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The FReeper Foxhole Remembers The Battle of Glorieta Pass (March 26-29 1862) - Nov. 20th, 2003
National Park Service ^

Posted on 11/20/2003 12:00:45 AM PST by SAMWolf



Lord,

Keep our Troops forever in Your care

Give them victory over the enemy...

Grant them a safe and swift return...

Bless those who mourn the lost.
.

FReepers from the Foxhole join in prayer
for all those serving their country at this time.


...................................................................................... ...........................................

U.S. Military History, Current Events and Veterans Issues

Where Duty, Honor and Country
are acknowledged, affirmed and commemorated.

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The FReeper Foxhole is dedicated to Veterans of our Nation's military forces and to others who are affected in their relationships with Veterans.

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The FReeper Foxhole hopes to share with it's readers an open forum where we can learn about and discuss military history, military news and other topics of concern or interest to our readers be they Veteran's, Current Duty or anyone interested in what we have to offer.

If the Foxhole makes someone appreciate, even a little, what others have sacrificed for us, then it has accomplished one of it's missions.

We hope the Foxhole in some small way helps us to remember and honor those who came before us.

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The Battle of Glorieta Pass:
A Shattered Dream

A peaceful ranch, once a stage stop on the Santa Fe Trail, rests in a circular valley clasped by steep mountains. Spanish conquistadors named these mountains Sangre de Cristo, "blood of Christ," but in 1862, it was the blood of warring brothers that bathed the land near Pigeon's Ranch.


(Roy Anderson, artist; Courtesy of Pecos National Historical Park)


This battle--the Battle of Glorieta Pass--represented the high water mark for a bold Confederate offensive into Union Territory on the western frontier. Here volunteers from Colorado clashed with tough Texans intent on conquering New Mexico. Victory here would be a necessary prelude to detaching the western states from the Union and expanding the Confederacy to the Pacific Ocean. Referred to as the "Gettysburg of the West" by many historians, this running battle along canyon and ridge from March 26-28, 1862 culminated in the retreat back to Texas of the invading Confederate forces. Glorieta Pass was another great turning point in the Civil War, the battle that shattered the western dreams of the Confederate States of America.

The Gettysburg of the West


The trans-Mississippi West, New Mexico Territory in particular, was far removed from many of the passions and issues that defined the Civil War for people east of the Mississippi River. For large areas of the West that were recently won from Mexico or still organized under territorial government--where people were still struggling to survive in hostile environments--arguments over secession and states rights may have seemed rarified. Nonetheless, men answered the call to join eastern armies, so the frontier armies were drastically reduced. Indian raids began to increase as some tribes seized the chance to regain lost territory while others turned to raiding for subsistence, their U.S. treaty allotments having been disrupted by the war. Yet, the Civil War was not strictly an eastern war, and in 1862 Confederate forces invaded New Mexico Territory.


Major John M. Chivington and First Colorado Volunteers on the edge of Glorieta Mesa overlooking Confederate supply wagons at Johnson's Ranch (courtesy Peter de La Fuente, Wyeth Hurd Gallery, Santa Fe)


Henry Sibley, who resigned his commission in the U.S. Army to join the Confederate Army, realized that the void created in the West could be an opportunity for the South. After raising a brigade of mounted Texas riflemen during the summer of 1861, Sibley led his 2,500 men to Fort Bliss and launched a winter invasion up the Rio Grande Valley.

Colonel Edward Canby, who had been appointed the Union Commander of the Department of New Mexico in June 1861, anticipated the invasion and had already begun to consolidate his 2,500 regular army troops. By early 1862, Canby had almost 4,000 soldiers he could put into the field.

Sibley's Brigade approached Canby's Union forces near Fort Craig in south-central New Mexico. Threatening to cut off the fort by controlling a nearby ford, Sibley drew Canby's soldiers out from the fort and engaged them in a closely contested battle at Valverde on February 21, 1862. The smaller Confederate force prevailed against Canby's troops, who retreated to the security of nearby Fort Craig. Sibley believed the U.S. forces had been defeated too soundly to present a rear-guard threat, so he advanced north. The Confederates occupied Albuquerque on March 2. Sibley then sent the Fifth Texas Regiment, commanded by Major Charles Pyron, to the unprotected territorial capital of Santa Fe. The few Union troops retreated to Fort Union, destroying ammunition and supplies.


Maj. John M. Chivington, First Colorado Volunteers, led Union flanking maneuver during Battle of Glorieta Pass (courtesy Denver Public Library, Western History Collection).


The only thing that appeared to be standing between Sibley's Confederate Brigade and Colorado was Fort Union, the major army depot on the Santa Fe Trail. By seizing the supplies and weapons kept at Fort Union, the Confederates would be able to continue their march north through Raton Pass to Denver, the territorial capital of Colorado.

The First Colorado Volunteers, an infantry brigade of 950 miners, were quickly organized under the command of Colonel John P. Slough. They marched the 400 miles from Denver through the deep snow of Raton Pass to Fort Union in only 13 days, arriving at the fort on March 10. After a brief rest and re-supply, Slough defied orders to remain at Fort Union. Joined by some regular army troops and New Mexico volunteers, Slough's 1,350 soldiers departed Fort Union on March 22, and they followed the Santa Fe Trail westward to meet the enemy. By March 25, the Union advance troops, under the command of Major John M. Chivington, set up Camp Lewis at Kozlowski's Stage Stop east of Glorieta Pass, a gap in the Sangre de Cristo Mountains.

Meanwhile, Pyron's Fifth Texas Regiment had left Santa Fe, following the Santa Fe Trail eastward, marching on Fort Union. After following a southward swing through Glorieta Pass, he intended to join with other Confederate troops. Pyron's Texans camped at Johnson's Ranch in Apache Canyon, just west of Glorieta Pass, unaware of the Union troops only nine miles away.


3rd Cavalry Supply Wagons relocate to support the Regiment near Glorieta Pass, New Mexico Territory, March 1862


On the morning of March 26, 1862, a scouting party of Colorado Volunteers led by Chivington left Camp Lewis to locate the Texans. They discovered and captured a Confederate scouting party in Glorieta Pass, then ran into the main body of the Confederate force in Apache Canyon, about 16 miles east of Santa Fe. A two-hour scrimmage, known as the Battle of Apache Canyon, ensued. Although Chivington captured 70 Confederate soldiers, he fell back to Pigeon's Ranch. By evening, both sides called a truce to tend to their wounded.

The following day, when Union spies notified Colonel Slough that the Confederates had been reinforced, Slough decided to divide his forces. Slough's 900 soldiers would proceed west along the Santa Fe Trail and block Glorieta Pass, while Chivington and Lieutenant Colonel Manuel Chavez of the New Mexico Volunteers would take 450 men over Glorieta Mesa to attack the Confederate right flank or rearguard. Colonel Scurry decided to leave his supply train at Johnson's Ranch and march his 900 men eastward along the Santa Fe Trail the next morning to force the battle where he wanted it.

On the morning of March 28, Slough's men broke ranks near Pigeon's Ranch to fill their canteens at Glorieta Creek. Scurry's quickly advancing Confederates came upon the Union troops and opened fire on them. The Union soldiers quickly formed a defensive line along Windmill Hill, but an hour later, fell back to Pigeon's Ranch.


Map Key:

Battle of Apache Canyon--March 26, 1862:

A. Upper Battlefield--2:30 to 3:00pm
Union troops under Chivington encounter Confederate vanguard under Pyron. Confederates retreat. Union forces pursue the Confederates.
B. Lower Battlefield--3:30 to 4:30pm
Chivington continues flanking strategy. Fierce fighting erupts. Pyron's forces retreat to Johnson's Ranch. Chivington withdraws to Kozlowski's Stage Stop.

Battle of Glorieta Pass (Pigeon's Ranch Action)--March 28, 1862:
1. 8:00am--Union forces advance toward Confederates in Apache Canyon.
2. Confederates advance through Glorieta Pass.
3. Opening Action--10:00am to 11:00am
Confederates under Scurry, Union under Slough engage.
4. Main Battle--Noon to 4:00pm
Slough establishes strong defense. Scurry attacks. Slough pulls back to third position.
5. Third Position--4:00 to 5:00pm
Union holding action repulses Confederate's final charge. Slough pulls troops back to Kozlowski's Stage Stop.

Battle of Glorieta Pass (Canoncito Action)--March 28, 1862:
I. Chivington's flanking movement.
II. Chivington reaches the edge of the mesa overlooking Johnson's Ranch.
III. Union troops attack up canyon. Union forces burn wagons and supplies.
IV. Remaining Confederates escape towards Santa Fe.


Scurry's Confederate soldiers faced the Union artillery at Pigeon's Ranch and Artillery Hill for three hours, and finally outflanked the Union right. From Sharpshooter's Ridge they could fire down on the Union troops, so Slough ordered another retreat, setting up a third battle line a short distance east of Pigeon's Ranch. The Texans charged the line shortly before sunset. Slough ordered his soldiers back to Camp Lewis leaving the Confederates in possession of the field. Both sides were exhausted after six hours of fighting, each having sustained more than 30 killed and 80 wounded or missing.


(Photo by Ben Wittide; Courtesy Museum of New Mexico, Neg. No. 15783)
The first known photographs of the battlefield sites in Apache Canyon and Glorieta Pass were taken in 1880. This 1880 photo shows Pigeon's Ranch much the same as it probably appeared on March 28, 1862. The Santa Fe Trail runs in between ranch structures. Initial contact between the Texans and Pike's Peak miners occurred half a mile up the trail towards Glorieta Pass and west of the ranch, in the area shown in the upper right hand corner of the picture. Colonel Slough pulled his forces back to form a second defensive line of battle anchored at the center around the ranch buildings


Believing he had won the battle, Scurry soon received devastating news. After a 16-mile march through the mountains, the Union force led by Major Chivington had come upon the Confederate supply train at Johnson's Ranch. They had driven off the few guards, slaughtered 30 horses and mules, spiked an artillery piece, taken 17 prisoners, and burned 80 wagons containing ammunition, food, clothing, and forage. Scurry was forced to ask for a cease-fire.

Lacking vital supplies, Scurry could no longer continue his march on Fort Union so he retreated to Santa Fe. Two weeks later, General Sibley ordered his army to retreat from Santa Fe and relinquished control of Albuquerque. There was no further Confederate attempt to invade the western territories. The Battle of Glorieta Pass had decided conclusively that the West would remain with the Union.

Thanks to FReeper Colorado Tanker for suggesting this thread




TOPICS: VetsCoR
KEYWORDS: civilwar; colorado; freeperfoxhole; glorietapass; michaeldobbs; newmexico; veterans; warbetweenstates
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To: Darksheare
LOL! Bios Rejection?
41 posted on 11/20/2003 7:46:20 AM PST by SAMWolf (100,000 lemmings can't be wrong.)
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To: bentfeather
Hi Feather. I see you've had some Foxholers dropping in on your Poetry Thread.

The Dragon Flies' Lair IV

42 posted on 11/20/2003 7:48:56 AM PST by SAMWolf (100,000 lemmings can't be wrong.)
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To: Colonel_Flagg
Good Morning Colonel_Flagg.

Please keep us updated.

43 posted on 11/20/2003 7:51:24 AM PST by SAMWolf (100,000 lemmings can't be wrong.)
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To: SAMWolf
Yup.
Either that, or the machine has become destructively sentient.
44 posted on 11/20/2003 7:54:10 AM PST by Darksheare (You think I'm innocent, not wild. Take me and see how much I'm tamed.)
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To: SAMWolf
Will do. Today is a good day. And that's all we can really ask for.
45 posted on 11/20/2003 7:55:03 AM PST by Colonel_Flagg ("The difference between a violin and a viola is that a viola burns longer." -- Victor Borge)
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To: Valin
1973 Allan Sherman songwriter ("Camp Granada"), dies

[Recite with the tune of "America The Beautiful" in the background]

I would like to explain how it came to pass that I got fat.

Ladies and gentlemen, I got fat as a public service. When I was a child, my mother said to me, "Clean the plate, because children are starving in Europe." And I might point out that that was years before the Marshall Plan was ever heard of. So I would clean the plate, four, five, six times a day, because somehow I felt that that would keep the children from starving in Europe. But I was wrong. They kept starving. And I got fat.

So I would like to say to every one of you who is either skinny or in some other way normal - when you walk out on the street, and you see a fat person, do not scoff at that fat person. Oh no! Take off your hat. Hold it over your heart. Lift your chin up high. And in a proud, happy voice say to him:

"Hail to thee, fat person! You kept us out of war!"

Allan Sherman

Totally Un-PC today, but I loved this one by Alan Sherman.

46 posted on 11/20/2003 7:55:54 AM PST by SAMWolf (100,000 lemmings can't be wrong.)
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To: HiJinx
Thanks HiJinx. I learned about a new battle today. Never heard of this one.

The author of this article postulates that the locals weren't very particular about whose army claimed the territory as long as they promised to keep the Apaches at bay!

I can believe that premise, they had other problems out West besides worrying about the War back East. A lot of people went west to get away from the problems back East in the first place.

47 posted on 11/20/2003 7:59:47 AM PST by SAMWolf (100,000 lemmings can't be wrong.)
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To: SAMWolf
I see you've had some Foxholers dropping in on your Poetry Thread.

Yes, thank you Sam, and I am very pleased about it. :-)

48 posted on 11/20/2003 8:02:22 AM PST by Soaring Feather (I have a sword in my hand. I am a poet bentfeather)
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To: SAMWolf
Well I know some people who are ALL they can to keep the peace. :-)
49 posted on 11/20/2003 8:02:34 AM PST by Valin (We make a living by what we get, we make a life by what we give.)
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To: Darksheare
"Resistance is futile...."
50 posted on 11/20/2003 8:02:44 AM PST by SAMWolf (100,000 lemmings can't be wrong.)
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To: Colonel_Flagg
Good morning Colonel. Good news brightens the day.



51 posted on 11/20/2003 8:03:06 AM PST by snippy_about_it (Fall in --> The FReeper Foxhole. America's History. America's Soul.)
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To: Valin; Colonel_Flagg; SAMWolf
1602 Otto von Guericke inventor (air pump)

This was important as I needed this invention to help keep my bicycle troops on the road. ;)

52 posted on 11/20/2003 8:04:37 AM PST by snippy_about_it (Fall in --> The FReeper Foxhole. America's History. America's Soul.)
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To: HiJinx
Thanks jinxy, I had no idea.
53 posted on 11/20/2003 8:05:05 AM PST by snippy_about_it (Fall in --> The FReeper Foxhole. America's History. America's Soul.)
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To: Valin
My mom would tell us stories about trying to get enough food during the war and being a kid I always wondered how my eating would help a starving kid somewhere else. Never looked at the stories as a "be thankful that you have food" lesson.
54 posted on 11/20/2003 8:05:17 AM PST by SAMWolf (100,000 lemmings can't be wrong.)
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To: SAMWolf
100,000 Lemmings can't be wrong???
The Borg, the IRS of Star Trek.
55 posted on 11/20/2003 8:05:30 AM PST by Darksheare (You think I'm innocent, not wild. Take me and see how much I'm tamed.)
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To: snippy_about_it
This was important as I needed this invention to help keep my bicycle troops on the road. ;)

ROTFLMAO!

56 posted on 11/20/2003 8:06:19 AM PST by SAMWolf (100,000 lemmings can't be wrong.)
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To: snippy_about_it; Colonel_Flagg

OH NO! It looks like Snippy's bicyclespankentruppen have come up with an up-gunned, up- armored, all terrain version!

57 posted on 11/20/2003 8:09:07 AM PST by SAMWolf (100,000 lemmings can't be wrong.)
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To: SAMWolf
Arrrgh. I can't see it until I get home. I don't understand the rhyme or reason why some sites are blocked from work and some not. Boo-hoo.
58 posted on 11/20/2003 8:19:52 AM PST by snippy_about_it (Fall in --> The FReeper Foxhole. America's History. America's Soul.)
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To: SAMWolf; snippy_about_it
Looks to me like that's Michael Palin driving it, too. LOL
59 posted on 11/20/2003 8:23:11 AM PST by Colonel_Flagg ("The difference between a violin and a viola is that a viola burns longer." -- Victor Borge)
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To: snippy_about_it; SAMWolf
Morning Glory Snip & Sam~

Sibley probably faced insurmountable odds. Besides miscalculating Union strength and fortitude, he faced cold weather, barren dry landscape, and a New Mexico Hispanic population that viewed Confederate forces as thieves. Whenever, he detached small scouting units they fell victim to raiding Apaches.

Oh well, Sibley's dream of San Francisco becoming a West Coast "Atlanta" will never be realized. But we can dream! ;o)

60 posted on 11/20/2003 8:24:29 AM PST by w_over_w (Is it possible to forget what's happening as it's happening?)
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