Posted on 08/11/2015 9:56:41 AM PDT by Heartlander
The way I find meaning is the way that most people find meaning, even religious ones, which is to get pleasure and significance from your job, from your loved ones, from your avocation, art, literature, music. People like me dont worry about what its all about in a cosmic sense, because we know it isnt about anything. Its what we make of this transitory existence that matters.
If youre an atheist and an evolutionary biologist, what you think is, Im lucky to have these 80-odd years: How can I make the most of my existence here? Being an atheist means coming to grips with reality. And the reality is twofold. Were going to die as individuals, and the whole of humanity, unless we find a way to colonise other planets, is going to go extinct. So theres lots of things that we have to deal with that we dont like. We just come to grips with the reality. Life is the result of natural selection, and death is the result of natural selection. We are evolved in such a way that death is almost inevitable. So you just deal with it.
It says in the Bible that, When I was a child I played with childish things, and when I became a man I put away those childish things. And one of those childish things is the superstition that theres a higher purpose. Christopher Hitchens said its time to move beyond the mewling childhood of our species and deal with reality as it is, and thats what we have to do.
If I get a whats-it-all-for sort of feeling, then I say to myself, Whats the point of it all? There isnt any point. And somehow, for me I know its not true for other people that is really comforting. It slows me down. It reminds me that I didnt ask to be born here, Ill be gone, and I wont know whatll happen, Ill just be gone, so get on with it. I find that comforting, to say to myself that there is no point, I live in a pointless universe. Here I am, for better or worse, get on with it.
I was thinking about this yesterday. I was gardening, out there pulling up brambles, and I thought, Why do I do this? And the answer is, because Im smiling, Im enjoying it, and actually I love it. Its because of the cycles of life. I was thinking, Whats the point of growing these beans again, because theyll just die, and then next year Ill do the same thing again. But isnt that a great pleasure in life, that thats how it is? The beans come and go, and you eat them and they die, and you do the work, and you see it come and go. Today is the due date for my first grandchild, and I think similarly about that. The cycles of birth and death. Here I am in the autumn of my life, I suppose Im 64 and Im just going through the same cycles that everyone goes through, and it gives me a sense of connection with other people. God, that sounds a bit poncey.
The pointlessness of life is not a thing to be overcome. Its something to be celebrated now, because thats all there is.
Life is a series of experiences, and the journey, rather than the end game, is what I live for. I know where it ends; thats inevitable, so why not just make it a fun journey? I am surrounded by friends and family, and having a positive effect on them makes me happy, while giving my kids the opportunity, skills, and empathy to enjoy their lives gives me an immediate sense of purpose on a daily basis. I cant stop the inevitable so Ill just enjoy what life I have got, while Ive got it. I wont, after all, be around to regret that it was all for nothing.
To assume there is meaning to the universe is to misunderstand our cosmic insignificance. Its just self-centred and arrogant to think that there might be something that might bestow its secrets upon us if we look hard enough. The universe is indifferent to our existence. But were not merely slaves to our genes.
A meaningless universe does not mean we live our lives without purpose. Im an atheist (inasmuch as that word means I dont see evidence or the need for supernature), but I try to live my life replete with purpose. Be kind; learn and discover as much as you can; share that knowledge; relieve suffering when you can; have tonnes of fun. Thats why its not pointless. We have the power to create life, and to show those lives wonder. Surely thats enough? It is for me.
Several years ago I worked on a film called Sunshine which was written by Alex Garland. He wrote the film as an exploration of the inevitable, eventual end. Every day Alex and I would have long, involved discussions about the end of time. One thing he said stuck with me: Our problem is that, in an entirely meaningless universe, our lives are entirely meaningful.
There is meaning in the universe. My children mean something to me. My husband means something to me. The roses blooming in my garden mean something to me. So, there is meaning in the universe, but it is localised: It perhaps only exists here on Earth.
When you start to think in universal time spans, your perception of humanity must necessarily change. Differences of opinion seem pathetic. National borders become ridiculous. The only thing that starts to be important to me is material reality and understanding how it operates and how matter itself came into being in the first place.
Accepting that not only will I die, but so will everyone I know and everyone I dont know and humanity, and the universe itself brought me a very deep and profound peace. I dont have to run away from the fear of oblivion. I am not afraid. I celebrate reality. I dont have to pretend that there will be some magic deus ex machina in the third act of my life which will make it all OK and give me a happy ending. It is enough that I exist, that I am here now, albeit briefly, with all of you. And its an amazing, astonishing, remarkable, totally mind-blowing f**king miracle.
I try not to ache my brain too much about how vast the universe is and what lifes all about. I think its OK not to spend time wondering what the point of human existence is. All I know is were here and we might as well not have a horrible time, if we can help it. I do feel that life is ultimately pointless, but I honestly dont care. Im just squeezing as much happiness out of it as I can, for me and the people around me.
I was raised in the Church of England. As a teenager, I found Jesus and joined the evangelical movement, probably because I desperately wanted to feel part of a group, and also loved playing in the church band. I finally had my reverse Damascene moment as a post-doctoral researcher, desperately unhappy with my scientific career, relationship, and pretty much everything else, and can clearly remember the sudden realisation: I had one life, and I had to make the best of it. There was no heaven or hell, no magic man in the sky, and I was the sole captain of my ship.
It was an incredibly liberating moment, and made me realise that the true meaning of life is what I make with the people around me my family, friends, colleagues, and strangers. People tell religious fairy stories to create meaning, but Id rather face up to what all the evidence suggests is the scientific truth all we really have is our own humanity. So lets be gentle to each other and share the joy of simply being alive, here and now. Lets give it our best shot.
I think there are two things about living in a godless universe that scare some people. First, there is no one watching over them, benevolently guiding their lives. Second, because there is no life after death, it all feels rather bleak.
Instead of scaring me, I find these two things incredibly liberating. It means that I am free to do as I want; my choices are truly mine. Furthermore, I feel determined to make the most of the years I have left on this planet, and not squander it. The life I live now is not a dress rehearsal for something greater afterwards; it empowers me to focus on the here and now. That is how I find meaning and purpose in what might seem a meaningless and purposeless existence; by concentrating on what I can do, and the differences I can make in the lives of those around me, in the short time that we have.
Whenever I get involved in conversations about the meaning of life, and where everythings headed, I cant help but feel that theres an underlying assumption that because these are big questions, they necessarily need big answers. There arent any, though. Were not here for a universal purpose, and there is no grand plan, no matter how tempting it is to believe it.
But thats absolutely fine, because it means that if there arent any big answers, the little ones are all the more important. So every day, I take my dog for a walk in the field near my house. Sometimes I get to see a pretty sunset, but usually its either bucketing down and I get soaked, or cold, or the field is full of mud and bugs and dog turds, and its a pain to navigate through. Whatever the situation, though, my dog has the most ridiculous fun ever, and being a part of that little moment of joy is what its all about. So be nice to the people and things around you it doesnt cost anything, and generally makes the world a nicer place to live in. Focus on the little answers.
Yes, of course I know that life is ultimately without meaning or purpose, but the trick is not to wake up every morning and feel that way. Cognitive dissonance? Embrace it. Create a sense of meaning and purpose by doing something useful with your life (I teach), being creative I dont mean that in a poncey hipster way, I mean make a curry, build some bookshelves, write a poem.
And most importantly, find people you like and love and spend lots of time with them. I regularly have people over for dinner, throw parties for no other reason than I just want to spend time surrounded by the people I love. And if youre really stuck, eat rice and dal. Physically filling yourself with the food you love really does fill the emptiness you may feel inside.
Its honestly never bothered me. I suppose thats because my definitions of meaning and purpose are pretty thoroughly rooted in the world I know. I know what happiness is, and love, and fulfilment and all that; these things exist (intermittently) in my short earthly life, and its from these things I derive my ideas of what a meaningful, purposeful existence is.
I am, like anyone, staggered when I consider my tininess in the multi-dimensional scheme of things, but and I know this sounds a bit silly I dont really take it personally. Meaning has to be subjective; atheism actually makes it easier to live with this, as who is better placed than me to judge the meaningfulness of my work, or my relationship, or my piece of buttered toast?
The notion of an eternal afterlife, particularly one based on a meritocracy, is for me the opposite of purpose and meaning. If Im going to heaven or hell because of my trivial actions (depending on which religion you choose) on earth, then I dont really have much choice about what I do, which somewhat minimises my free will and personal autonomy. I cant find any purpose in that. Life is not a rehearsal or test for something else, and its anathema to doing your best to treat it as such.
I dont pursue purpose or meaning or even happiness, because I suspect those things, like religion, lead to complacency. If the bath is the perfect temperature, why would you ever get out? Instead, I actively try and push myself to achieve things that contribute to society in a positive way (for my particular skillset, thats science animation), that give me a sense of a job well done and a benchmark to improve on. Social achievements that have a small chance of outlasting me, but if not, it doesnt matter. I wont know about the world forgetting me, cause Ill be dead.
Theres no inherent meaning in life, but that doesnt mean that its meaningless. First off, youre raised, deliberately or accidentally, with an array of beliefs, values and prejudices by family, school, and society, that mesh or clash with the things you biologically like that is, nature and nurture shape your preferences. So theres already things that you value, more get put on you fairly quickly, and you get to spend your life exploring their precedence, their acceptability to society and its laws, and whether you really like them or not.
So, what Im saying is that value is inherent to us all, which provides a grounding to meaning. Im not saying that such a meaning is justified, but if youre smart, lucky and/or ruthless it might be internally coherent by the time you hit adulthood, which is more than most off-the-shelf meaning systems out there (whether thats philosophies, health systems, or religions). Meaning is a human thing to go looking for it in the alien, unconscious universe is nonsense on stilts.
People ask how you can find any meaning in life when you know that one day youll be dead and in due course nothing of you will survive at all not even peoples memories. This question has never made sense to me. When Im reading a good book, or eating a good meal, or taking a scenic walk, or enjoying an evening with friends, or having sex, I dont spend the whole time thinking, Oh no! This book wont last forever; this food will be gone soon; my walk will stop; my evening will end! I enjoy the experiences. Although its stretched out over a (hopefully) much longer time, thats the same way I think about life. We are here, we are alive. We can either choose to end that, or to embrace it and to live for as long as we can, as fully and richly as possible.
Obviously this means that we all have different meanings in our lives, things that give us pleasure and purpose. The most meaningful experiences in my life have been relationships with people friends and family, colleagues and classmates. I love connecting with other people and finding out more about them. I enjoy the novels and histories that I read for the same reason and I like to feel connected to the people who have gone before us. I hope that the work I do in different areas of my life will make the world a better place for people now and in the future, and I feel connected to those future people too, all as part of a bigger human story.
When we reject the imagined supernatural meaning from our existence, what were left with is far from a consolation prize. Sure, itll be messy at times, sometimes joyous, sometimes miserable, but its all well ever know. And its ours. We invent comforting lies to distract us from one simple truth: Oblivion looms. So, what are you going to do about it?
I choose to live, laugh, love, travel, create, help others, and learn. And Im going to do as much of this as I can manage, because the clock is ticking. We create our own meaning, and theres more than enough to be had. Seize it where you can.
I spent many years of my life sad about there being no divine meaning, but having learned the history of doubt and unbelief, and thought it over for the next decade and a half, that issue isnt on the table for me, in that way, any more. What I believe now is that we think we have a meaning problem because we recently got out of a relationship with a character named God, whose given traits included being the source of human meaning.
Most people through history have not believed in an afterlife: We have records of the first time the ideas of an afterlife appeared in our culture and others, which means that people before lived without an afterlife. You dont hear them calling death an abyss. The horror we have about there being no afterlife is entirely local to people from a culture that used to believe that everyone went on living after death, and these are an absurd anomaly.
If I ask myself What is life for? I have to answer: Wrong question. You dont ask how your foot knows to push the blood in your toes back up to your heart. It happens, but your foot doesnt know how it knows to do it. Life isnt for anything, but it does matter. We are a witness to the universe. We are the witnesses to each other. We believe each other into being. We generate things and people that matter to us and to others. Human life is such a bizarre, endlessly complex riot of emotions and processes; it is amazing to be one.
Often people of faith assume that because atheists dont believe in a master plan or an afterlife we have no purpose in life, but I couldnt disagree more. I find the fact that there is no external force in charge of us all makes the life we do have much more interesting. We get to derive our meaning, and create our own purpose, and that makes it a much richer experience than playing out pre-written scripts for the amusement of an omniscient almighty. That we all just get one life to live means we dont have the safety net of a do-over, and it makes the time that we do have more meaningful to me.
It also means that because there is no right answer to life, there are far fewer wrong answers if youre doing something you love, and you arent harming other people, youre basically on the right track. I find compassion in atheism: It makes me want to help people, because the idea that I stood by and watched someones one shot at life go badly in a way I could have prevented makes me enormously sad. Its also why I reject the idea that atheism leads to a selfish mentality; it leads me to the feeling that we all have the same vanishingly short time to enjoy, so its incumbent on us all to try to make society work for everyone.
Its true that in a century or two my existence will be forgotten, but I find it comforting to know that everything we stress over will be lost in the merest blip of cosmological time. The universe doesnt care about my mortgage; our obscurity and irrelevance can be a blessing as well as a burden.
The idea of some higher meaning to life is so ingrained in our culture that I think we approach this from the wrong angle. I dont believe there is any great meaning or purpose to life, but rather than see this as a lack of something, why not look at whats actually there? I find meaning in my relationships with friends; I find meaning in music, literature, art, and what they reveal of the minds, lives, and values of the people who created them. I find meaning in the ever-increasing understanding forged by scientists and philosophers. I find meaning in the actions of others, how people choose to interact with the world.
All this sounds like I spend my time extracting meaning from things, but I mostly spend my time eating things, wandering about, doing things I need to do, and being entertained/annoyed by cats.
Things dont happen for a reason. The world exists in the moment for its own sake and we just happen to be able to observe, experience, and reflect on it. What matters is how you live day to day.
Three years and nine months ago I would have declared myself agnostic. Then my husband died without warning at the age of 47. My life fell to pieces. This is no exaggeration. As the terrible days passed in a fog the same question kept forming. Why? Why him? Why us? I was told by well-meaning friends that it was part of Gods plan and we would simply never know what that was. Or from friends with a looser definition of religion, that the Universe had something to teach me. I had lessons to learn.
These thoughts caused me great fear, anger, and confusion. What sort of God, even if he had a plan for me, would separate a fine, kind, gentle man from his children? Why would God or the Universe look down and pick on our little family for special treatment? Why a good man with not a bad bone in his body who had never raised a hand to anyone? My best friend for 29 years. Any lesson the Universe had to teach me I would have learned willingly. He didnt have to die!
I thought about it a lot. I was raised Catholic so guilt ran through me like writing through a stick of rock. Had I been a bad wife? Was he waiting for me? There were days when, if I had been certain of a belief in an afterlife, I might have gone to join him. It was a desperate time. I needed evidence and there simply wasnt any. I just had to have faith and believe.
One day as I was sitting on his memorial bench in the local park I suddenly thought, What if no one is to blame? Not God. Not me. Not the Universe. What if hes gone and thats all there is to it? No plan. Just dreadful circumstances. A minor disturbance in his heart led to a more serious and ultimately deadly arrhythmia, and that killed him in a matter of moments. It is a purely scientific view of it. I may seem cold or callous but I found comfort in that. I cried and cried and cried, but that made logical sense to me and brought me great peace.
My heart and head still miss my husband every day. I treasure everything he gave me and I love him as much today as the day he died. But I can remember him happily without wondering what we had done to deserve this dreadful separation.
So I declare myself atheist (and humanist by extension) and my friends shake their heads. I stay on the straight and narrow without the guiding hand of a creator or any book of instructions.
Im not a religious or a spiritual person. (For some reason many of my female friends are shocked by this admission!) I dont believe in God or the Universe. I dont believe in angels, the power of prayer, spirits, ghosts, or an afterlife. The list goes on and on. I think there is a scientific meaning for everything, even if we dont understand it yet. I find meaning in everyday things and I choose to carry on.
The sun comes up and I have a chance to be kind to anyone who crosses my path because I can. I make that choice for myself and nobody has to tell me to do it. I am right with myself. I try my best to do my best, and if I fail, I try again tomorrow. I support myself in my own journey through life. I draw my own conclusions.
I find joy in the people I love. I love and I am loved. I find peace in the places I visit. Cry when I listen to music I love and find almost childlike joy in many things. This world is brilliant and full of fascinating things. I have to think carefully for myself. I dont have to believe what Im told. I must ask questions and I try and use logic and reason to answer them. I believe that every human life carries equal worth. I struggle with how difficult the world can be, but when we have free will some people will make terrible decisions. No deity forces their hand and they must live with that.
Life is a personal struggle. Grieving is never an easy road to travel. Its painful and lonely at times but I use what I know to try to help when I can. I try to be loving and caring with my family and friends, and have fun. I will cry with friends in distress and hear other peoples stories and be kind because it does me good as well. I listen and I learn. It helps me to be better. Life without God is not a life without meaning. Everything, each and every interaction, is full of meaning. Everything matters.
That's true of all journalists, not just aetheists. I guess it must be why they become "journalists".
The way I find meaning is the way that most people find meaning, even religious ones, which is to get pleasure and significance from your job, from your loved ones, from your avocation, art, literature, music. People like me dont worry about what its all about in a cosmic sense, because we know it isnt about anything. Its what we make of this transitory existence that matters.
Huh?
Anybody have any idea what she means by that?
Or is it cheating if you find meaning?
Who cares why atheists believe what they do? I’ve come in contact with atheists and they’re about as thoughtful and rational as liberals. They believe what they believe because they’re incapable of original thought.
I try to approach both Christians and “atheists” this way:
Every person that has ever reached adulthood lives the exact same lifespan. We even have a word for that life span. It is called “today”.
So, what is the purpose of “today” and when “today” reaches its end, then what? Does anything you did really matter. You may have attended a fantastic rock concert. You may have lost your job. You may have raped someone. You may have won the lotto.
But today is over. Does it matter? If so, how?
The neural circuits in our brain manage the beautifully coordinated and smoothly appropriate behavior of our body. They also produce the entrancing introspective illusion that thoughts really are about stuff in the world. This powerful illusion has been with humanity since language kicked in, as well see. It is the source of at least two other profound myths: that we have purposes that give our actions and lives meaning and that there is a person in there steering the body, so to speak.
[A.Rosenberg, The Atheist's Guide To Reality, Ch.9]
Since we are creatures of natural selection, we cannot totally trust our senses. Evolution only passes on traits that help a species survive, and not concerned with preserving traits that tell a species what is actually true about life.
Richard Dawkins quoted from The God Delusion
Our brains were shaped for fitness, not for truth. Sometimes the truth is adaptive, but sometimes it is not.
- Steven Pinker
It seems to me immensely unlikely that mind is a mere by-product of matter. For if my mental processes are determined wholly by the motions of atoms in my brain, I have no reason to suppose that my beliefs are true. They may be sound chemically, but that does not make them sound logically. And hence I have no reason for supposing my brain to be composed of atoms. In order to escape from this necessity of sawing away the branch on which I am sitting, so to speak, I am compelled to believe that mind is not wholly conditioned by matter.
J. B. S. Haldane
One absolutely central inconsistency ruins [the popular scientific philosophy]. The whole picture professes to depend on inferences from observed facts. Unless inference is valid, the whole picture disappears unless Reason is an absolute, all is in ruins. Yet those who ask me to believe this world picture also ask me to believe that Reason is simply the unforeseen and unintended by-product of mindless matter at one stage of its endless and aimless becoming. Here is flat contradiction. They ask me at the same moment to accept a conclusion and to discredit the only testimony on which that conclusion can be based.
C.S. Lewis, Is Theology Poetry (aka the Argument from Reason)
[The denial of consciousness] is surely the strangest thing that has ever happened in the whole history of human thought. [It shows] that the power of human credulity is unlimited, that the capacity of human minds to be gripped by theory, by faith, is truly unbounded. [It reveals] the deepest irrationality of the human mind.
- Galen Strawson
“The fool has said in his heart, ‘there is no God’.”
A theory or formula is a string of logic..aka reason...
you can try to say that God is not the reason.. but how do you say reason is not God?..reason is the fundamental force that creates...and if reason is not your God...the force that dictates to you... you are by definition irrational/ illogical...
So if reason is God...God must be reason...( equation must balance on both sides) because with out reason there can be no theory of everything....your left with things just magical happening...
Got it - sorry for the misunderstanding...
I think that bothering to ask an Atheist, how they find meaning in a purposeless universe is fundamentally without purpose and makes no sense and thus a complete waste of time. Because it does not matter if the universe (and by their deduction we are included in that universe), has no purpose. And I might add it serves no purpose to assign or find purpose in anything. Given their logic.
Got boring after a while.
Many “atheists” don’t know their world view is near fully Judeo-Christian and the sentiments they express came about in the Judeo-Christian west.
For your reading enjoying:
http://www.amazon.com/The-Altenberg-16-Evolution-Industry/dp/1556439245
The Altenberg 16: An Exposé of the Evolution Industry Paperback February 9, 2010
by Susan Mazur
A new theory of evolution begins to emerge in the pages of The Altenberg 16: An Exposé of the Evolution Industry. Written by Suzan Mazura print and television journalist whose reports have appeared in the Financial Times, The Economist, Archaeology, Omni, and many other publicationsthe book is a front row seat to the thinking of the great evolutionary science minds of our time about the need to reformulate the neo-Darwinian theory of evolution. We hear from world renowned scientists such as Richard Lewontin, Lynn Margulis, Niles Eldredge, Richard Dawkins, the “evo-devo” revolutionaries, NASA astrobiologists, and others.
The book grew out of a story Mazur broke online in March 2008titled “Altenberg! The Woodstock of Evolution?”about the now famous meeting at Konrad Lorenz Institute in Altenberg, Austria in July 2008, where 16 scientists discussed expanding evolutionary thinking beyond outdated hypotheses. (MIT will publish the proceedings in April 2010.) Science magazine noted that Mazurs reporting “reverberated throughout the evolutionary biology community.”
Mazur says she was punished for getting out in front of the story and banned from the symposium but realized the story was bigger than Altenberg (which covered events beginning 500 million years ago) and spoke to scientists who were not invited, including those investigating pre-biotic evolution.
She came to the conclusion that evolutionary science suffers because many in the scientific establishment refuse to acknowledge that the old science has served its purpose and there is disagreement about what the new evolution paradigm is. She thinks the dam is now breaking because the public (who funds science) has become a party to the discourse via the Internet and seeks answers to fundamental questions about evolution that scientists so far cant definitively answer.
See also:
“The Origin of Life Circus”
by Susan Mazur
http://www.suzanmazur.com/?p=262
“The last one needed to understand that this life is very much like The Matrix.”
What?
So it seems that Atheism inevitably produces nothing but a materialistic, banal, self centered pursuit of pleasure. Ironically, all the “meaning” they derive from day to day activities they enjoy, really only exist within a context of theistic morality. Why should one be gentle? And on and on.
They are not coming to grips with anything except a half assed “Do what thou wilt shall be the whole of the law”.
5.56mm
“People like me dont worry about what its all about in a cosmic sense, because we know it isnt about anything. Its what we make of this transitory existence that matters.”
He doesn’t know he is saying we are just pilgrims here.
Three men walking:One man walks up to me, and I ask him to jump. He does.
A second man walks up to me, but different from the first, as he is walking in the air. I ask him, also, to jump. He tries, but cannot, because he is not grounded.
A third man walks up to me, but different from either of the first two, as he is walking on the ground, but doesnt believe in the ground. He believes the ground does not exist. I ask him to jump too. He does.
<<<<<<>>>>>> Now, when the theist says [to the atheist] you dont have morality, like Im saying, you think we are claiming you are the second guy. But you want to say, No! You idiot! I can jump just fine. And you can. But we are not saying you are the second guy at all. Rather, we are saying you are the third guy. You have, in actuality and practicality, the correct moral standards from which you CAN jump, and you KNOW you have them.
But the problem remains, and it really is a problem that is delusional. You have the ground, you use the ground, you run and jump and play all day long. But you deny that which is right under your feet even as you are doing it.
I’m not sure they’re ‘brainwashed’ so much as that they have never understood faith at all. It seems to be something people are born with, to a certain extent; and then their training and education either increase it or kill it out.
A lot of faithless people seem to have ‘religion’ and ‘religiosity’ confused. They believe that the outer forms of various sects and churches they have been exposed to, and which seem strange or wrong to them, are what religion and faith are all about.
What’s really sad to me: a lot of folks never have a chance to get to first base, in the faith department. It’s just never presented to them adequately. And I don’t think that among my current acquaintances there is a single young couple of a Christian background and child-rearing age who is sending their kids to a church of any kind; though many of the Jewish people I come in contact with still take at least their traditions seriously.
-JT
The Dawkins’s quote:
—
Since we are creatures of natural selection, we cannot totally trust our senses. Evolution only passes on traits that help a species survive, and not concerned with preserving traits that tell a species what is actually true about life.
Richard Dawkins quoted from The God Delusion
—
I am always amazed at how poor an understanding of biology and evolution he actually has.
I also am stumped. What is a stick of rock? A pencil?
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