength; and he is the
cornerstone because in him the two peoples, Jews and Gentiles, are
joined together (cf. St Thomas Aquinas, "Commentary on Eph, ad loc".).
The Church is founded on this strong, stable bedrock; this cornerstone
is what gives it its solidity. St Augustine expresses his faith in the
perennial endurance of the Church in these words: "The Church will
shake if its foundation shakes, but can Christ shake? As long as Christ
does not shake, so shall the Church never weaken until the end of time"
("Enarrationes in Psalmos", 103).

Every faithful Christian, every living stone of this temple of God,
must stay fixed on the solid cornerstone of Christ by cooperating in
his or her own sanctification. The Church grows "when Christ is, after
a manner, built into the souls of men and grows in them, and when souls
also are built into Christ and grow in him; so that on this earth of
our exile a great temple is daily in course of building, in which the
divine majesty receives due and acceptable worship" (Pius XII,
"Mediator Dei", 6).

Source: "The Navarre Bible: Text and Commentaries". Biblical text
taken from the Revised Standard Version and New Vulgate. Commentaries
made by members of the Faculty of Theology of the University of
Navarre, Spain. Published by Four Courts Press, Kill Lane, Blackrock,
Co. Dublin, Ireland.

From: Luke 6:12-16

The Calling of the Apostles

[12] In these days He (Jesus) went out into the hills to pray; and all
night He continued in prayer to God. [13] And when it was day, He
called His disciples, and chose from them twelve, whom He named
Apostles: [14] Simon, whom He named Peter, and Andrew, his brother, and
James and John, and Philip and Bartholomew, [15] and Matthew, and
Thomas, and James the son of Alphaeus, and Simon who was called the
Zealot, [16] and Judas the son of James, and Judas Iscariot, who became
a traitor.

Commentary:

12-13. The evangelist writes with a certain formality when describing
this important occasion on which Jesus chooses the Twelve, constituting
them as the apostolic college: "The Lord Jesus, having prayed at length
to the Father, called to Himself those whom He willed and appointed
twelve to be with Him, whom He might send to preach the Kingdom of God
(cf. Mark 2:13-19; Matthew 10:1-42). These Apostles (cf. Luke 6:13) He
constituted in the form of a college or permanent assembly, at the head
of which He placed Peter, chosen from among them (cf. John 21:15-17).
He sent them first of all to the children of Israel and then to all
peoples (cf. Romans 1:16), so that, sharing in His power, they might
make all peoples His disciples and sanctify and govern them (cf.
Matthew 28:16-20; and par.) and thus spread the Church and,
administering it under the guidance of the Lord, shepherd it all days
until the end of the world (cf. Matthew 28:20). They were fully
confirmed in this mission on the day of Pentecost (cf. Act 2:1-26)
[...]. Through their preaching the Gospel everywhere (cf. Mark 16:20),
and through its being welcomed and received under the influence of the
Holy Spirit by those who hear it, the Apostles gather together the
universal Church, which the Lord founded upon the Apostles and built
upon Blessed Peter their leader, the chief cornerstone being Christ
Jesus Himself (cf. Revelation 21:14; Matthew 16:18; Ephesians 2:20).
That divine mission, which was committed by Christ to the Apostles, is
destined to last until the end of the world (cf. Matthew 28:20), since
the Gospel, which they were charged to hand on, is, for the Church, the
principle of all its life for all time. For that very reason the
Apostles were careful to appoint successors in this hierarchically
constituted society" (Vatican II, "Lumen Gentium", 19-20).

Before establishing the apostolic college, Jesus spent the whole night
in prayer. He often made special prayer for His Church (Luke 9:18;
John 17:1ff), thereby preparing His Apostles to be its pillars (cf.
Galatians 2:9). As His Passion approaches, He will pray to the Father
for Simon Peter, the head of the Church, and solemnly tell Peter that
He has done so: "But I have prayed for you that your faith may not
fail" (Luke 22:32). Following Christ's example, the Church stipulates
that on many occasions liturgical prayer should be offered for the
pastors of the Church (the Pope, the bishops in general, and priests)
asking God to give them grace to fulfill their ministry faithfully.

Christ is continually teaching us that we need to pray always (Luke
18:1). Here He shows us by His example that we should pray with
special intensity at important moments in our lives. "`Pernoctans in
oratione Dei. He spent the whole night in prayer to God.' So St.
Luke tells of our Lord. And you? How often have you persevered like
that? Well, then...." ([Blessed] J. Escriva, "The Way", 104).

On the need for prayer and the qualities our prayer should have, see
the notes on Matthew 6:5-6; 7:7-11; 14:22-23; Mark 1:35; Luke 5:16;
11:1-4; 22:41-42.

12. Since Jesus is God, why does He pray? There were two wills in
Christ, one divine and one human (cf. "St. Pius X Catechism", 91), and
although by virtue of His divine will He was omnipotent, His human will
was not omnipotent. When we pray, what we do is make our will known to
God; therefore Christ, who is like us in all things but sin (Hebrews
4:15), also had to pray in a human way (cf. "Summa Theologiae", III, q.
21, a. 1). Reflecting on Jesus at prayer, St. Ambrose comments: "The
Lord prays not to ask things for Himself, but to intercede on my
behalf; for although the Father has put everything into the hands of
the Son, still the Son, in order to behave in accordance with His
condition as man, considers it appropriate to implore the Father for
our sake, for He is our Advocate [...]. A Master of obedience, by His
example He instructs us concerning the precepts of virtue: `We have an
advocate with the Father' (1 John 2:1)" ("Expositio Evangelii sec.
Lucam, in loc.").

14-16. Jesus chose for Apostles very ordinary people, most of them poor
and uneducated; apparently only Matthew and the brothers James and John
had social positions of any consequence. But all of them gave up
whatever they had, little or much as it was, and all of them, bar
Judas, put their faith in the Lord, overcame their shortcomings and
eventually proved faithful to grace and became saints, veritable
pillars of the Church. We should not feel uneasy when we realize that
we too are low in human qualities; what matters is being faithful to
the grace God gives us.

American Cathlic's Saint of the Day

October 28, 2004

Sts. Simon and Jude

Jude is so named by Luke and Acts. Matthew and Mark call him Thaddeus. He is not mentioned elsewhere in the Gospels, except, of course, where all the apostles are referred to. Scholars hold that he is not the author of the Letter of Jude. Actually, Jude had the same name as Judas Iscariot. Evidently because of the disgrace of that name, it was shortened to "Jude" in English.

Simon is mentioned on all four lists of the apostles. On two of them he is called "the Zealot." The Zealots were a Jewish sect that represented an extreme of Jewish nationalism. For them, the messianic promise of the Old Testament meant that the Jews were to be a free and independent nation. God alone was their king, and any payment of taxes to the Romans—the very domination of the Romans—was a blasphemy against God. No doubt some of the Zealots were the spiritual heirs of the Maccabees, carrying on their ideals of religion and independence. But many were the counterparts of modern terrorists. They raided and killed, attacking both foreigners and "collaborating" Jews. They were chiefly responsible for the rebellion against Rome which ended in the destruction of Jerusalem in A.D. 70.

Comment:

As in the case of all the apostles except for Peter, James and John, we are faced with men who are really unknown, and we are struck by the fact that their holiness is simply taken to be a gift of Christ. He chose some unlikely people: a former Zealot, a former (crooked) tax collector, an impetuous fisherman, two "sons of thunder" and a man named Judas Iscariot.
It is a reminder that we cannot receive too often. Holiness does not depend on human merit, culture, personality, effort or achievement. It is entirely God's creation and gift. God needs no Zealots to bring about the kingdom by force. Jude, like all the saints, is the saint of the impossible: only God can create his divine life in human beings. And God wills to do so, for all of us.

Quote:

"Just as Christ was sent by the Father, so also he sent the apostles, filled with the Holy Spirit. This he did so that, by preaching the gospel to every creature (cf. Mark 16:15), they might proclaim that the Son of God, by his death and resurrection, had freed us from the power of Satan (cf. Acts 26:18) and from death, and brought us into the kingdom of his Father" (Constitution on the Sacred Liturgy).

ROMAN MISSAL -- DOUAY TEXTS (a few stark differences today)

Man is like to vanity:
his days pass away like a shadow.

.......................... †JMJ† ..........................
-- Thursday, 30th Week in Ordinary Time --
....................... † AMDG † .......................

FIRST READING – Eph 6:10-20
Put on the armour of God, that you may be able,
having done everything, to hold your ground.

Finally, brethren,
be strengthened in the Lord,
and in the might of his power.

Put you on the armour of God,
that you may be able to stand against the deceits of the devil.
For our wrestling is not against flesh and blood;
but against principalities and power,
against the rulers of the world of this darkness,
against the spirits of wickedness in the high places.

Therefore take unto you the armour of God,
that you may be able to resist in the evil day,
and to stand in all things perfect.
Stand therefore, having your loins girt about with truth,
and having on the breastplate of justice,
And your feet shod with the preparation of the gospel of peace:

In all things taking the shield of faith, wherewith you may be able
to extinguish all the fiery darts of the most wicked one.
And take unto you the helmet of salvation,
and the sword of the Spirit (which is the word of God).
By all prayer and supplication praying at all times in the spirit;
and in the same watching with all instance
and supplication for all the saints:

And for me, that speech may be given me,
that I may open my mouth with confidence,
to make known the mystery of the gospel.
For which I am an ambassador in a chain,
so that therein I may be bold to speak according as I ought.
__________________________________________________________
12 "In the high places"... or heavenly places. That is to say, in the air, the lowest of the celestial regions; in which God permits these wicked spirits or fallen angels to wander.

RESPONSORIAL PSALM – 143:1b, 2, 9-10
Benedíctus Dóminus, præsídium meum!
(NAB: Blessed be the Lord, my rock.)
Blessed be the Lord my God

Blessed be the Lord my God,
who teacheth my hands to fight, and my fingers to war.
My mercy, and my refuge: my support, and my deliverer:
My protector, and I have hoped in him:
who subdueth my people under me.

Lord, what is man, that thou art made known to him?
or the son of man, that thou makest account of him?
Man is like to vanity: his days pass away like a shadow.
Lord, bow down thy heavens and descend:
touch the mountains and they shall smoke.

Send forth lightning, and thou shalt scatter them:
shoot out thy arrows, and thou shalt trouble them.
Put forth thy hand from on high, take me out,
and deliver me from many waters:
from the hand of strange children:
Whose mouth hath spoken vanity:
and their right hand is the right hand of iniquity.

To thee, O God, I will sing a new canticle:
on the psaltery and an instrument of ten strings
I will sing praises to thee. Who givest salvation to kings:
who hast redeemed thy servant David from the malicious sword:

Deliver me,
And rescue me out of the hand of strange children;
whose mouth hath spoken vanity:
and their right hand is the right hand of iniquity:
Whose sons are as new plants in their youth:
Their daughters decked out,
adorned round about after the similitude of a temple:
Their storehouses full, flowing out of this into that.
Their sheep fruitful in young, abounding in their goings forth:
Their oxen fat.

There is no breach of wall,
nor passage, nor crying out in their streets.
They have called the people happy, that hath these things:
but happy is that people whose God is the Lord.

ALLELUIA – Lk 19:38, 2:14
Benedíctus qui venit rex in nominee Dómini;
pax in cælo et glória in excélsis.
R. Alleluia, alleluia
Saying:
Blessed be the king who cometh in the name of the Lord,
peace in heaven, and glory on high!
Glory to God in the highest;
and on earth peace to men of good will.
R. Alleluia, alleluia
______________________________
(NAB: …. “and on earth peace to “those on whom his favor
rests” not “men of good (or God’s) will” *)

GOSPEL – Luke 13:31-35
It is impossible a prophet should die outside of Jerusalem.

The same day, there came some of the Pharisees, saying to him:
Depart, and get thee hence, for Herod hath a mind to kill thee.

And he said to them:
Go and tell that fox, Behold, I cast out devils,
and do cures today and tomorrow,
and the third day I am consummated.

Nevertheless I must walk today and tomorrow,
and the day following,
because it cannot be that a prophet perish, out of Jerusalem.

Jerusalem, Jerusalem, that killest the prophets,
and stonest them that are sent to thee,
how often would I have gathered thy children
as the bird doth her brood under her wings,
and thou wouldest not?

Behold your house shall be left to you desolate.
And I say to you, that you shall not see me till the time come,
when you shall say:
Blessed is he that cometh in the name of the Lord.

LEGION OF MARY

Like many another great principle, the apostolate itself is something cold and abstract. Hence there is a very real danger that it may not exercise an appeal, so that the laity does not respond to the high destiny which has been held out to it, and, worse still, may be demmed to be incapable of responding. The disastrous sequel would be that the effort to make the laity play its proper and indispensable partin the battle of the Church would have to be abandoned.
But, in the words of one qualified to judge, Cardinal Riberi, formerly Apostolic Delegate to missionary Africa and later Internuncio to China:

The Legion of Mary is apostolic duty decked out in attractive and alluring form; throbbing with life so that it wins all to it; undertaken in the manner stipulated by Ope Pius XI, that is, in dependenceon the Virgin Mother of God; insistent on quality as the foundation of membership and even as the key to numerical strength; safeguarded by plenteous prayer and self-sacrifice, by exact system, and by complete co-operation with the priest. The Legion of Mary is a miracle of these modern times."

P. 61, Legio Mariae

Lk 6:12-16
#	Douay-Rheims	Vulgate
12	And it came to pass in those days, that he went out into a mountain to pray: and he passed the whole night in the prayer of God.	factum est autem in illis diebus exiit in montem orare et erat pernoctans in oratione Dei
13	And when day was come, he called unto him his disciples: and he chose twelve of them (whom also he named apostles):	et cum dies factus esset vocavit discipulos suos et elegit duodecim ex ipsis quos et apostolos nominavit
14	Simon, whom he surnamed Peter, and Andrew his brother, James and John, Philip and Bartholomew,	Simonem quem cognominavit Petrum et Andream fratrem eius Iacobum et Iohannem Philippum et Bartholomeum
15	Matthew and Thomas, James the son of Alpheus, and Simon who is called Zelotes,	Mattheum et Thomam Iacobum Alphei et Simonem qui vocatur Zelotes
16	And Jude the brother of James, and Judas Iscariot, who was the traitor.	Iudam Iacobi et Iudam Scarioth qui fuit proditor

Homily of the Day

Homily of the Day

Title:	Shake the Hand that Shook the Hand...
Date:	Thursday, October 28, 2004

Ephesians 2: 19-22; Luke 6: 12-16

In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, if you were an Irishman in America and you greeted a fellow Irishman on the street, it was common to shake hands with a familiar greeting: "Shake the hand that shook the hand of John L. Sullivan." John L. Sullivan was an Irish American boxer who had much success in the ring and was the "pride" of the Irish community. People would find comfort and familiarity in associating each other with the "handshake succession."

Today's Gospel reminds us that we have an even greater succession. It's apostolic, and because of it we are able to shake the hand that shook the hand (that shook the hand...) of Jesus. In the calling of the Apostles, Jesus sets into motion an unbreakable chain that connects us to Him. In this way we are able to take part in the many things that He instituted, as He instituted them from His own hands: the sacraments, healing, teachings, the Eucharist.

Our pope, cardinals, bishops and priests are simply men, like the Apostles, yet they represent and realistically impart a token of life with our Savior. This chain of timelessness extends a physical connection between us and Christ. We are never so far away from Him that we cannot shake the hand that shook the hand that gave us the Rock (the Church), that sent the Advocate, and that feeds us from the Heavenly Banquet.

So, if you think about it today, pray for the men who are part of this succession, may they remain faithful to the chain that was set into motion 2000 years ago.

The Word Among Us

Thursday, October 28, 2004

Meditation
Ephesians 2: 19-22

Sts. Simon and Jude

You are fellow citizens with the saints and members of the household of God. (Ephesians 2:19) Here is an amazing mystery! Consider the holy men and women whom we call the saints, and then think of the fact that we are no less valuable to God. Together with these saints, we are full members of God’s household. This is a fitting theme to reflect on today as we celebrate two saints—Simon and Jude—who might be considered champions of the common man.

We don’t know much about these two men, whose names are often listed side by side (Luke 6:15-16; Acts 1:13). Simon is called the Zealot, and in older traditions, he was sometimes given the humble title of Simon the Lesser, to distinguish him from Simon Peter. Jude is venerated as the patron saint of lost causes. This may stem from the fact that people were hesitant to ask for help from someone with a name so similar to that of Judas Iscariot and did so only as a last resort.

What are we to make of these two unknown saints? Luke tells us that Jesus spent “all night . . . in prayer to God” (Luke 6:12) before he chose them as apostles. Just as Jesus hand-picked Simon and Jude for a specific purpose, so has he hand-picked us. He was just as careful and prayerful in calling us as he was in choosing Simon, Jude, Francis of Assisi, Teresa of Avila, and all the great saints. We are, after all, fellow citizens with all of them, both those recognized by the church and the millions of “anonymous” saints whose love for the Lord is known only to him.

God loves us as much as he loves any of his saints. He doesn’t call everyone to become an apostle or bishop or abbot, but he does call everyone to become “a dwelling place of God in the Spirit” (Ephesians 2:22). We can all ask the Spirit to fill us and use us as powerfully as he did the first apostles. Abide in God and you will discover that your effectiveness in ministering to your family, your friends, and your parish will grow and bear marvelous fruit.

“Lord, bless all those you have called. May they see the dignity they have in your eyes. Open their hearts to the treasure you have prepared for them.”

One Bread, One Body

<< Thursday, October 28, 2004 >>

Sts. Simon & Jude

Ephesians 2:19-22

Psalm 19

Luke 6:12-16

View Readings

PASS IT ON

“He called His disciples and selected twelve of them to be His apostles.” —Luke 6:13

In the last few months (of fall 2002), three Ohio priests were selected to be bishops and ordained in large public celebrations. At each ordination, archbishops, bishops, and/or cardinals laid hands on these candidates in the prayer of ordination. One of the newly ordained bishops cried tears of joy as hands were imposed on him. Afterward, he spoke of the awe he felt at realizing that the hands laid on his head traced an unbroken chain of succession all the way back to Jesus’ first calling of His apostles.

The Lord renews the face of the Church (Ps 104:30) through the apostles and their successors, the bishops. The Church is built upon “the foundation of the apostles” (Eph 2:20; Rv 21:14). Jesus works closely through the apostles and their successors, the bishops — so much so that He assures us that if we listen to them, we listen to Him (Lk 10:16). However, if we discard or ignore the teaching of the magisterium of the Church, we disregard and reject Jesus Himself and God the Father (Lk 10:16).

Do you know the teaching of the Church? Have you ever studied the Catechism of the Catholic Church? How often do you read and study the Bible? Take advantage of the grace of this apostolic feast day. Listen to the ones who carry on the teaching ministry of Jesus (Lk 10:16). Decide today to daily read the book of the Church, that is, the Bible. Decide today to study the Catechism. Be built into the apostolic Church and “become a dwelling place for God in the Spirit” (Eph 2:22).

Prayer: Jesus, thank You for the privilege of hearing You. May I hear You as You wish to be heard: through the teaching and authority of those You have sent.

Promise: “You are fellow citizens of the saints and members of the household of God.” —Eph 2:19

Praise: With great power, Sts. Simon and Jude “bore witness to the resurrection of the Lord Jesus” (Acts 4:33).

Disclaimer: Opinions posted on Free Republic are those of the individual posters and do not necessarily represent the opinion of Free Republic or its management. All materials posted herein are protected by copyright law and the exemption for fair use of copyrighted works.