The FReeper Foxhole Remembers Roger McCollester & the Raid on Regensburg (2/25/1944)-Dec. 24th, 2003

www.flightjournal.com ^ | ROGER MCCOLLESTER

[SAMWolf]

Lord,

Keep our Troops forever in Your care

Give them victory over the enemy...

Grant them a safe and swift return...

Bless those who mourn the lost.
.

FReepers from the Foxhole join in prayer
for all those serving their country at this time.

...................................................................................... ...........................................

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Raid on Regensburg

In 1944, I was a 21-year-old kid and a long way from my hometown of Southport, Connecticut. The U.S. government had invested a ton of money, and one and a half years in training, and now entrusted me with a 10-man crew and a battle-ready B-24 Liberator that, in 1944 dollars, had cost $210,943 to build and equip. From the day I enlisted as an aviation cadet, until I found myself flying combat missions out of Italy, my life passed in a whirl, and I was dragged ever further from my youth. It seemed as if one moment I was trying to make gas money so that I could borrow my father's car for a date, and the next, I was pushing the throttles forward on more than 5,000 horsepower and was enveloped in a daily "game" of kill or be killed.

I was just one of the hundreds of thousands of airmen who knew we were part of a huge effort. As is the case in warfare, however, individual vision seldom sees the big picture. Our world was one small cockpit, and we could see only as far as our own squadron. I imagine it was the same for the ground pounders, but their cockpits were foxholes and their horizon was their rifle company.

My crew—back row (left to right): John Stack, waist gunner; Walter Harris, top turret/engineer; Bernard DiBattista, navigator; Ev Johnson, copilot; John Hannon, waist gunner; front row (left to right): Francis Hynes, ball-turret gunner; Troy Sprott, tail-turret gunner; Olin Hotchkiss, bombardier; Roger McCollester, pilot; and Slim Hughes, radio operator (photo courtesy of author).



It was hard for us to completely understand the enormity of what we were involved in. Heavy strategic bomb groups were poised in the north and south of Europe, like pit bulls eager to get at their prey. Hundreds of airfields in Britain and Italy were rapidly being supplied to equip the largest armed armada the world had seen before or has seen since. The goal was to smash Germany's ability to supply its war effort by obliterating oil refineries and major manufacturing and shipping centers.

One of the Allied Forces' prime targets was Regensburg, Germany. Regensburg and its environs were among the most strategically important areas in the entire Third Reich. It was a major manufacturing center of all types of military equipment, including ball bearings, fighter and bomber aircraft, tanks, trucks and artillery. In addition, the area harbored one of the largest synthetic-petroleum plants in Europe, and it was also a major railroad hub, with marshaling yards that were among the largest in Europe.

In addition to its large cadre of skilled labor, Regensburg was also a major center of higher learning and culture, especially in the performing arts. From every perspective, Regensburg and its suburbs were important to the Reich's war effort and, for this reason, the city was heavily defended with fighters and heavy antiaircraft batteries.


Just before Christmas 1943, our crew arrived in Tunisia to begin a month-long rigorous formation and combat training. Our B-24, Mac's Flophouse, saw us through many a mission but was lost in combat on May 10, 1944, when flown by another crew while we were on a well-deserved break (photo courtesy of author).

It was amazing how quickly we learned Germany's geography. A few months earlier, although I knew where Germany was, I had never heard of Regensburg. After a few weeks, however, I knew the names and locations of most of Germany's major towns and many of its smaller ones. That knowledge was part and parcel of being a round-trip tourist who couldn't stop to see the sights.

While we slept

The maintenance and ordnance boys almost never knew where the squadron would be headed. All they knew was that they would have to spend the night before every mission working their butts off. While they slaved, those who would fly the mission were also blissfully unaware of the next day's target. The 724th Bomb Squadron engineering officer and his men fueled and serviced the 20 aircraft of our squadron that were all parked in revetments on either side of the perimeter taxiway.


On February 25, 1944, the 451st BG was sent to Regensburg, Germany, to bomb the Prufening Aircraft Factory. One of several major plants that manufactured the Bf 109, it was just outside the city. The Group was awarded its first Distinguished Unit Citation for this raid (photo courtesy of the 451st BG via Bob Karstensen).

This was a huge job that had to be done very carefully because they dealt with tens of thousands of gallons of high-octane aircraft fuel. Every aspect of each airplane had to be attended to, including the oil tanks for each engine; there were four on each aircraft so, 80 engines in the squadron had to be topped off.

Once the aircraft had been serviced, the squadron armament officer and his detail took over. With heavy-duty prime movers and bomb trailers, they began the delicate process of loading the aircraft bomb bays with 12, 500-pound general-purpose (GP) bombs that carried instantaneous fuses that would explode on impact. Of course, these bombs weren't armed when they were loaded into the aircraft; once we were airborne and on the climb out to bombing altitude, the bombardier would arm them.

While the bombs were being loaded, other crews would thread the required thousands of rounds of .50-caliber ammunition into the gun turrets. It was backbreaking work for the ground personnel teams. They worked feverishly all night, right up until the aircrews boarded their aircraft, which was usually around 0430 hours, one hour before start engine time.

Time to wake up

On February 25 at 2:30 a.m., the duty officer stuck his head into our tent and yelled to wake us up.



"McCollester, we're ordered out on a maximum effort today; breakfast will be at 0300 hours; briefing in the War Room at 0400 hours."

"OK; thanks, but no thanks, Charlie. Can't we just sack out for another hour or so?"

"Come on, Mac; up and at ‘em!"

We all grumbled quietly as we struggled out of our cots in the dark. I looked over at my co-pilot, "Ev" Johnson. Lt. Evert M. Johnson was from West Hartford, Connecticut; prior to joining the Army Air Force, he majored in engineering at the University of New Hampshire. Our bombardier was Olin E. "Hotch" Hotchkiss from Oneonta, New York, and he was a teaching major at an upstate New York college. Navigator Bernard "Dibi" DiBattista from Cranford, New Jersey, was a graduate of Fordham College and Fordham Law School and was a practicing attorney before his National Guard unit was called to active duty in early 1941; he later transferred to the Army Air Force and graduated from navigation school. Our radio operator, and the oldest man on our crew, was Harold F. "Slim" Hughes, age 33. The engineer and top-turret gunner was Walter A. "Georgia" Harris, from Atlanta, Georgia, and he had the most pronounced Southern accent that I had ever heard. Our two waist gunners, John M. Hannon from Indianapolis, Indiana, and John L. Stack, from Phoenix, Arizona, the ball-turret gunner, Francis D. Hynes, from Portland, Oregon, and our tail-turret gunner, Troy O. Sprott, from Corsicana, Texas, completed our 10-man crew.

Group commander



Our group, the 451st, was to be the second group over the target. Our group commander, Col. Robert E.L. Eaton, would sit in the command seat in the lead aircraft of our lead squadron, which happened to be the 726th. Eaton had graduated from the Point and was an exemplary officer; in fact, I owe my life to him. He alone, with his firm discipline, his no-nonsense critiques and especially his insistence on close-formation training, allowed our group to incur relatively light casualties.

Col. Eaton's concept of tight formations coincided with the ideas of Gen. Ira C. Eaker of the 8th Air Force and Gen. Curtis LeMay, also of the 8th, and both close friends of his. The concentrated firepower of an attack unit's .50-caliber machine guns—10 to each aircraft; 200 for the 20 bombers of an attack unit—was a huge factor in keeping us alive. In a normal mission, we were certain that we were attacked less often than other groups because our very close formation made it obvious to the Luftwaffe ground controllers that our machine-gun coverage would be extremely dense and hard to penetrate safely. Therefore, they would instead vector their fighters toward the looser formations. On this occasion, we would be more vulnerable to attack because we would be the second group in the 15th Air Force to approach the enemy targets. In total, 76 bombers were going to the target.

The target for today is …

"
Regensburg - before the raids

As we milled around in the briefing room and found seats to drop into, we tried to ignore the curtain that hung over the blackboard at the front of the room. It covered the target for the day, and I'm sure that we were each silently praying for a milk run. Some targets were so heavily defended that we sometimes had nightmares about them. Others, by comparison, were walks in the park. The only clue we had that this would be a serious mission was that it had been described as a "maximum effort;" the high command only did that when they had someplace important they wanted removed from the map. If our commanders thought it was important, so would the German commanders, so a milk run was definitely out of the question.

The briefing officer pulled aside the curtain and 320 guys involuntarily sucked in a breath and quietly muttered "Oh, my God!" Our guts constricted with fear when we saw the target. The red string ran from our Italian bases to the Prufening Aircraft Factory, one of several major plants manufacturing the Bf 109—and it was just outside Regensburg. Regensburg! Just hearing the name told us we were virtually guaranteed a very tough mission with a high likelihood of heavy casualties.


Regensburg - after the raids

Briefing officers must have been carefully selected for their ability to deliver bad news in exactly the same tone of voice as they used when delivering good news. On this occasion, the briefing officer calmly told us we could expect to be met by at least 200 109s and 190s; they would be vectored in from bases all over southern Germany, and from what had formerly been known as Austria, but which Hitler had claimed and then renamed Ostmark. He tried to make us feel better by telling us that there would be 10 U.S. fighter squadrons and that 200 P-38s and P-47s would join our bomber stream over the Adriatic on the climb-out to altitude. On the one hand, we were happy to hear about the help, but on the other, we knew those fighters would have to leave us shortly after we crossed the German frontier at Brenner Pass. After that, we would be on our own, and the Germans knew that. So, the enemy fighters just waited until we were alone and then pounced on us by the hundreds.



Ball-turret gunner Hynes wrote in a recent letter to me his memory of his combat experiences: "I remember being attacked by a couple of 109s—one of the few times I actually fired the guns of our ball turret at the enemy. They came in about four o'clock and did not seem to be using any deflection as they came at us but were firing their 20mm cannon directly at us. I could see the guns flashing. I had done pretty well at gunnery school and thought I was a pretty good shot, but the speed at which they came in at us completely confused me; my training had not prepared me for this. From being a mere dot in the sky until they filled the window of the turret, their speed left me amazed. I could see the flashes of the 20mm cannon as they fired, but they were not using deflection when they should have been. Thus, two German fighter pilots and one American Liberator plane and its crew lived to fight another day. Those 109s had the yellow noses of Göring's own élite squadron. When it seemed as if they would crash into our plane, they flipped upside-down and dived straight down."

[SAMWolf]

Fighters weren't the real problem

We all hated fighters; but at least you could shoot back at them. Flak was the real enemy because while you were charging along, doing your best to fly close formation, some guy on the ground was using you as target practice, and there wasn't a damn thing you could do about it. Survival was simply a matter of being the luckiest duck in the shooting gallery, and the Regensburg area was one of the most intense shooting galleries on earth. It was defended by three concentric rings of gun emplacements comprising 600 heavy AA guns that ranged from 88mm to the more dangerous and radar-guided 110mm and 150mm. All of the guns had an accurate range up to 40,000 feet. The 88mm was used for barrage flak; they didn't aim at specific aircraft but tried instead to fill a given area—maybe a cubic mile on either side of the flight path—with explosions and shrapnel. The heavier 110mm and 150mm would accurately target specific aircraft or flights by radar. Regardless of the type of gun we faced, most of our survival depended on not being at the wrong place at the right time.

On those missions, when our group was in the middle of the entire bomber stream, we could easily spot our target 15 to 20 minutes before we reached the initial point (IP). The pillars of smoke from the bombs dropped by the aircraft ahead of us made the target stand out from miles away. If we were the lead group, we had to set up the run and pick the target for those who followed; the trick was to make the bomb run as short as it could be. During the run, we were absolutely stable; we wanted to give the flak gunners as little time as possible to aim their weapons accurately. Only when the bombs were away could we begin to take evasive action.

To hit our target from 25,000 feet, we had to maintain a very steady airspeed and a level attitude because a bomber is really nothing more than an artillery platform launching its shell in a vertical, rather than a horizontal, arc. While inbound to the IP and while on the bomb run, we would attempt to distort the German flak crews' estimate of our altitude by throwing aluminum-foil strips known as "window" out of our aircraft. The foil reflected the radar signals from the German 110mm and 150mm AA guns, thus giving a false altitude reading—we hoped! If these guns were allowed to lock on to our altitude, we would be absolutely hammered and would lose a lot of men and aircraft. A few planes might even suffer direct hits and then explode in a fireball that would throw debris through the rest of the formation.



If our altitude distortion efforts were successful, our aircraft would literally bounce up and down because of the regular AA battery bursts below us. We would then be hit only by metal shards that made jagged holes in our fuselage. Fortunately, because their momentum was largely spent, they did not penetrate the aircraft's heavy metal parts.

On one occasion while we bounced down "flak alley", the turbulence was so bad that our tail gunner's steel combat helmet was knocked over his eyes. At that instant exactly, a flak shard penetrated his turret, missed the heavy, bulletproof glass that protected him from direct rear shots, and dented his helmet right where his left eye was! How lucky! Had that helmet not been shaken over his eyes, he would have been killed instantly!



I, too, had a stroke of luck: I was the recipient of the entire top of a spent 88mm shell that had exploded far below our ship, but Ev and I had taken precautions to protect our genitals. Pilots' seats were protected on the rear and sides by a sarcophagus of half-inch armor plate, but nothing except the thin aluminum keel of our aircraft protected our vital parts. Cutting torch in hand, we had visited the old fighter junkyard at the northwest end of our airbase at Gioia del Colle. The Luftwaffe had dumped 109s there, and we had each cut a piece of armor plate out of the pilot's seat and later dropped it right under our pilot seat cushions. On our very next mission, the aforementioned 88mm shell hit the bottom of my seat, but it bounced off the armor plate. After that, my officers used the shell fragment as an ashtray—a very lucky ashtray!

Setting up the initial point



Our course to the target took us right over the island of Split and then straight across the central Adriatic, across the Italian coast just southeast of Venice, over Bolzano, the Brenner Pass and on to the initial point. From there, we held a specific compass heading for 1 minute, 45 seconds to our Prufening Aircraft Factory target. As on all bomb runs, those 105 seconds seemed like an eternity.

The bomb run

Ev and I had the job of maintaining tight formation; our wingtips overlapped our lead element aircraft by about ten feet. Flak burst all around us, but we had to concentrate on flying formation. It didn't do a damn bit of good to look at the explosions or even to worry about them, as we were helpless to do anything about them; but believe me, we knew they were there. The sound of our engines was deafening, but in spite of that, we could hear the 88mm shells through our headsets. The shells left puffs of gray smoke in the sky, and as the intensity of the barrage increased, our sphincters got tighter grips on our parachute cushions; anyone who says they weren't scared to death in these situations is a liar!



The movies may get the visuals right, but being there is something entirely different. In the first place, we were all kids who were facing our own mortality far earlier than we should have. Just flying close formation is dangerous enough. Right, left, up and down: other airplanes are only yards away. In the best of conditions, close-formation flying requires almost mind-numbing concentration; toss in the violent turbulence of flak and the difficult becomes nearly impossible. You're also fighting the controls and throttles to avoid sliding out of position. This is all stirred together by a thing called fear that, oddly enough, most of your mind forgets because you're doing your job so intently that there isn't time to think about it; your mind pushes the fear off to the side so you're able to deal with what is going on. If you make a mistake, you'll probably not only kill the ten men in your own crew but also those in the airplane you hit.

But there is no turning back! Our group—every one of the aircraft that arrived at the target area—plowed through this intense artillery barrage. It was the most dangerous part of the mission, and when we were most vulnerable. After a couple of eternities, our bombardier, Hotch, called out on the intercom, "Bombs away!" Sweeter words were never heard.

Going home



Immediately after "bombs away," our flight leader began strenuous evasive action and swung our flight to starboard and then suddenly to port, all the time varying our altitude. One moment we would be climbing, and in the next, we would be diving. Once past the outer ring of flak batteries, we settled down to our planned withdrawal, and we maintained 24,000 feet until we had crossed the Alps at the German/Austrian /Italian border. Then we set up a gradual descent on a southerly heading that would bring us down to 10,000 feet by the time we reached the Adriatic.

Shortly after we reached the Adriatic, several squadrons of our "little friends" joined us to provide top cover on the way home. Having survived the insanity over the target, I ran a quick head count over the intercom and found that my crew and our airplane had come through unscathed. Inside, I felt a silent prayer of thanks float upward. And my butt finally let go of the parachute.

A funny conclusion



In spite of very heavy fighter and flak opposition, we had succeeded in pasting the Prufening Aircraft Factory and had returned with minimum losses—six aircraft downed, and only five aircrew wounded enough to require hospitalization. Our critique by Eaton ended with some levity.

Col. Eaton's 1st pilot and crew commander on this maximum-effort mission was Capt. Sid Winski. Winski apparently had to relieve himself just prior to our arrival at the IP. Group commanders like Col. Eaton are not expected to fly the aircraft over the target; that just isn't their job! The first we heard of this "pit stop" was when Eaton was on stage during our post-mission critique addressing all group officers who had participated in the Regensburg mission. He suddenly turned, pointed at Winski, and said in a very loud voice: "Winski, the next time you have to relieve yourself on the bomb run, do it in your pants!" This was one of the funniest moments in our combat experience. You see, Eaton, though he had trained to fly Liberators, did not do so regularly, as did our crew commanders, including me. For Winski to expect Eaton to take over the controls while he emptied his bladder was asking a lot. But that isn't the end of the story.



Ignorant of the details, I thought that Winski had actually left his seat, attached the walk-around oxygen bottle to his mask and proceeded to the waist compartment and used the relief tube. Not until many years later, in September 1990, at the 451st Bomb Group Reunion at Fairmont Airbase, Nebraska—where we, the original cadre of our combat group, took our operational training—did I have an opportunity to learn more. It was there I talked with the then retired Gen. Eaton about it. I asked: "Gen. Eaton; do you remember the time that Winski excused himself just prior to the bomb run on a mission to Regensburg to relieve himself?" Gen. Eaton chuckled and smiled broadly as he replied: "Of course, I remember that incident very well, and I remember calling him down for it!"

"General, did Winski actually leave his seat to go to the waist-section relief tube?" The general laughed again—this time, very heartily.

"No, what he did was to remove his steel helmet, place it upside-down between his legs and then urinate into the helmet! However, because the liquid froze on contact, he couldn't get the helmet on again!" The general guffawed; I had never seen him laugh as much!



It's funny what we remember about life-and-death experiences. Maybe it's nature's way of protecting us from the darker parts.

[SAMWolf]

Additional Sources:

451bg.tripod.com
www.390th.org
users.rlc.net/catfish
www.af.mi
www.aviation-history.com
www.stenbergaa.com
www.multied.com
www.384thbombgroup.com
users.rlc.net/catfish
www.web-birds.com
www.stelzriede.com

[SAMWolf]

The Fightin' 451st!

The Men who flew with the 451st Bombardment Group (Heavy) during the dark days of W.W.II are not forgotten



Constituted as the 451st Bombardment Group (Heavy) on 6 Apr 1943. Activated on 1 May 1943. Prepared for combat with B-24's. Moved to the Mediterranean theater, Nov 1943-Jan 1944, with the air echelon training in Algeria for several weeks before joining the remainder of the group in Italy. Operated with Fifteenth AF, Jan 1944-May 1945, functioning primarily as a strategic bombardment organization . Attacked such targets as oil refineries, marshalling yards, aircraft factories, bridges, and airfields in Italy, France, German and Czechoslovakia, Austria, Hungary, Rumania, Bulgaria, Albania, and Greece. Received the DUC for each of three missions: to an aircraft factory at Regensburg on 25 Feb 1944, to oil refineries and marshalling yards at Ploesti on 5 Apr 1944, and to an airdrome at Vienna on 23 Aug 1944; although encountering large numbers of enemy fighters and sever anti-aircraft fire during each of these missions, the group fought its way through the opposition, destroyed many interceptors, and inflicted serious damage on the assigned targets. At times the group also flew support and interdictory missions. Helped to prepare the way for and participated on the invasion of Southern France in Aug 1944. Transported supplied to troops in Italy during Sep 1944. Supported the final advances of Allied armies in northern Italy in Apr 1945. Returned to the US in Jun 1945. Inactivated on 26 Sep 1945.

Squadrons:

724th 1943-1945
725th 1943-1945
726th 1943-1945
727th 1943-1945

Stations:

Davis-Monthan Field, AR: 1 May 1943
Dyersburg AAFld, TN: 3 Jun 1943
Wendover Field, UT: 18 Jul 1943
Fairmont AAFld, NE: 9 Sep
Gioia del Colle, Italy: 20 Jan 1944
San Pancrazio, Italy: 5 Mar 1944
Castelluccio Airfield, Italy: 6 Apr 1944
Dow Field, ME: 19 Jun 1945

Commanders:

Col Robert E. L. Eaton: 1 May 1943
Col James B. Knapp: 19 Sep 1944
Col Leroy L. Stefonowicz: Dec 1944
Maj William H. McGuire: unkn-16 Sep 1945

Campaigns:

Air Combat, EAME Theater
Air Offensive, Europe; Rome-Arno; Normandy; Northern France; Southern France; North Apennines; Rhineland; Central Europe; Po Valley

Decorations:

Distinguished Unit Citations:

Regensburg, Germany, 25 Feb 1944
Ploesti, Romania, 5 Apr 1944
Austria, 23 Aug 1944

Miscellaneous:

The 451st Bombardment Group was the only 15th Army Airforce group to earn 3 Distinguished Unit Citations while assigned to the 15th AAF (another group also earned three DUCs, however one was earned with the 8th AAF)

The total tonnage dropped by the 451st was not the highest in the 15th AAF, however the 451st Bomb Group achieved the highest overall bombing score in the 15th AAF.

The 451st Bomb Group was the only group in the entire European Theater to achieve an non-disrupted perfect mission.

Personal decorations are listed as:

1 Distinguished Service Cross
9 Legions of Merits
25 Silver Stars
320 Distinguished Flying Crosses
1 British Flying Medal
280 Purple Hears
over 6,300 Air Medals
52 Soldier Medals
Over 100 Bronze stars

The 451st Bomb Group was one of the most highly decorated groups in the 15th Army Air Force.

The 451st Bomb Group was also one of the most battered. In 216 missions 135 B-24s were lost.

[SAMWolf]

Veterans for Constitution Restoration is a non-profit, non-partisan educational and grassroots activist organization. The primary area of concern to all VetsCoR members is that our national and local educational systems fall short in teaching students and all American citizens the history and underlying principles on which our Constitutional republic-based system of self-government was founded. VetsCoR members are also very concerned that the Federal government long ago over-stepped its limited authority as clearly specified in the United States Constitution, as well as the Founding Fathers' supporting letters, essays, and other public documents.

---

Tribute to a Generation - The memorial will be dedicated on Saturday, May 29, 2004.

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Actively seeking volunteers to provide this valuable service to Veterans and their families.

---

[Soaring Feather]

Good morning everyone in The FOXHOLE.

[SAMWolf]

Hi Feather.

[Soaring Feather]

I ain't talking to Tom again!
Good nite Ma.

[Soaring Feather]

Sorry about that last post!
OMG I have to go to bed!!!!!!!!!!!

[SAMWolf]

LOL! Wrong thread?

[radu]

Good morning to all at the Foxhole!

Hello to our service men and women, past and present!
THANK YOU for serving the USA!

Ah HA! I see ms. feather beat me in this morning. SHE gets the worm! LOL!

[radu]

LOL! Wrong thread?

I see I'm not the only one who's done that. *giggle*

[snippy_about_it]

FALL IN to the FReeper Foxhole!



Good Wednesday Morning Everyone

If you would like added to our ping list let us know.

[E.G.C.]

Good morning, snippy and everyone at the Freeper Foxhole.

Folks, be sure to update your anti-virus and get the latest critical updates for your computer.

[snippy_about_it]

Ladies having a little too much holiday cheer? LOL.

Good morning. I don't know how y'all do it, staying up at such hours, I have to sleep sometime.

[Darksheare]

Flash frozen helmet lining.
Great...

[Darksheare]

Yeah.. I done that too a few times..

[Darksheare]

I'm in.
And laughing..

[snippy_about_it]

Good morning Darksheare, I'm late and heading out the door to work, see you later.

[Darksheare]

Morning.
Good luck and safe travel.

[CholeraJoe]

Thanks for the Airpower Thread, SAM and snippy!

[snippy_about_it]

Good morning Sam, good read this morning, I like the way this guy told his story. Serious yet lighthearted. The first paragragh clearly shows how these young men were just "ordinary" youngsters thrown into adulthood very quick.

I'm so glad they were smart enough to protect what was near and dear to them. LOL.

[snippy_about_it]

Good morning EGC. Cold and blustery here in Ohio this morning.

[snippy_about_it]

[The Mayor]

I am the light of the world. He who follows Me shall not walk in darkness, but have the light of life. —John 8:12

Without the light of Jesus, we would be in the dark about God.

[snippy_about_it]

Good morning Mayor. Happy Christmas Eve day.

[Darksheare]

Merry Christmas

[Valin]

On This Day In History


Birthdates which occurred on December 24:
0003 -BC- Servius Sulpicius Galba 6th Roman emperor (68-69)
1167 John "Lackland" Plantagenet, king of England (1199-1216)
1714 Rainieri De Calzabigi Italian's literary (1st European Lottery)
1745 Benjamin Rush, Byberry Pa, physician/general/signer (Declaration of Independence)
1809 Kit (Christopher) Carson (frontiersman: subject of adventure novels; fur trapper, guide, American Indian agent and brevet Union general)
1818 James Prescott Joule, physicist (discovered conservation of energy)
1868 Emanuel Lasker, Germany, world chess champion (1894-21)
1905 I.F. (Isidor Feinstein) Stone (journalist)
1922 Ava Gardner Grabtown NC, actress (On the Beach, Night of the Iguana)
1940 Jorma Kaukonen rock guitarist/vocalist (Jefferson Airplane, Hot Tuna)
1940 Paul Tagliabue NFL commissioner (1989- )
1944 Mike Curb (music executive: producer: Oscar-winner You Light Up My Life)
1950 John Matuszak (football: Oakland Raiders defensive end: Super Bowls XI, XIV)

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Deaths which occurred on December 24:
1524 Vasco da Gama Portuguese explorer/viceroy of Cochin India, dies at about 55
1863 W M Thackeray writer, dies at 52
1869 Edwin M[cMasters] Stanton US Secretary of War (1861-65), dies at 55
1942 Admiral Jean Darlan French naval officer is murdered
1979 Rudi [Rudolf] Dutschke German student leader, dies at 39
1980 Karl Dönitz German great admiral/Führer (1945), dies at 89
1984 Peter Lawford actor, dies of cardiac arrest at 61
1991 Walter Hudson 1,025 lb man, dies at 46
1992 Pierre Culliford [Peyo] Belgian cartoonist (Smurfs), dies at 64
1993 Norman Vincent Peale rev (Power of Positive Thinking), dies at 95
1994 John Eastburn Boswell medievalist, dies at 47
1994 Rossano Brazzi Italian resistance fight/actor (Final Justice), dies at 78
1996 Nguyen Huu Tho President of Vietnam (1980-81), dies
1996 Peter Dormer arts writer, dies at 47
1997 Alan Fluck musical educationalist, dies at 69
1997 Toshiro Mifune Japanese actor (Shogun), dies at 77

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Reported: MISSING in ACTION

1965 CHRISTIANO JOSEPH---ROCHESTER NY.
[MAYDAY HEARD SEARCH NEG]
1965 COLWELL WILLIAM K.---GLENCOVE NY.
[MAYDAY HEARD SEARCH NEG]
1965 EILERS DENNIS L.---CEDAR RAPIDS IA.
[MAYDAY HEARD SEARCH NEG]
1965 HASSENGER ARDEN K.---LEBANON OR.
[MAYDAY HEARD SEARCH NEG]
1965 JEFFORDS DERRELL B.---PHOENIX AZ.
[MAYDAY SEARCH NEG]
1965 THORNTON LARRY C---IDAHO FALLS ID.
[MAYDAY HEARD SEARCH NEG]
1967 POWERS VERNIE H.---BALTIMORE MD.
1968 BROWNLEE CHARLES R.---ALAMOSA CO.
1970 LUNDY ALBRO L. JR.---SHERMAN OAKS CA.
1971 FINN WILLIAM R.---METAIRIE LA.
1971 TUCKER TIMOTHY M.---LAS ANIMAS CO.
1972 CLARK PHILLIP S. JR.---FAIRCHILD AFB WA.
[GOOD CHUTE AND VOICE CONTACT REMAINS RETURNED 03/88]
1972 JACKSON PAUL V. III---HAMPTON VA.
1972 RIESS CHARLES F.---EAST ST. LOUIS IL.
[03/28/73 RELEASED BY PL]

POW / MIA Data & Bios supplied by
the P.O.W. NETWORK. Skidmore, MO. USA.

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On this day...
0640 John IV begins his reign as Catholic Pope
1046 Pope Clement II [Suitger] elected
1294 Cardinal Benedetto Gaetani chosen as Pope Boniface VIII
1476 400 Burgundy soldiers freeze to death during siege of Nancy
1515 Thomas Wolsey appointed English Lord Chancellor
1638 The Ottomans under Murad IV recapture Baghdad from Safavid Persia.
1724 Benjamin Franklin arrives in London
1799 Jacobin plot against Napoleon uncovered
1851 Fire devastates Library of Congress in Washington, destroys 35,000 volumes
1861 The USS Gem of the Sea destroys the British blockade runner Prince of Wales off the coast at Georgetown, S.C
1889 Daniel Stover & William Hance patent bicycle with back pedal brake
1893 Henry Ford completes his 1st useful gas motor
1904 German SW Africa abolishes slavery of young children
1906 Reginald A Fessenden became 1st to broadcast music over radio (Massachusetts)
1941 1st ships of Admiral Nagumo's Pearl Harbor-fleet return to Japan
1942 1st powered flight of V-1 buzz bomb, Peenemünde, Germany
1943 FDR appoints General Eisenhower supreme commander of Allied forces
1946 4th French republic established
1946 US General MacNarney gives 800,000 "minor nazis" amnesty
1956 African Americans defy a city law in Tallahassee, Florida, and occupy front bus seats.
1963 New York's Idlewild Airport is renamed JFK Airport in honor of the murdered President Kennedy.
1964 Shooting begins on "The Cage", the pilot for Star Trek
1966 Luna 13 lands on Moon
1991 Mikhail Gorbachev resigns as head of the Soviet Union
1992 President Bush pardons Caspar Weinberger of Iran-contra affair
1994 4 Moslem fundamentalists capture Air France pilot in Algiers
1996 The streets of Belgrade, Yugoslavia, turned violent as demonstrators traded blows with supporters of President Slobodan Milosevic and then were clubbed by riot police.
1997 1st time a Channukah candle is officially lit in Vatican City

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Holidays
Note: Some Holidays are only applicable on a given "day of the week"

Laos : Sovereignty Day (1954)
Libya : Independence Day (1951)

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Religious Observances
Christian : Christmas Eve
Roman Catholic : Commemoration of St Sharbel Makhlouf, Lebanese monk, hermit
Jewish : Hanukkah-Festival of Lights

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Religious History
1784 Methodism was officially organized in the newlyÂindependent United States of America, in Baltimore. Francis Asbury was consecrated the first Methodist bishop, a few days later.
1818 In St. Nicholas Church at Oberndorf, Austria, church organist Franz Gruber, 31, composed a melody on guitar for the poem, "Stille Nacht," written earlier by pastor Joseph Mohr, 26. This evening the world heard "Silent Night" sung for the very first time.
1871 The Northside Tabernacle in Chicago was dedicated by evangelist Dwight L. Moody. It became the original structure of what is today the Moody Memorial Church.
1943 German theologian and Nazi martyr Dietrich Bonhoeffer wrote in a letter from prison: 'Gratitude changes the pangs of memory into a tranquil joy.'
1951 "Amahl and the Night Visitors," a Christmas musical, had its TV debut. Written by composer Gian Carlo Menotti, it was the first musical to be broadcast over television.

Source: William D. Blake. ALMANAC OF THE CHRISTIAN CHURCH. Minneapolis: Bethany House, 1987.

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Thought for the day :
"The wise shepherd never trusts his flock to a smiling wolf."

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Question of the day...
If peanut butter cookies are made from peanut butter, then what are Girl Scout cookies made out of?

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Murphys Law of the day...(Golden Principle)
Nothing will be attempted if all possible objections must first be overcome.

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Amazing Fact #91...
Pinocchio is Italian for "pine head."

[The Mayor]

Merry Christmas eve to you too..

[snippy_about_it]

Nothing will be attempted if all possible objections must first be overcome.

Important to remember!

[Soaring Feather]

Good morning snippy!! LOL

What a joke on me!!

[Soaring Feather]

Hi Darksheare!!

Here I am red faced and all! LOL

[snippy_about_it]

LOL. Don't worry about it, we got a good laugh though! What do you expect at 3 am!

[Valin]

Indeed.

Note: I will be away from home tomorrow so This Day In History will not be posted.

Here's hoping everyone has a very merry Christmas!

[Darksheare]

Heck, remember when I posted the Evanescence lyrics on the wrong thread?
I don't normally blush like that, BUT...

[SAMWolf]

Good Morning Radu.

[SAMWolf]

Good morning Snippy.

[SAMWolf]

Morning E.G.C. Thanks for the weekly reminder.

[Valin]

And now for todays good news
Korean (War) P.O.W. Escapes N. Korean to China--Being Held--May Be Deported BACK To N. Korea!!
http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/1046054/posts

Scroll down to reply #2.

[SAMWolf]

Morning Darksheare.

[SAMWolf]

Morning CholeraJoe.

[SAMWolf]

Hi Mayor.

[CholeraJoe]

[SAMWolf]

1942 1st powered flight of V-1 buzz bomb, Peenemünde, Germany

A Spitfire pilot in pursuit of a V-1 Doodlebug flying bomb low over the southern English countryside.

[SAMWolf]

Enjoy your Christmas, Valin.

[SAMWolf]

Thanks Valin.

Can you even begin to imagine what this man's life has been like? What a Christmas present!

[SAMWolf]

Merry Christmas CholeraJoe. Love your "Boys"

[snippy_about_it]

[snippy_about_it]

'joe', You're not dressing up those poor pups are you? LOL.

Like your hat!

[snippy_about_it]

Merry Christmas Valin, we'll see you the day after. Enjoy!

[Professional Engineer]

Awesome. I really enjoy reading about the bombing missions of the 8th and 15th Air Forces. Thanks.