Seeing Red: Intrinsic redshifts, stable universe

quackgrass.com ^ | unk | Michael Miller

[Ernest_at_the_Beach]

Halton Arp's Seeing Red will completely change your cosmological views, even if you don't think you have cosmological views! Working entirely from observation, Arp sketches a picture of an eternal, infinite, stable universe which continually "unfolds from many points within itself." 

Arp is an observational astronomer. He won his spurs as a graduate student in the 1950s measuring thousands of images of the stars in globular clusters, work which helped lead to derivations of the ages of those stars and thus of our Milky Way galaxy. He went on to compile "Arp's Atlas of Peculiar Galaxies," which became a classic. His familiarity with extragalactic objects, those beyond our Milky Way, is probably unmatched. 

For about 30 years Arp's most important observations have been under academic ban; they contradict cosmological orthodoxy. That orthodoxy has denied observing time on the big telescopes to Arp and others who make discordant observations. It has excluded their most important discoveries from major journals. As far as the popular press is concerned, this small heroic band of observers just don't exist; their observations go unreported. 

If you thought that the hard sciences are immune to philosophical irrationalism, you thought wrong. Today's academic science is as wedded to obsolete dogma as the church of Galileo's time, and is equally willing to ignore observation. 

About 10 years ago Arp wrote his first book: Quasars, Redshifts and Controversies. He hoped that a comprehensive presentation of the evidence would lead professional astronomers to turn their instruments on the many objects which contradict current theory. Arp's immediate purpose failed; his book became a list of topics and objects that professional astronomers avoided at all cost. Like the bishops of Galileo's time, professional astronomers refused to look through the telescopes. This, of course, was a major scientific scandal and (of course!) it escaped the notice of the establishment press. 

Still, Arp's first book was a success in a surprising way: it brought the suppressed observations to an audience of independent thinkers. Arp started getting letters from them: "from scientists in small colleges, in different disciplines, from amateurs, students and lay people." These were people who really looked at pictures, and who formed judgments on the evidence. Arp's first book brought them the evidence which then existed. 

In the past 10 years, and despite academic opposition, the body of evidence has continued to grow. Arp's latest book, "Seeing Red" brings these developments to an even larger group of independent thinkers, some of whom will be the astronomers of tomorrow. 

"Seeing Red" bears comparison with Galileo's "Starry Messenger." Just as Galileo's report of the phases of Venus and the moons of Jupiter demolished the geocentric theory of the universe, Arp reports observations that demolish the expanding universe/Big Bang theory. Just as Galileo's observations pointed to radically new physics, so do the observations from extragalactic astronomy. 

Redshift 

The key point at issue between orthodoxy and observation is the interpretation of redshift. 

[Ernest_at_the_Beach]

This is an Excerpt....

[Ernest_at_the_Beach]

Related thread:

Giant solar waves spew more energy than 10 bn atom bombs

[Kirkwood]

“For about 30 years Arp’s most important observations have been under academic ban; “

Complete nonsense. The work is has never been banned and is in fact well known. His theory simply didn’t stand up with the deep sky evidence that continues to keep piling up.

[grey_whiskers]

deep sky evidence

I've never heard of this term, could you provide a link, please?

Cheers!

[prismsinc]

If you thought that the hard sciences are immune to philosophical irrationalism, you thought wrong. Today's academic science is as wedded to obsolete dogma as the church of Galileo's time, and is equally willing to ignore observation.

You got that right. "Global-warmers" are our modern day version of medieval time's "Flat-earthers"

[Ernest_at_the_Beach]

Resource:

The UV colours of high-redshift early-type galaxies: evidence for recent star formation and stellar mass assembly over the last 8 billion years

**********************ABSTRACT************************

Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3RH 2 Yonsei University, Centre for Space Astrophysics, Seoul 120749, Korea 3 Yale Center for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8121, USA

KEYWORDS

galaxies: elliptical and lenticular, cD • galaxies: evolution • galaxies: formation • galaxies: fundamental parameters

ABSTRACT

We combine deep optical and NIR (UBVRIzJK) photometry from the Multiwavelength Survey by Yale–Chile (MUSYC) with redshifts from the COMBO-17 survey to perform a large-scale study of the rest-frame ultraviolet (UV) properties of 674 high-redshift (0.5 < z < 1) early-type galaxies, drawn from the Extended Chandra Deep Field-South (E-CDFS). Galaxy morphologies are determined through visual inspection of Hubble Space Telescope (HST) images taken from the GEMS survey. We harness the sensitivity of the UV to young (<1-Gyr old) stars to quantify the recent star formation history of early-type galaxies across a range of luminosities [−23.5 < M(V) < −18]. Comparisons to simple stellar populations forming at high redshift indicate that ∼1.1 per cent of early-types in this sample are consistent with purely passive ageing since z= 2 – this value drops to ∼0.24 per cent and ∼0.15 per cent for z= 3 and 5, respectively. Parametrizing the recent star formation (RSF) in terms of the mass fraction of stars less than a Gyr old, we find that the early-type population as a whole shows a typical RSF between 5 and 13 per cent in the redshift range 0.5 < z < 1. Early-types on the broad UV 'red sequence' show RSF values less than 5 per cent, while the reddest early-types (which are also the most luminous) are virtually quiescent with RSF values of ∼1 per cent. In contrast to their low-redshift (z < 0.1) counterparts, the high-redshift early-types in this sample show a pronounced bimodality in the rest-frame UV–optical colour, with a minor but significant peak centred on the blue cloud. Furthermore, star formation in the most active early-types is a factor of 2 greater at z∼ 0.7 than in the local universe. Given that evolved sources of UV flux (e.g. horizontal branch stars) should be absent at z > 0.5, implying that the UV is dominated by young stars, we find compelling evidence that early-types of all luminosities form stars over the lifetime of the Universe, although the bulk of their star formation is already complete at high redshift. This 'tail-end' of star formation is measurable and not negligible, with luminous [ −23 < M(V) < −20.5 ] early-types potentially forming 10–15 per cent of their mass since z= 1, with less luminous early-types [ M(V) > −20.5 ] potentially forming 30–60 per cent of their mass after z= 1. This, in turn, implies that intermediate-age stellar populations should be abundant in local early-type galaxies, as expected in hierarchical cosmology.

---

Accepted 2008 April 28. Received 2008 April 21; in original form 2007 September 5

[Ernest_at_the_Beach]

Resource:

Evidence for a Population of High-Redshift Submillimeter Galaxies from Interferometric Imaging

*****************************ABSTRACT*************************

ABSTRACT. We have used the Submillimeter Array to image a flux-limited sample of seven submillimeter galaxies, selected by the AzTEC camera on the JCMT at 1.1 mm, in the COSMOS field at 890 μ m with ~2'' resolution. All of the sources—two radio-bright and five radio-dim—are detected as single point sources at high significance (>6 σ), with positions accurate to ~0.2'' that enable counterpart identification at other wavelengths observed with similarly high angular resolution. All seven have IRAC counterparts, but only two have secure counterparts in deep HST ACS imaging. As compared to the two radio-bright sources in the sample, and those in previous studies, the five radio-dim sources in the sample (1) have systematically higher submillimeter-to-radio flux ratios, (2) have lower IRAC 3.6-8.0 μ m fluxes, and (3) are not detected at 24 μ m . These properties, combined with size constraints at 890 μ m (θ 1.2''), suggest that the radio-dim submillimeter galaxies represent a population of very dusty starbursts, with physical scales similar to local ultraluminous infrared galaxies, with an average redshift higher than radio-bright sources.

Subject headings: cosmology: observations; galaxies: evolution; galaxies: formation; galaxies: high-redshift; galaxies: starburst; submillimeter

Print publication: Issue 2 (2007 December 20)
Received 2007 June 7, accepted for publication 2007 August 6

[Ernest_at_the_Beach]

See post #63 on this thread:

Giant solar waves spew more energy than 10 bn atom bombs

[Swordmaker]

This is a treatise on astronomer Harlton Arp, one of the founders of the Electric Universe theory, and his shunning by orthodox cosmologists because he pointed out that some objects with high red shift were in front of objects with low red shift... thus challenging the accepted cosmology.

If you want on or off the Electric Universe Ping List, Freepmail me.

[valkyry1]

Intriguing topic.

[valkyry1]

challenging the accepted cosmology

Well they wont allow any of that, as likewise the evolutionists. 

[Swordmaker]

This is also an excerpt:

---

THE REDSHIFT GOES IN JUMPS

This interpretation of the redshift is held by a majority of astronomers. However, in 1976, William Tifft of the Steward Observatory in Tucson, Arizona, published the first of a number of papers analyzing redshift measurements. He observed that the redshift measurements did not change smoothly as distance increased, but went in jumps: in other words they were quantised [26]. Between successive jumps, the redshift remained fixed at the value it attained at the last jump. This first study was by no means exhaustive, so Tifft investigated further. As he did so, he discovered that the original observations that suggested a quantised redshift were strongly supported wherever he looked [27 - 34]. In 1981 the extensive Fisher-Tully redshift survey was completed. Because redshift values in this survey were not clustered in the way Tifft had noted earlier, it looked as if redshift quantisation could be ruled out. However, in 1984 Tifft and Cocke pointed out that the motion of the sun and its solar system through space produces a genuine Doppler effect of its own, which adds or subtracts a little to every redshift measurement. When this true Doppler effect was subtracted from all the observed redshifts, it produced strong evidence for the quantisation of redshifts across the entire sky [35, 36].

The initial quantisation value that Tifft discovered was a redshift of 72.46 kilometres per second in the Coma cluster of galaxies. Subsequently it was discovered that quantisation figures of up to 13 multiples of 72.46 km/s existed. Later work established a smaller quantisation figure just half of this, namely 36.2 km/s. This was subsequently supported by Guthrie and Napier who concluded that 37.6 km/s was a more basic figure, with an error of 2 km/s [37-39]. After further observations, Tifft announced in 1991 that these and other redshift quantisations recorded earlier were simply higher multiples of a basic quantisation figure [40]. That figure turned out to be 8.05 km/s, which when multiplied by 9 gave the original 72.46 km/s value. Alternatively, when 8.05 km/s is multiplied by 9/2 the 36.2 km/s result is obtained. However, Tifft noted that this 8.05 km/s was not in itself the most basic result as observations revealed a 8.05/3 km/s, or 2.68 km/s, quantisation, which was even more fundamental [40]. Accepting this result at face value suggests that the redshift is quantised in fundamental steps of 2.68 km/s across the cosmos.

RE-EXAMINING THE REDSHIFT

If redshifts were truly a result of an expanding universe, the measurements would be smoothly distributed, showing all values within the range measured. This is the sort of thing we see on a highway, with cars going many different speeds within the normal range of driving speeds. However the redshift, being quantised, is more like the idea of those cars each going in multiples of, say, 5 kilometres an hour. Cars don't do that, but the redshift does. This would seem to indicate that something other than the expansion of the universe is responsible for these results. . . .

— THE VACUUM, LIGHT SPEED, AND THE REDSHIFT

[Salamander]

Sub luminous ping!

[SunkenCiv]

Thanks Swordmaker.

Hubble uncovers truth about distant galaxy
UPI via NewsDaily.com
October 16, 2007

Observations 40 years ago suggested the galaxy had erupted with star formation billions of years after its galactic neighbors, such as did the Milky Way. But the new Hubble data have quashed that possibility. Hubble has found fainter older red stars contained within the galaxy, suggesting its star formation started at least 1 billion years ago and possibly as much as 10 billion years ago. The galaxy, therefore, might have formed at the same time as most other galaxies. Hubble -- a joint National Aeronautics and Space Administration and European Space Agency project --also suggests I Zwicky 18 is 59 million light-years from Earth, nearly 10 million light-years more distant than believed.

and:

Seeing Red: Redshifts, Cosmology and Academic Science by Halton Arp reviewed by Tom Van Flandern

plus the ping:

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[wendy1946]

Christians should note that this is far less of a problem for Christianity than any of the alternatives. It says that the universe at large, like God, is eternal and that the various creation stories we read in antique literature refer to the creation of our living world and local environment and not to the entire universe.

The big bang idea in particular is bad physics and bad theology rolled into a tidy package. Having all the mass of the universe collapsed to the size of a #8 shot pellet would be the mother of all black holes; nothing would ever bang its way out of that. Likewise for a supposedly omnipotent and omniscient God to suddenly determine that it wold be cool to create a universe (7K or 17B years ago, it makes no real difference) while the idea had never occurred to him previously is basically nonsensical.