I bought this book in May, and having started it up tonight with some cherry picking, it looks like something I'm going to read in entire.
The Future of the Past
Archaeology in the 21st Century
by Eberhard Zangger
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50 Ancient Tombs Uncovered (1400BC, Crete)
Good info...I notice they didn't assign a new date to the Santorini eruption.
I wonder what caused the 1628 ice core spike?
Interesting.
Interestingly enough, Manning cites Lesson 17: Akrotiri on Thera which, while it toes the line regarding the current dating fictions, also notes that:Bronze Age Myths?A first rule of statistics is that the existence of a correlation does not itself prove a causal connection... This paper examines some of the available evidence for these two Bronze Age 'catastrophes', the one real and in need of a calendar date, the other hypothesized on archaeological grounds and dated by a tenuous link through tree rings to an Icelandic volcano... Despite several cautionary comments from both archaeologists (Manning 1988; Warren 1988) and geologists (Pyle 1989; 1990), the 1628 BC date, or one close to it, continues to be accepted (e.g. Michael and Betancourt 1988), without questioning why the effects of the Santorini eruption should be especially recognizable in the ice-core and tree-ring sequences. Large-scale explosive volcanic activity is common on a global scale (Zielinski et al. 1996), and so before accepting the possibility that the Santorini eruption can be recognized by unusual perturbations in the regional records of ice-cores or tree-rings, the case for its distinctive character must be proved.
Volcanic Activity and Human Response
in the Mediterranean and North Atlantic Region
Paul C. Buckland
Andrew J. Dugmore
Kevin J. Edwards
Antiquity Vol. 71 (1997), pp. 581-593.The Thera (Santorini) Volcanic Eruption and...It is argued that the key Late Minoan IA period, the high point of the Minoan civilisation, was not, as conventionally held, contemporary (even in part) with the New Kingdom (18th Dynasty) of Egypt, nor the Late Bronze 1 phase of the Levant. Instead, the Late Minoan IA period in the Aegean is linked with the late Middle Bronze Age of Syria-Palestine, the Second Intermediate (Hyksos) Period of Egypt, and the Late Cypriot IA period of Cyprus. This is an important realignment of cultural synchronisations. The high point of Crete should be considered in terms of the dominant Canaanite trading system of the late Middle Bronze Age, and not New Kingdom Egypt...
the Absolute Chronology of the Aegean Bronze Age
by Sturt W. Manning
Appendix 2: Why the standard chronologies are approximately correct, and why radical re-datings are therefore incorrect.
"More recently, the vulcanologists have claimed that the Santorini caldera formed quite gradually and that a tidal wave, if indeed there was one at all, would not have been on anything like the scale envisaged by Marinatos and other proponents of the link between the Theran volcano and the sudden decline of Neopalatial Crete."Gotta go for now.
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The Future of the Past
Archaeology in the 21st Century
by Eberhard Zangger
Pumice floats; contrary to what some seemed to have claimed, there do not exist cubic kilometers of pumice stone from Thera; the ashfall is generally believed to have been carried SE by the winds.
The Future of the Past:
Archaeology in the 21st Century
by Eberhard Zangger
Austrian archaeologists in their excavations at Auaris on the Nile Delta have actually found a large quantity of pumice stone, which undoubtedly came from Thera. The stratification of the layers in which the pumice stone was found indicates a time around 1500 BC, between the reign-periods of the pharaohs Ahmose and Thutmosis III. [pp 50-51]
The Minoan ash and pumice layers are, by comparison, decidedly thin, and, in addition, they do not by any means cover the whole of the island group. [p 297]
IOW, this supposed huge eruption left its traces far more recently than the 1620s BC. Here are some of Bietak's Minoan finds, from "Minoan Wall-Paintings unearthed at Ancient Avaris":Addenda and Corrections to "The Exodus Chronicles"Recently, in relation to his ongoing excavation at Tell el Daba, which he believes to be the site of ancient Avaris, Manfred Bietak has rescinded his former assertion that the stratum in which Minoan artifacts, decorations and volcanic pumice were discovered belongs to the time of the pharaoh, Ahmose I. Bietak now concludes this stratum can be assigned to the reign of Thutmose III, instead. Bietak also dates the eruption of Thera to ca. 1500 BCE, in light of his new theory, and takes issue with those who place the cataclysmic event to about 130 years earlier. In brief, Bietak now wishes to eliminate any chronological problems connected with his newer theory. Even if he is correct and there was no volcanic blast in the Aegean at the time of King Ahmose, there still remains the unaccountably bad weather and flooding during his reign, as recorded by himself.
by Marianne Luban
And then there is the interesting premise of the Thera volcano devastation while a "Tethmosis" was pharaoh, two disasters having then occurred within a half century--or less.
Minoan art was widely popular during the heyday of that civilization. Here's a formerly prosperous site with a history of occupation stretching from the Middle Kingdom, through the Hyksos / 2nd IP, into the New Kingdom.Gallery 1
Gallery 2
Gallery 3
Helmi, EzbetFormerly called Tell el-Qirqafa. Amsterdam University survey of 1984 noted the presence of a quartzite block in the village, measuring 100 x (75+) x 17cm, pierced by a central square shaft. This site was probably the location of the Djadu of the 12th dynasty, found by Labib Habachi. Now the site is the focus of a major excavation by the Austrian Institute, working under cultivated fields some 800 metres west of their excavations at Tell ed-Daba. Major discoveries include Minoan wall paintings, an Eighteenth Dynasty palace, a Hyksos palace and water-supply system.
Fire in the Sea:
The Santorini Volcano:
Natural History and the Legend of Atlantis
by Walter L. Friedrich
tr by Alexander R. McBirney
first quarter 2005 bump:
Linear B Tablets and Mycenaean Social, Political, and Economic Organization
Lesson 25, The Prehistoric Archaeology of the Aegean
Revised: Friday, March 18, 2000 | Trustees of Dartmouth College
Posted on 08/29/2004 8:19:46 PM PDT by SunkenCiv
http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/chat/1202723/posts
Hebrews, Israelites, Jews
PROBLEMS WITH MT. SINAI IN SAUDI ARABIA
Compiled by Brad Sparks
http://www.ldolphin.org/sinai.html
A diagnosis for a biblical plague?
Tomb could hold clue to Moses legend
By Charles M. Sennott
The Boston Globe
May 18, 2005
Article Last Updated: 11/26/2004 11:47:21 PM
http://www.sltrib.com/faith/ci_2475207
The Reality of Ancient Catastrophism
The Cydonia Files | November 7, 2001 | Joe Schembrie
Posted on 11/07/2001 9:12:46 AM PST by JoeSchem
http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/565860/posts
Biblical Plagues and Parting of Red Sea caused by Volcano
News.telegraph.co.uk | 11/11/02 | John Petre
Posted on 11/11/2002 12:44:06 PM PST by Betty Jane
http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/786902/posts
Scientist Defends Account Of Exodus
Washington Post | 4-10-2003 | Richard N. Ostling
Posted on 04/11/2003 1:52:30 PM PDT by blam
http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/891225/posts
Moses' Egyptian Name
Biblical Archaeology | 5-30-2003 | Ogden Goelet
Posted on 05/30/2003 11:32:54 AM PDT by blam
http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/920412/posts
Digging Out The Truth Of Exodus
USN&WR | 10-20-2003 | Helen Fields
Posted on 10/12/2003 10:27:46 AM PDT by blam
http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/999861/posts
Tomb May Shed Light On 10th Plague
Boston Globe | 11-23-2004 | Charles M. Sennott
Posted on 11/23/2004 6:11:43 PM PST by blam
http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/1287173/posts
The Ten Lost Tribes: The Case for Afghanistan, Kashmir, and Pakistan
Moshiach.com | current | moshiach.com
Posted on 09/24/2001 8:53:22 AM PDT by xzins
http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/531159/posts
Egyptian Jurists Sue 'The Jews' for Compensation...
of Gold Allegedly Stolen During Exodus from Egypt
Memri.org | 8/09/03 | Dr. Nabil Hilmi,
Dean of the Faculty of Law at the University of Al-Zaqaziq
Posted on 08/21/2003 12:48:59 PM PDT by adam_az
http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/news/968120/posts
13th Century Tablet Could Lead To Lost Archives Of Ramses II
ABC News | 9-27-2003
Posted on 09/28/2003 9:31:05 AM PDT by blam
http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/news/991032/posts
Nefertiti's 'Love Affair' With Moses to Hit the Silver Screen
Yahoo News! | Fri Apr 8
Posted on 04/08/2005 4:21:11 PM PDT by nickcarraway
http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/1380126/posts
3rd Millennium BC
Slam, bang, thanks Saddam: new meteor theory
The Sunday Telegraph via Sydney Morning Herald | 11/06/01 | Robert Matthews
Posted on 11/05/2001 7:38:35 AM PST by dead
http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/564185/posts
Meteor Clue To End Of Middle East Civilisations
The Telegraph (UK) | 11-04-2001 | Robert Matthews
Posted on 01/03/2002 10:50:09 PM PST by blam
http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/601395/posts
A Catastrophical Scenario For Discontinuities In Human History
Journal of New England Antiquities Research Association, 26, 1-14, 1991
First version published in 1985 as Quaderno 85/3
Emilio Spedicato - University of Bergamo
Posted on 04/19/2002 12:42:27 PM PDT by vannrox
http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/news/669263/posts
Comets, Meteors & Myth: New Evidence For Toppled Civilizations And Biblical Tales
Science Tuesday/Space.com | 11-13-2002 | Robert Roy Brit
Posted on 08/11/2002 5:32:56 PM PDT by blam
http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-chat/731502/posts
Evidence for Major Impact Events in the late Third Millennium BC
Evidence of Astronomical Aspects of Mankind's Past and Recent Climate Homepage
FR Post 9-4-2 | Timo Niroma
Posted on 09/04/2002 4:48:54 PM PDT by vannrox
http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/744698/posts
2nd Millennium BC
Sodom and Gomorrah are 'found at bottom of Dead Sea'
Source: Electronic Telegraph
Published: Sunday 26 March 2000 Author: By Jonathan Petre
Posted on 03/25/2000 20:24:34 PST by ironwill
http://www.freerepublic.com/forum/a38dd9102796f.htm
Scientists uncover Sodom's fiery end
Source: BBC
Published: 18 August 2001 Author: Andrew Craig
Posted on 08/18/2001 11:32:11 PDT by AdrianZ
http://www.freerepublic.com/forum/a3b7eb4ab1456.htm
1st Millennium BC
Satellite Images 'Show Atlantis'
BBC | 6-6-2004 | Paul Rincon
Posted on 06/06/2004 10:00:25 AM PDT by blam
http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/1148579/posts
AD
Catastrophic event preceded Dark Ages - scientist
Source: Reuters
Posted on 09/08/2000 10:06:44 PDT by VadeRetro
http://www.freerepublic.com/forum/a39b91ca42b27.htm
Warmer Periods In Alaska
Source: ScienceDaily.com
Published: 8-21-2001 Author: Hu, Brown & Engstrom
Posted on 08/21/2001 16:02:08 PDT by blam
http://www.freerepublic.com/forum/a3b82e8702a92.htm
The Dark Ages: Were They Darker Than We Imagined?
Universe | Sept 99 | Greg Bryant
Posted on 09/24/2002 11:18:33 AM PDT by blam
http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/chat/756422/posts
Evidence Of Tunguska-Type Impacts Over The Pacific Basin Around The Year 1178 AD
SIS Conference | Emilio Spedicato
Posted on 01/26/2003 9:36:14 AM PST by blam
http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/news/829934/posts
Astronomers unravel a mystery of the Dark Ages
EurekAlert | 3-Feb-2004 | Dr Derek Ward-Thompson
Posted on 02/03/2004 2:54:24 PM PST by ckilmer
http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/1070892/posts
Is Yahweh punishing the enemies of Israel with natural disasters?
Posted on 02/01/2005 5:38:05 AM PST by BlackJack
http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/1333341/posts
Treasure from the Deep: Drinking Water
BusinessWeek | MAY 1, 2003 | Jane Black
Posted on 05/02/2003 6:24:55 PM PDT by Willie Green
http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/904913/posts
Santorini tephra from Rhodes
C. Doumas & L. Papazoglou
Department of Antiquities
National Archaeological Museum
Tositsa 1, Athens, Greece
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v287/n5780/abs/287322a0.html
"We describe here recent excavations at lalysos (Trianda) on Rhodes which have produced further evidence of the southeasterly distribution of the Thera tephra. Although a considerable amount of this tephra has been found there, this does not seem to have affected the continuity of life at the settlement, corroborating the view that the ash fall over Crete would have had little, if any, effect."
Oooh, a link here found somewhere else:
http://www.factbites.com/topics/1620s-BC
Mostly I'm updating the GGG information, and therefore not sending a general distribution.Akrotiri on Thera, the Santorini Volcano[T]he simple facts are that the great earthquake which badly damaged Akrotiri is to be dated quite early in LM IA (either ca. 1650 or ca. 1560 B.C.?), that the entire town was buried in meters of volcanic ash still within the LM IA period (ca. 1625 or ca. 1550/1540 B.C.?), and that the wave of destructions (most of them including fires) which defines the end of the Neopalatial period on Crete and to which the palaces at Mallia, Phaistos, and Zakro all fell victim cannot be dated earlier than LM IB (ca. 1480/1470 B.C.?). Hood [TAW I (1978) 681-690] claims that clear evidence of the earthquake which so severely damaged Akrotiri before the town was buried is to be found at several sites on Crete where it is clearly dated to LM IA. More importantly, tephra from the later eruption of the Theran volcano has been found within the past decade in LM IA contexts on Rhodes (at Trianda) and Melos (at Phylakopi) as well as on Crete itself, ample confirmation that the eruption preceded the LM IB destruction horizon on Crete by a significant amount of time. Thus no direct correlation can be established between the Santorini volcano and the collapse of Neopalatial Minoan civilization.
and the Middle and Late Cycladic Periods
in the Central Aegean Islands
Bronze Age Aegean chap 17
Trustees of Dartmouth College
Revised: Friday, March 18, 2000
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Geoarchaeology:p 158-159 -- "Artifacts from Akrotiri, linked to the Egyptian calendar [sic] put the Thera eruption at more than a hundred years later [than 1644 +/- 20 BC]. While the controversy remains open, it is our view that the volcanic activity recorded in the Greenland ice core more likely came from nearby Iceland than from the eastern Mediterranean (this may be testable by any chemical signature).
The Earth-Science Approach to Archaeological Interpretation
by George (Rip) Rapp, Jr. and Christopher L. Hill
p 166 -- "Living samples from a freshwater lake on limestone terrain have been known to give a radiocarbon date of up to 1600 BP."Debate erupts anew:In 1939, Spyridon Marinatos, a Greek archaeologist, proposed that the eruption wrecked Minoan culture on Thera and Crete. He envisioned the damage as done by associated earthquakes and tsunamis. While geologists found tsunamis credible, they doubted the destructive power of Thera's earthquakes, saying volcanic ones tend to be relatively mild... Despite the power of Thera, the Danish scientists' evidence raised doubts about its links to the Minoan decline. Their date for Thera's explosion, 1645 B.C., based on frozen ash in Greenland, is some 150 years earlier than the usual date. Given that the Minoan fall was usually dated to 1450 B.C., the gap between cause and effect seemed too large. Another blow landed in 1989 when scholars on Crete found, above a Thera ash layer, a house that had been substantially rebuilt in the Minoan style. It suggested at least partial cultural survival. By 1996, experts like Jeremy Rutter, head of classics at Dartmouth, judged the chronological gap too extreme for any linkage. "No direct correlation can be established" between the volcano and the Minoan decline, he concluded.
Did Thera's explosion
doom Minoan Crete?
William J. Broad NYT
Thursday, October 23, 2003
more about irrelevant radiocarbon results:
ARCHAEOLOGY: New Carbon Dates Support Revised History of Ancient Mediterranean
Science Magazine | 4/28/2006 | Michael Balter
Posted on 04/27/2006 7:59:30 PM EDT by Lessismore
http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/1622847/posts
Olive branch solves a Bronze Age mystery
Yahoo/MSNBC (Science) | 3:04 p.m. ET April 27, 2006 | Kathleen Wren
Posted on 04/28/2006 8:59:40 AM EDT by The_Victor
http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/1623102/posts
Debate Erupts Anew: Did Thera's Explosion Doom Minoan Crete?
International Herald Tribune | 10-23-2003 | William J. Broad
Posted on 10/23/2003 5:47:33 PM EDT by blam
http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/news/1006850/posts
Carbon 12 is enhanced compared with isotopic carbon in plants grown in volcanic soils, which are lousy with C12, [characterization deleted]s.Volcanic eruptions' effect on vegetationVolcanic eruptions may reduce the amount of isotopic carbon in vegetation, according to an analysis of the effect of historical eruptions on oak trees. Ogle et al. report on the chronology of carbon 13 records seen in a pair of Irish oaks through several major eruptions in the 18th and 19th centuries. The authors studied meteorological data from observatories in northern Europe and found a significant reduction in the carbon content stored inside the trees, which they attribute to the effects of the eruptions. The researchers suggest that airborne material spewed into the atmosphere from the eruptions likely decreased the amount of sunlight reaching the trees, which in turn hindered leaf formation and reduced the amount of carbon 13 absorbed from the air. They note that such soot and ash could remain in the atmosphere for several years, where it could be transported around the globe and affect incoming solar radiation and affect plant growth worldwide.
after Neil Ogle, Chris S. M. Turney,
Robert M. Kalin, Louise O'Donnell,
C. John Butler
Archaeologists Rewrite Timeline Of Bronze And Iron Ages, Alphabet
Cornell University | 12-19-2001 | Blaine P. Friedlander Jr.
Posted on 12/24/2001 8:04:31 AM EST by blam
http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/596279/posts
So Who Is Buried in Midas’s Tomb?
NYT | 12/25/2001 | John Noble Wilford
Posted on 12/25/2001 1:12:01 AM EST by a_Turk
http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/596541/posts
Debate Erupts Anew: Did Thera’s Explosion Doom Minoan Crete?
International Herald Tribune | 10-23-2003 | William J. Broad
Posted on 10/23/2003 5:47:33 PM EDT by blam
http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/news/1006850/posts
ARCHAEOLOGY: New Carbon Dates Support Revised History of Ancient Mediterranean
Science Magazine | 4/28/2006 | Michael Balter
Posted on 04/27/2006 7:59:30 PM EDT by Lessismore
http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/1622847/posts
[particularly message 25]
Olive branch solves a Bronze Age mystery
Yahoo/MSNBC (Science) | 3:04 p.m. ET April 27, 2006 | Kathleen Wren
Posted on 04/28/2006 8:59:40 AM EDT by The_Victor
http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/1623102/posts
Ancient Volcano, Seeds And Treerings,
Suggest Rewriting Late Bronze Age Mediterranean History (More)
Cornell University | 4-28-2006 | Alex Kwan
Posted on 04/29/2006 3:24:20 PM EDT by blam
http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/1623821/posts
Santorini Eruption Much larger Than Originally Believed
University Rhode Island | 8-23-2006 | Todd McLeish
Posted on 08/23/2006 8:58:47 PM EDT by blam
http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/1688940/posts
A Culture Shaped By Natural Disasters (Thera/Akrotiri)
Kathimerini | 1-16-2007 | Christos Doumas
Posted on 01/16/2007 6:33:09 PM EST by blam
http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/1768593/posts
Sinai pumice linked to ancient eruption [...not!]
Yahoo | Monday, April 2, 2007 | Katarina Kratovac w/ contrib by Nicholas Paphits
Posted on 04/07/2007 12:08:27 AM EDT by SunkenCiv
http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-chat/1813465/posts
The wave that destroyed Atlantis [Destroyed by a giant tsunami?]
BBC On-Line | Friday, 20 April 2007 | Harvey Lilley
Posted on 04/22/2007 5:53:44 AM PDT by yankeedame
http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-chat/1821546/posts
How Old Tree Rings And Ancient Wood Are Helping Rewrite History
Science Daily | 10-27-2007 | Cornell University
Posted on 10/28/2007 2:05:05 PM EDT by blam
http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/1917591/posts
Layers of mystery: Archaeologists look to the earth for Minoan fate
Worcester Telegram & Gazette | Sunday, October 28, 2007 | Judy Powell
Posted on 11/03/2007 11:04:25 PM PDT by SunkenCiv
http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-chat/1920708/posts
Did a Tsunami Wipe Out a Cradle of Western Civilization?
Discover Magazine | 01.04.2008 | Evan Hadingham
Posted on 01/15/2008 11:53:15 AM EST by forkinsocket
http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/news/1954101/posts
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I like Rohl’s new chronological proposals.
While the conclusions may be debated, his book does a good job of explaining why “chronology” and the Greek Dark Ages are amateur Victorian notions, at best: http://www.amazon.com/Pharaohs-Kings-David-Rohl/dp/0609801309/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1300060513&sr=8-1
Of course, if Santorini didn’t have a massive eruption after settlement, then the whole “we have a scientific explanation for the Plagues” goes out the window.
