In 1971, Iraq began research into chemical weapons at a small site in Rashad, northeast of Baghdad. Through the 1970s, development continued at another site, known as al-Muthanna, where chemical agents were both produced and weaponized. These efforts bore fruit just in time for the Iran-Iraq war in the 1980s, when chemical weapons were used on several occasions. But there is no "smoking gun." Biological warfare research was underway as long ago as the mid-1970s, at the Salman Pak site 35 kilometres south of Baghdad. It was the appointment of Dr. Rihab Taha as head of research in 1985, however,...