Importantly, Modernity lead to the defeat and containment of Islam.
Charlemagne and the collection of warring pagan tribes into the Holy Roman Empire, Charles Martel, and the Battle of Lepanto all happened before the Modern Age and were all pivotal in holding off Islam.
I don’t think modernity led to the defeat and containment of Islam.
Islam had already been contained before by the Eastern Romans in the 9th century.
During the Catholic-Protestant disagreements, you had Hungarian calvinists fighting on the side of the Muslim Ottomans against catholic Hungarians and catholic Austrians. You had Queen Elizabeth I allying with the Barbery pirates against Catholic Spain.
And you had Catholic France allying with the Ottomans against Catholic Hapsburgs - but then the French are always perfidious.
the defeat and containment of Islam was due to
1. the work of al-Ghazali destroying the scientific questioning in the Islamic world
2. Hulagu Khan who destroyed Baghdad and the Caliphate, ending the triumphalism of Islam
3. the reconquista again giving a moral blow to Islam
4. the Marathas conquering the Gurkhani (i.e. the “Mughal”) empire.
did modernity really “contain” it?