An Impact Event in 3114BC? The beginning of a Turbulent Millennium.

Besides the most evident cosmic catastrophes ca. 2200 BC and 2345 BC there are other events during the Holocene that are so widely global and difficult to explain by only the Earth's own mechanisms that a cosmic explanation must evidently be taken into account.

The first so-called "Dark Age", meaning a period from which little is known despite much information before and after that period, occurred about 3100 BC to 3000 BC. For example in Mesopotamia this period is called Jemdet Nasr. About 3100 BC there was suddenly a change to more primitive ages compared to the preceding Uruk period. For example the numerical token system dwindled. 3000 BC however there was a sudden recovery. This is called the Early Dynasty, which can be described as the first known culture, that began to have some kind of a centralized system. And the tokens were not only numerated again, the basis for writing was born.

What happened 3100 BC, maybe right in 3114 BC? There is not any great crater on the continental areas, but 2/3 of the Earth's area is covered by water, and flood they speak of. In fact there are two small craters from about this time, but what seems more probable, is a huge meteorite swarm that both caused much damage on land, brought up tsunamis and blanketed with dust the atmosphere. It may have been a break-up of a great comet in the inner parts of the solar system. People were panic-stricken. The beginnings of civilizations, however, got despite of the immediate damage, a first great rise, after about a hundred years had gone. There was a great boomtime. that eventually led to the rise of the first great civilizations in the beginning of the third millennium BC.

What evidence is there then that something immemorable happened around 3100 BC than the Mayan year zero in 3114 BC? Dick Meehan has gathered some happenings around this time:
- Newgrange construction.
- Flood in paleoclimatic data.
- Stonehenge number one (the astronomical one, later versions are religious ones)
- The unification of Egypt as if a cooperation would be needed.
- Methane peak (fires).
- Cold time according to bristlecone pines.
- The coastal menhirs in Brittany.
Although anyone of these in itself would not be of any great concern, the timing of them in a frame of only 100 years, is the thing that makes us suspect that something unusual was going on. And actually beginning, the next 1000 years or so were very restless time globally.

Aftermath of this may be the 2807 BC ocean impact described by Bruce Masse in Peiser et al.: Natural Catastrophes (Oxford, 1998). If this is the great Flood Comet, as Masse seems to indicate, this explains why the Sumerian story of Flood, on which basis the Genesis Noachian Flood story is built, is combined with the story of Gilgamesh. Gilgamesh reigned in the 27th century, 300-450 years before the two great cataclysms in late third millennium BC. Or was the comet or comets swarming and breaking up the whole period of 3114 BC to 2807 BC with diminishing frequency and damage ending temporarily in a great splash in the Atlantic?

The second Dark Age lasted from 2200 BC to 1900 BC. A third Dark Age seems to have followed the "tree ring event" (where the tree rings were very narrow) of 1159 BC (Baillie, A Slice through time). The Mycenean culture may be one of its victims.

Also, the end of Younger Dryas and with it the latest ice age 9700 BC seems to me too sudden and too dramatic a change to happen in an instant, as the Greenland ice cores seem to show, if we seek only terrestrial explanations. What the sudden change indicates is a mystery, but a rise by 15 degrees C in at most some decades, a rise that has remained permanent within some degrees during the last 11,700 years, indicates a catastrophe literally of cosmic dimensions.

The fourth Dark Age is Anno Domini. The beginning year is 536. That year there was reduced growth of trees in America. In China stars were not seen and a famine began. In Ireland there was "a failure of bread" for many years. Dry fog hovered globally. Mediterranean famine began 537 when the storages for food had been eated empty. The famine lasted at least two years. Socalled Justinian plague began 542. At this time the splendid but badly known culture of Moche in Peru came to a sudden end. May this 536 event also have given the Roman empire its last fatal blow? The Justinian's desperate offensive to restore the Roman empire which he launched 533 was doomed already in 537 when the Franks seized Provence.

Nile froze in 829 AD. Mayan from all lowlands disappeared in the first part of the ninth century. Vikings had easy access to almost uninhabited Western Europe islands and coast in ninth century? Were there again cosmic forces at work? Was there a tsunami in North Atlantic?

So have cosmic forces let down Sumer, the most brilliant phase of Egypt, Indus with Mohenjo-Daro and Harappan, Babylon, Shang dynasty in China, Moche culture in Peru and I dare to ask, did they put a final end to the disintegration of Roman empire that had been going on already for 200 years? Not to speak of the Flyland (Escape Country) or Altland (Oldland) or Atland in 2194 BC when the survivors escaped to Crete and established there the Minoan culture.

The Mayan Calendar

Remains of Palenque

The Mayans/Olmecs put their 0.0.0.0.0 date at Gregorian time 3114 BC. Stonehenge I (the original astronomical one) was built near 3100 BC, as was Newgrange. The civilization of Sumer had a downfall around 3100-3000 BC, but both Sumer and Egypt then blossomed into an unprecedented and subsequently never exceeded level. Was this the paradise period in Sumer? At least the period from 3000 BC to 2350 BC seems to have been much wetter in Mesopotamia, and the Nile more generous, than the extremely dry period beginning in 2200 BC.

Stonehenge

Stonehenge Around 3100 BC

Remains of Stonehenge Today

A Possible Source for the 3100 BC Event

Continuing with selections from "Rogue Asteroids and Doomsday Comets" by Duncan Steel

needed to make observations because meteorite falls are far more unpredictable, but

Steel continues this theme in Peiser et al.: Natural Catastrophes (Oxford, 1998) by commenting that he sees no connection between the original Stonehenge I (built in 3100 BC) and the thousand year later Stonehenge II and Stonehenge III except the place. The original one was a scientific observatory, not for Sun, or Moon, or eclipses, but for watching dangerous meteorites, asteroids and comets. The later Stonehenges with their stones (the image of Stonehenge that we have of it today), was more that of a ritual and sanctuary than for any practical/scientific purpose. Of course it could be used for some trivial astronomical calculations (solstices, eclipses), but its original purpose was hardly known for the later builders. The world's first scientific astronomical observatory changed to a ritual place, because it was not anymore needed for its original purpose when the Taurids did not at that moment bother mankind, in fact the Taurids lived only in legends. Today the legends are coming part of a serious scientific study. What a change in paradigm!

Rogue Asteroids: "Comet Encke is associated with the Taurid Complex. If we follow

swarms plus possibly some small body pieces. When the Taurid complex intersected Earth 5000 years ago, maybe around 3100 BC, it may have caused a 100 year long period of tunguskans and mini-tunguskans.

Clube and Napier have already in their legendary "The Cosmic Winter" (Oxford (UK), Cambridge (US), 1990) told the Taurid story:

"It seems clear that we are looking at debris from the breakup of an extremely large object. The disintegration, or sequence of disintegrations, must have taken place within the past twenty or thirty thousand years as otherwise the asteroids would have spread around the inner planetary system and be no longer recognizable as a stream.

"The second discovery, due mainly to the Czechoslovakian astronomer Stohl, is that enveloping the Taurids, Comet Encke and these particular asteroids is a broad tube of meteoric debris. ... The Stohl stream is apparently double due probably to an exceptional fragmentation... The mass of the meteoric material within the Stohl stream is 10 or 20 billion tonnes. ... Adding in the mass of gas and very fine dust ... we find that the original body must have been about 100 kilometres across. ... Backtracking the orbits of Encke and Oljato, we find that 9500 years ago their orbits were nearly identical. It is possible there was a major disintegration of the prime body then, with much debris created of which Comet Encke and Oljato are the largest known bodies ... Oljato itself is in an orbit which brought it virtually into the Earth's orbital plane for some centuries around 3000-3500 BC."

Was it Oljato's tail that swarmed Earth around 3100 BC? Did it have a partner or is Swift-Tuttle a part of a parent body of both or did the parent body disintgrate into three parts: Oljate, Swift-Tuttle and a third part that rained on Earth 13 August 3114 BC, the Mayan day zero?

Darwin was not wrong while saying that evolution is the survival of the fittest, but today we must add that evolution is the survival of the fittest of the luckiest.

I hope it’s not too late to post an update.

The ‘Google Sites’ platform that I wrote The DragonStorm Project on wasn’t flexible enough. So I’ve been putting most of my work into a WordPress blog page Called ‘A Catastrophe of Comets’. http://craterhunter.wordpress.com/

For the past half decade, scientists like R.B. Firestone et al, D. J. Kennett et al, and others studying the stratigraphy of the Younger Dryas Boundary layer at various locations all over North America where the YDB is exposed, have been finding the same thing. And publishing the same result; extraterrestrial nanodiamonds in the Younger Dryas Boundary layer.

Meanwhile, other groups, most notably, Surovell et al, and Daulton et al, sampling slightly different locations, and materials in the strata, and using different protocols, set out to challenge those works, and got a different result. They failed to find nanodiamonds. No surprises there folks. Neither of them sampled the same sedimentary materials as the studies they were challenging. And neither of those studies replicated the same sample collection, and preparation, protocols as the originals either. The fact they didn’t duplicate the experiment, is the simple reason they didn’t duplicate the result.

And then Andrei V. Kurbatov et al. went to Greenland, and sampled ice from the layer that corresponds to the YDB. And darned if they didn’t find nanodiamonds again; a lot of them this time. They collected enough data, and performed enough tests, to settle the question of nanodiamonds in the Younger Dryas boundary layer once and for all.

Extra Terestrial nanodiamonds do indeed exist in the Younger Dryas Boundary layer. ‘Nuff said.

So we have teams of first rate scientists reporting multiple lines of evidence of a major extinction level impact event that devastated North America. The thing that has been missing from the YD impact hypothesis all along is verifiable planetary scarring. And from the beginning, the rallying cry of opponents to the impact hypothesis was “where’s the crater?”.

But it’s not just the Earth sciences that were finding evidence of a major cosmic catastrophe. The astronomers also have something to say. In W.M. Napier’s ‘Paleolithic extinctions, and the Taurid Complex’, Professor Napier assures us that, in the progenitor of the Taurid complex, we have a very convincing astronomical model.

There is compelling evidence that we are talking about the impact showers of a very large, heavily fragmented, comet. And that the total mass of all of the fragments that impacted that day was somewhere on the order of 1.1 billion tons. It was most likely already completely broken up well before it hit. And tidal forces had stretched the debris in long streams of particles, and fragments, along the orbital path of the Taurids. If you can describe a beast, you can predict its footprints.

With Professor Napier joining the fray, the YD impact hypothesis has become a fully fledged theory that can successfully describe the planetary scarring. And it isn’t craters.

Only those fragments on the leading edge of such a cluster, or stream of fragments, should be expected to fall into cold atmosphere. The rest are going to fall into already superheated impact plasma. And they just crank up the heat, and pressure. Enough heat, and pressure to make stone flow like water in a storm.

Extraordinary hypotheses require extraordinary proofs. If we spread that 1.1 billion tons out into a debris stream of more than ten thousand Tunguska class airbursts in a little over an hour. And 100% of the kinetic energy of the fragments is translated to heat, and pressure in the atmosphere, we may not see cratering, but we should still expect to see substantial planetary scarring from the heat, and overpressures, of the blasts.

We are describing atmospheric pressures, and temperatures directed downwards at the ground, that were hot enough to melt stone, and make it flow like water in a storm. So, to fit the numbers given so far, our extraordinary proof needs to be something like a few hundred thousand cubic miles of fairly pristine, blast effected materials.

We need to be able to show where whole mountain ranges were blown aside, like clumps of flour on a bakers table in some places. And in still other locations the terrains would have been flash melted like butter under a blowtorch. And blown away by the supersonic gusts of the impact plasma storm, into rivers of melt like pyroclastic flows.

But, these flows will be different. Unlike the gravity driven density currents from a Plinean volcanic eruption, that are pulled down a slope after an ash column collapses, after being ablated from the original surfaces, our geo-ablative airburst melt would have been driven from behind by atmospheric pressure, like the debris laden froth, and foam, on a storm tossed beach. And when you look behind them you won’t find any volcanic vent, or supergiant magma chamber.

The predicted nature of the beast, and it’s footprints, brings us to a conundrum in the Earth sciences. Since the 19th century, they have been founded on unquestioned assumption that the present is the key to understanding the past. It isn’t in this case. And there is nothing in written history to compare to.

It has also been assumed that the only possible source of enough heat to melt the rocks of the Earth is terrestrial volcanism. And the only possible motive force for pyroclastic density current is assumed to be gravity pulling the flow down a slope.

The very idea that such conditions can be atmospheric at times is inconcievable from any unquestioned, 19th century, uniformitarian viewpoint.

So, If our hundreds of thousands of cubic miles of wind driven rivers of flash melted stone do exist, we fully expect they have already been misidentified as volcanic tuff. The age may have been overestimated by orders of magnitude. But they should be in very good condition, exposed, and undisturbed, on the surface after only 12,900 years.

The truth is written in stone. And in exquisite detail.

In fact, those blast effected materials do exist. And they are all present, and accounted for, in pristine condition, as if they only just cooled last year. It goes to fluid mechanics. And explosive blast analysis. If you want to understand an explosive event after the fact, you should first look to the emplacement motions of the blast effected materials. Here in the 21st century, the resolution of image data available at the click of a mouse, for most of the continent is 1 meter per pixel or better. And we can confidently assign a directional vector to any given fragment of airburst impact melt. The materials of the primary impact zone are in good enough to read their fluid motions at the time of emplacement like a choreographic dance chart.

Using Sandia Labs Red Storm supercomputer, Mark Boslough’s simulations of airburst impact events are amazing to say the least. Especially since geo-ablative planetary scarring can be identified that is a perfect match.

As a matter of fact, since the blast effected materials in the primary impact zone are still in almost perfectly pristine condition, we can positively identify all of the planetary scarring of the YD impact event by visual cues alone.

I’ve prepared a little demonstration. For example:

At 29.674596, -105.647853 the material in ejecta curtain was moving to the southeast at the moment of emplacement.
At 30.002339, -105.516817 the ejecta was blown to the northwest.
At 30.169779, -105.648639 the ejecta was blown to the west. About 3.5 miles away, at 30.173885, -105.589431, and on the opposite side of the airburst impact vortex, the ejecta curtain was blown to the east. This is a common type of structure. The central peak is a post impact rebound of the surface up into the center of the impact vortex.

At 29.327291 -104.207709 the completely melted ejecta from The Benavides Impact Structure had been airborne for more than ten miles. The ejecta was carried more than ten miles downwind to the northwest, by the powerful winds of the impact storm. See for yourself, look closely at that location, The material in that splash consists 100% of pristine impact ejecta, mega-breccias, and impact melt.

At 29.024577, -103.917056, on the other side of the 17 Mile wide explosion that produced it, you will find that the ejecta was met head-on by the powerful winds of the impact storm. It was stopped at the edge of the detonation shock wave. And it piled up into a mountain of mega-breccias, and impact melt, more than 800 feet high. (Only impact events make mega-breccias. And only giant impact events make mountains of them)

That same explosion also lofted a 100 meter wide impactite more than 80 kilometers. It landed in the still soft, but no longer moving, impact melt at 28.174660, 103,974744. Its momentum kept it plowing through the melt for another ten miles to the southwest.

The foundation of this extraordinary impact theory is based on the empirical fact that, with modern, 21st century image data, we can read the, directionality of the emplacement motions of all that melt with such accuracy, that the materials can be read like a choreographic dance chart.
And since since we can accurately determine the directionality of the airburst impact melt from the event to a resolution of better than 1 meter per pixel, the fledgling science of Fluid Mechanics has the trump card.

If we turn on Google Earth, and we zoom in on any given location the impact zone where we can positively identify the direction of flow of the wind driven pyroclastic density currents, assigning directional vectors as we go. Each square meter can be treated as 1 byte of directional data to build a motion map in this way. A fluid motion map like that of only a megabyte, or so, reveals the truth. And a gigabyte describes something too terrible for words.

But conceptually, we can go a little bit further. If each byte of directional data is thought of as one character of text in a written language of motion. Then the Mexican impact zone becomes a kind of ‘Rosetta Stone’ for learning to read a language in which the empirically true, geo-history of the world is recorded in intricate, mind boggling, detail. And that’s the big rub.

The geo-history, and geomorphology, that language of rocks in fluid motion describes, has almost no resemblance to the standard model.

The simulations only describe single bolide events. The astronomical model of the Taurids, and the easily identifiable, and clearly legible, blast effected materials of the impact zones, describe clusters of thousands of them each.

There is no such animal as an ‘expert’ in an infant science. But perhaps our ‘Impact Experts’ might do well to consider what happens in a giant multiple fragment, geo-ablative airburst storm where objects are falling into the already superheated impact plumes of fragments which have already fallen.

So, to some it up. The Chihuahuan “Ignimbrites” are not ignimbrite at all. They are more than 350,000 cubic miles of pristine geo-ablative airburst melt. And since they are in perfect condition, undisturbed on the surface, as the pristine capstone of the terrains there, we can toss the silly assumption of 25 million years old down the tubes too.

Look closely folks. Thanks to 21st century satellite images, we can read their emplacement event like a dance chart. The primary impact zone of the debris streams of the Taurid progenitor is central Mexico.

Dennis Cox
http://craterhunter.wordpress.com/

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An Impact Event in 3114BC? The Beginning of a Turbulent Millennium.