Gods, Graves, Glyphs
Weekly Digest #111
Saturday, September 2, 2006
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Sole Music
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Oregon shoe, possibly world's oldest, hits the bigtime
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Posted by SunkenCiv
On General/Chat 08/27/2006 10:42:17 PM EDT · 46 replies · 406+ views
KGW-TV | 8/27/2006 | Associated Press
University of Oregon archaeologist Pam Endzweig escorted what may be the oldest shoe on earth to Washington, D.C., recently to be featured in the current edition of the National Geographic... On page 79, a sandal woven of sagebrush bark more than 300 generations ago sits softly lit on a sheet of coarse brown paper, one of 11 examples of footwear illustrating the article "Why Every Shoe Tells a Story." ...The story of the Fort Rock sandals is well known, at least in Oregon. The U of O's Museum of Natural and Cultural History houses a cache of the ancient sandals...
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Prehistoric 'Shoes' Better Than Modern Hiking Boots (Iceman/Otzi)
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Posted by blam
On News/Activism 06/22/2003 12:40:50 PM EDT · 16 replies · 391+ views
Ananova | 6-20-2003
Prehistoric 'shoes' better than modern hiking boots Prehistoric 'shoes' made out of bearskin and hay are better for mountain walks than modern hiking boots, claims an expert. Shoe specialist Petr Hlavacek has been studying the shoes found on the feet of a prehistoric iceman whose mummified body was found in an Alpine glacier in 1991. Mr Hlavacek, who reconstructed a pair of the shoes, said they kept the foot at an optimal temperature, allowed sweat to evaporate and dried quickly if they got wet. The footwear engineer's version went on display this week at the Leather Museum in Offenbach. Christian...
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PreColumbian, Clovis, and PreClovis
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Christian zealots destroy ancient Arctic petroglyphs [s/b Inuit zealots]
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Posted by SunkenCiv
On General/Chat 08/26/2006 12:17:50 PM EDT · 13 replies · 259+ views
CanWest News Service | Saturday, August 26, 2006 | Randy Boswell
For years, heritage advocates have sought special protection for the ancient etchings at Qajartalik Island, located about one hour by boat from the 500-resident village of Kangiqsujuaq. Experts believe they were created by the extinct Dorset culture, an artistically advanced civilization that occupied much of the eastern Arctic before they were killed or driven away by the Thule ancestors of modern Inuit... [T]he site has been dubbed "the Island of the Stone Devils" because some of the faces -- possibly depicting a Dorset shaman in religious costume -- appear to be adorned with horns. In the past, crosses have been...
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Prehistoric skeleton found along Lake Travis
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Posted by ValerieUSA
On News/Activism 08/28/2006 3:11:13 AM EDT · 40 replies · 1,098+ views
austin american-statesman | Monday, August 28, 2006 | Marty Toohey
An archaeology crew excavated what its members think is a prehistoric skeleton from the banks of Lake Travis on Sunday. Evidence at the site indicates that the skeleton is between 700 and 2,000 years old, most likely dating back about 1,000 years, members of the excavation crew said. The nearly intact skeleton is being donated to the University of Texas for further study. The skeleton was found Aug. 9 by an Austin man riding a personal watercraft on Lake Travis. David Houston had pulled onto the sloped southern bank, admiring a nearby house, when he saw a jawbone, teeth and...
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Navigation
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Polynesian Sailing Myth All At Sea
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Posted by blam
On News/Activism 08/30/2006 1:20:42 PM EDT · 14 replies · 592+ views
ABC Science News | 8-30-2006 | Judy Skatssoon
Polynesian sailing myth all at sea Judy Skatssoon ABC Science Online Wednesday, 30 August 2006 Archaeolgists believe structures like the Tevaitau fort reflect hostility between population groups competing for resources (Image: Douglas Kennett) The Polynesians had trouble reaching remote South Pacific islands, according to a new study that dents their reputation as great seafarers. An archaeological study shows they settled Rapa, an island southeast of Tahiti, more recently than anyone thought. Professor Atholl Anderson, of the Australian National University, and international colleagues publish their research in the current issue of the journal Antiquity. Dating of charcoal from archaeological sites on...
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Climate
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Little Ice Age: Big Chill (History Channel's "Inconvenient Truth" About Global Cooling)
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Posted by PJ-Comix
On News/Activism 08/31/2006 8:13:46 PM EDT · 52 replies · 1,417+ views
History Channel | August 31, 2006
Not so long ago, civilization learned that it was no match for just a few degrees drop in temperature. Scientists call it the Little Ice Age--but its impact was anything but small. From 1300 to 1850, a period of cataclysmic cold caused havoc. It froze Viking colonists in Greenland, accelerated the Black Death in Europe, decimated the Spanish Armada, and helped trigger the French Revolution. The Little Ice Age reshaped the world in ways that now seem the stuff of fantasy--New York Harbor froze and people walked from Manhattan to Staten Island, Eskimos sailed kayaks as far south as Scotland,...
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Let's Have Jerusalem
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Viewer Beware: The Exodus Decoded [ Jacobovici response to BAR review]
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Posted by SunkenCiv
On General/Chat 08/31/2006 1:25:09 PM EDT · 14 replies · 202+ views
Biblical Archaeology Review | August 29, 2006 | Simcha Jacobovici
In the second part, he lists what he says are my so-called "discoveries." You would think that the good professor knows how to use the rewind button on his DVD player and confirm statements that he attributes to me. You can find a copy of the transcript of my film at "Simcha's explorations": www.theexodusdecoded.com. A word search can confirm that I claim to "reveal" the meaning of other people's discoveries by providing a new context for looking at various artifacts, inscriptions, mountains etc. The fact is that I never once claim to "discover" anything..
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Volcanic eruption 'triggered biblical parting of Red Sea'
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Posted by NYer
On News/Activism 08/07/2006 11:23:28 AM EDT · 142 replies · 2,500+ views
Times Online | August 6, 2006 | Tony Allen-Mills
THE greatest story ever told has acquired a Hollywood twist. James Cameron, the director of Titanic, is the executive producer of a new documentary that claims to have uncovered fresh evidence confirming one of the most dramatic episodes in the Old Testament -- the parting of the Red Sea and the Jewish exodus from Egypt. In The Exodus Decoded, a 90-minute documentary that will be shown in America this month, Cameron and Simcha Jacobovici, the Canadian film producer, claim a volcanic eruption on the Greek archipelago of Santorini triggered a chain of natural catastrophes recorded in the Bible as the...
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Digging out the truth of Exodus: New Evidence of Biblical Exodus
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Posted by nwrep
On News/Activism 10/12/2003 7:59:10 PM EDT · 46 replies · 381+ views
US News | October 20, 2003 | nwrep
By Helen Fields Egyptologist Manfred Bietak was reading a 60-year-old report of a dig near Luxor in Egypt when a surprising find caught his eye. Near a mortuary temple from the 12th century B.C., archaeologists had uncovered a grid of shallow trenches, which they guessed was the base of a workers' hut. Bietak, head of the Institute of Egyptology at Vienna University, recognized the floor plan as that of the four-room houses used by almost all Israelites from the 12th to the sixth century B.C. What was it doing in Egypt? If Bietak is right, the trenches could be...
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Pharaoh's chariots found in Red Sea?
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Posted by truthfinder9
On Religion 10/30/2003 3:06:14 PM EST · 15 replies · 2,402+ views
WorldNetDaily.com
Pharaoh's chariots found in Red Sea? 'Physical evidence' of ancient Exodus prompting new look at Old Testament http://wnd.com By Joe Kovacs © 2003 WorldNetDaily.com "And Moses stretched out his hand over the sea; and the LORD caused the sea to go back by a strong east wind all that night, and made the sea dry land, and the waters were divided." (Exodus 14:21 ) One of the most famous stories of the Bible is God's parting of the Red Sea to save the Israelites from the Egyptian army and the subsequent drowning of soldiers and horses in hot pursuit. But...
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Ancient Egypt
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Egypt's Ramses Gets a New Home Among Pyramids
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Posted by FairOpinion
On News/Activism 08/26/2006 4:19:40 PM EDT · 20 replies · 428+ views
VOA | Aug. 25, 2006 | Leslie Boctor
Engineers on Friday moved a 3,200-year-old statue of Ramses II. The pharonic statue had stood for more than 50 years in a congested square in downtown Cairo. Its new home will be at a tranquil spot next to the Great Pyramids. Thousands came out to watch the statue makes its 20 kilometer journey. Onlookers crowded along the street around the statue of Pharaoh Ramses II which was surrounded by a convoy including 1,500 soldiers, during the final leg of its journey It took 10 hours for the 11 meter, 83 ton statue to travel through downtown Cairo and cross the...
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China
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3000-year-old "pyramid" discovered in NE China
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Posted by Marius3188
On News/Activism 08/31/2006 1:57:52 AM EDT · 27 replies · 930+ views
Xinhua | 21 June 2006 | Xinhua
CHANGCHUN, June 21 (Xinhua) -- Chinese archaeologists have discovered a group of ancient tombs shaped like pyramids, dating back at least 3,000 years, in Jiaohe City of northeast China's Jilin Province. The tombs, covering an area of 500,000 square meters (1,000 meters long and 500 meters wide), were found after water erosion exposed part of a mountain, revealing two of the tombs. Six smaller tombs had eroded away leaving no indications of their original scale and appearance, but the biggest tomb, located on the south side of the mountain, could clearly be discerned as a pyramid shape with three layers...
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Asia
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S. Korea: Mounted Archers Training in a Mongol Plateau
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Posted by TigerLikesRooster
On News/Activism 09/01/2006 2:40:49 AM EDT · 79 replies · 1,058+ views
muye24ki.com | 08/04/06
Mounted Archers Training in a Mongol plateau Some S. Koreans dug up old military training manuals from 18th century and are trying to restore the art of ancient warriors.Here, they are practicing once-lost art of mounted archery. They went to Mongol steppe to do their summer training.It†was done this August on Arkhangel Aimac, a plateau which is 1,000 km from its capital Ulan Bator and 1,700 m (5660 feet) above sea-level .The uniform they are wearing is from Chosun(1392~1910) era.A trainee practicing so-called 'Parthian Parting Shot'This is†a favorite†technique of Northen steppe warriors in the past. Koreans†also used to use it....
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Central Asia
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Ancient Gold Coins Found In Kyrgyz Mountain Lake
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Posted by blam
On News/Activism 08/30/2006 1:29:12 PM EDT · 45 replies · 1,175+ views
Novosti | 8-30-2006
Ancient gold coins found in Kyrgyz mountain lake 16:34 | 30/ 08/ 2006 BISHKEK, August 30 (RIA Novosti) - Possibly the world's most ancient gold coin has been discovered in a high mountain lake in Kyrgyzstan, the chief of an archeological expedition said Wednesday. Academic Vladimir Ploskikh said an expedition from the Kyrgyz-Russian Slavic University found a 70-gram octagonal gold artifact on the northern side of Lake Issuk-Kul. "This is probably the earliest form of metal money found in Central Asia, and may have served as an archetype for later gold coins," he said. "If this [hypothesis] is confirmed, the...
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Ancient Greece
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Archeologists find unique Thracian gold near seaside
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Posted by SunkenCiv
On General/Chat 08/29/2006 1:42:02 AM EDT · 2 replies · 16+ views
Bulgarian News Network | Tuesday, August 29, 2006 | unattributed
A unique gold treasure from Thracian times was found on Sunday near the town of Sinemorets at the Bulgarian seaside, news agencies reported. The excavations near the mouth of Veleka River continued during the day and the field is guarded by the police. Local people have dug the hill for inert materials and later archeologists discovered the gold treasure, Darik radio announced. There are lots of gold and silver vessels and cult clay tiles with the image of Mother Earth Goddess. Up to the Sunday evening an extremely valuable wreath and a set of golden earrings have been brought out...
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British Isles
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Uncovering the burial mounds of Bronze Age Scots
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Posted by Marius3188
On News/Activism 08/27/2006 11:12:18 PM EDT · 11 replies · 484+ views
Scotsman | 28 Aug 2006 | CAROLINE WICKHAM-JONES
FOUR thousand years ago work began to erect the great earthen burial mounds that comprise the Bronze Age barrow cemetery at the Knowes of Trotty, in Harray, Orkney. There are at least 16 barrows - or graves - in two rows, nestling between the edge of the farmlands and the foot of the moorland. Many were raised upon natural mounds to enhance their prominence. It is a spectacular site, even today, and there are indications that in the Bronze Age the Knowes of Trotty was a cemetery of special significance. The barrows were built to honour the dead of the...
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Neandertal
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Implications for the Behavioral Modernity of Neandertals
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Posted by SunkenCiv
On General/Chat 08/29/2006 1:33:27 AM EDT · 25 replies · 203+ views
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences | August 15, 2006 | J. Zilh„o, F. díErrico, J. Bordes, A. Lenoble, J. Texier, and J. Rigaud
Abstract: The Ch‚telperronian is a Neandertal-associated archeological culture featuring ornaments and decorated bone tools. It is often suggested that such symbolic items do not imply that Neandertals had modern cognition and stand instead for influences received from coeval, nearby early modern humans represented by the Aurignacian culture, whose precocity would be proven by stratigraphy and radiocarbon dates. The Grotte des FÈes at Ch‚telperron (France) is the remaining case of such a potential Chatelperronian-Aurignacian contemporaneity, but reanalysis shows that its stratification is poor and unclear, the bone assemblage is carnivore-accumulated, the putative interstratified Aurignacian lens in level B4 is made up...
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There is a little Neanderthal in a lot of us
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Posted by patton
On General/Chat 09/01/2006 11:36:50 AM EDT · 24 replies · 118+ views
The Telegraph UK | 29/08/2006 | Roger Highfield, Science Editor
People who have large noses, a stocky build and a beetle brow may indeed be a little Neanderthal, according to a genetic study. But the good news is that other research concludes that Neanderthals were much more like us than previously thought. People of European descent may be five per cent Neanderthal, according to a study published in the journal PLoS Genetics, which suggests we all have a sprinkling of archaic DNA in our genes. "Instead of a population that left Africa 100,000 years ago and replaced all other archaic human groups, we propose that this population interacted with another...
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Ancient Europe
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Rewriting Human History
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Posted by blam
On News/Activism 08/26/2006 8:38:14 PM EDT · 19 replies · 624+ views
Rolex Awards | 8-25-2005
Rewriting Human History Discoveries In Georgia Are Transforming Our View Of Human Evolution Looking out across a verdant lake valley alive with game, in a land to be known as Georgia at some remote future time, the diminutive, small-brained, ape-faced creature seems hardly destined for planetary conquest. Yet, from 1.75 million years ago, the slender little hominid -- pre-human -- is rewriting the story of who we are, where we came from and how we got here. Translating this epic tale is an energetic and enthusiastic Georgian scientist, David Lordkipanidze, who has waged a decade-long struggle to uncover, substantiate and protect...
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Biology and Cryptobiology
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A Pregnant Man (BREAKING NEWS?)
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Posted by Alter Kaker
On General/Chat 08/23/2006 3:32:30 PM EDT · 72 replies · 2,458+ views
ABC News | 23 August 2006 | ABC News
Aug. 23, 2006 -- Sanju Bhagat's stomach was once so swollen he looked nine months pregnant and could barely breathe. Living in the city of Nagpur, India, Bhagat said he'd felt self-conscious his whole life about his big belly. But one night in June 1999, his problem erupted into something much larger than cosmetic worry. An ambulance rushed the 36-year-old farmer to the hospital. Doctors thought he might have a giant tumor, so they decided to operate and remove the source of the bulge in his belly. "Basically, the tumor was so big that it was pressing on his diaphragm...
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Breast Milk May Not Be Enough (Vitamin D)
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Posted by blam
On General/Chat 08/27/2006 2:34:48 PM EDT · 6 replies · 117+ views
Science News | 8-27-2006 | Janet Raloff
Breast milk may not be enough Janet Raloff A new study finds a high incidence of vitamin D deficiency in breast-fed babies, mostly during winter. Such a deficiency limits the body's use of calcium, which is essential for healthy bones and teeth. As part of a trial of iron supplementation, Ekhard E. Ziegler of the University of Iowa in Iowa City and his colleagues regularly took blood samples over 2 years from 84 newborns who were initially breastfed exclusively. The researchers noticed that few infants were getting supplemental vitamin D. The scientists evaluated vitamin D in the infants' blood. They...
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Agriculture and Domestication
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Italy festival honors forgotten fruits (Casola Valsenio near Faenza)
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Posted by NormsRevenge
On General/Chat 08/29/2006 11:27:26 PM EDT · 12 replies · 120+ views
AP on Yahoo | 8/29/06 | AP
FAENZA, Italy - Environmentalists, foodies and travelers, unite! You have nothing to lose but your boring supermarket produce. The Festival of Forgotten Fruits -- scheduled for Oct. 14-15 in the town of Casola Valsenio, Italy -- is an event designed to bring attention to little-known and sometimes ancient varieties of wild fruit that are still cultivated locally. The festival will feature pomegranates, vulpine pears, rose apples, jujubes (also known as red dates or Chinese dates), quince apples, sorb apples, cornelian cherries and unusual types of berries, as well as medlars, which are used as an ingredient in desserts, jelly and...
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Ancient Rome
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CA: Getty Curator on Trial for Acquiring Stolen Antiquities
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Posted by BurbankKarl
On News/Activism 07/18/2005 6:57:33 PM EDT · 3 replies · 200+ views
LA Times a paper hardly read... | 7/18/05 | Tracy Wilkinson
ROME -- In a case with broad implications for the art world, the trial of a senior curator at the J. Paul Getty Museum who is accused of illegally acquiring antiquities opened today in Rome, and was almost immediately suspended to await translation of key documents into English. The prosecution of Marion True, the Getty's curator for antiquities and director of the Getty Villa, will resume Nov. 16, a three judge panel decided. True, 56, is accused of criminal conspiracy to receive stolen goods and illicit receipt of archeological items purportedly dug up in Italy. The case involves 42 allegedly...
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Documents: Getty had clues it was obtaining possibly looted art
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Posted by BenLurkin
On News/Activism 09/25/2005 3:57:18 PM EDT · 19 replies · 534+ views
AP | Sunday September 25, 2005
LOS ANGELES (AP) Lawyers for the J. Paul Getty Museum have determined that half the masterpieces in its antiquities collection were bought from dealers suspected of selling artifacts embezzled from Italy, according to a published report Sunday. Getty officials knew as early as 1985 that several of their suppliers were selling artworks that probably had been looted, but the museum continued the acquisitions, according to hundreds of documents obtained by the Los Angeles Times. Italian authorities are demanding the return of 42 objects in the Getty collection they believe were stolen, including ancient urns, vases and a 5-foot marble statue...
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Getty Had Signs It Was Acquiring Possibly Looted Art, Documents Show
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Posted by Republicanprofessor
On News/Activism 10/01/2005 3:34:07 PM EDT · 21 replies · 405+ views
LATimes.com | 9/25/05 | Jason Felch and Ralph Frammolino,
Attorneys for the J. Paul Getty Museum have determined that half the masterpieces in its antiquities collection were purchased from dealers now under investigation for allegedly selling artifacts looted from ruins in Italy. Italian authorities have identified dozens of objects in the Getty collection as looted, including ancient urns, vases and a 5-foot marble statue of Apollo. The Italians have Polaroid photographs seized from a dealer's warehouse in Switzerland that show Getty artifacts in an unrestored state, some encrusted with dirt -- soon after they were dug from the ground, Italians officials say. In response to the Italian investigation, Getty...
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Getty to return three ancient pieces to Italy
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Posted by woofie
On News/Activism 10/04/2005 2:00:34 PM EDT · 8 replies · 254+ views
La Times | Jason Felch
Italian authorities have agreed to accept an offer from the J. Paul Getty Museum to return three ancient objects allegedly stolen from Italy, but say they jhuwill continue to pursue dozens more artifacts in a separate criminal case against the museum's former antiquities curator. The Getty's offer came after protracted negotiations with Italian authorities, and it figures prominently in the museum's strategy of building goodwill with the Italian government, records show. The Italians have presented evidence that each of the three items was looted from Italian tombs or taken from collections in Italy, in violation of the country's patrimony laws....
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Catastrophism and Astronomy
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Scientists seek Copernicus' uncle's remains to confirm finding
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Posted by wagglebee
On News/Activism 08/26/2006 3:02:29 PM EDT · 13 replies · 191+ views
Ireland Online | 5/28/06 | Ireland Online
Polish archaeologists have launched a search for the grave of an uncle of Nicolaus Copernicus in hopes the relativeís DNA can confirm that remains they found last year are indeed those of the 16th-century astronomer, the head of the research team said today. "We are almost sure we found Copernicusís remains last year, but we still need to confirm it through comparison with the DNA of someone related on the female side," said Jerzy Gassowski, who is head of the Archaeology and Anthropology Institute in Pultusk in central Poland. The team began its search this week for the coffin of...
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Middle Ages and Renaissance
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Korea's ancient vessels found in eastern China [ s/b medieval ]
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Posted by SunkenCiv
On General/Chat 08/29/2006 1:37:19 AM EDT
Yonhap | Tuesday, August 29, 2006 | unattributed
Ancient vessels assumed to be 14th-century Korean trade boats have been found in an eastern Chinese port, a discovery that will help retrace the history of marine exchanges between Korea and China from that era, archaeologists involved in the find said Monday. They are the first Korean ancient vessels found overseas and stand as evidence that Koreans engaged in international trade before they curbed such exchanges centuries later, said the archaeologists of the National Maritime Museum.
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Africa
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Africans Invented Arithmetic and Algebra [double bagger barf alert]
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Posted by SunkenCiv
On General/Chat 08/30/2006 1:41:19 PM EDT · 72 replies · 582+ views
Black Voice News | Sunday, 27 August 2006 | Joseph A. Bailey, II M.D., F.A.C.S.
The earliest treatise on algebra is the Egyptian Rhind Papyrus (c.1700 BC). But in c.3000 BC Egyptians called it "aha Calculus" because "Aha," "Ahe," or "Ahau" was the name of the second pharaoh of the first dynasty. Meaning mass, quantity, or heap (a pile of many things), it was used as an abstract term for the unknown in an equation. Originally, the word "algebra"-("al" "from Egypt"--"al-Kemit")--meant the reuniting of broken parts and was later defined by the Arabs as "restoration", including "bone setting". Note that Yin and Yang are also about the union of separate parts... Africans found a place...
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Oh So Mysteriouso
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Evidence found of ancient tribute to King Arthur's Round Table
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Posted by Marius3188
On News/Activism 08/28/2006 11:01:39 AM EDT · 58 replies · 2,355+ views
Daily Mail | 28 Aug 2006 | BEN CLERKIN & CHARLOTTE GILL
It is a legendary artefact of British history - albeit one for which there is no evidence. In 1344, King Edward III supposedly built a huge round hall to house a table for his 300 knights. His aim was to recreate the Arthurian legend of the Knights of the Round Table. The only problem was that - much like King Arthur's original Table at Camelot - many historians doubted whether it actually existed. Until now that is. For archaeologists digging up the Queen's front lawn at Windsor Castle yesterday unearthed a spectacular find. Below the turf of one of the...
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Scotland's Whirling Goddess or the Holy Grail?
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Posted by Marius3188
On News/Activism 08/28/2006 11:16:53 AM EDT · 39 replies · 1,432+ views
Scotsman | 24 Aug 2006 | DAVID MCDOWELL
STARING into the terrifying thunderous tumult of the Corryvreckan whirlpool, it's easy to see why its sheer primal energy has fascinated people for centuries. Now Edinburgh folklorist Stuart McHardy has suggested a startling new theory - that the awe-inspiring natural vortex between the islands of Scarba and Jura in Argyll and Bute was the true origin of the Holy Grail. At its wildest, some say the whirlpool forms a spectacular swirling cauldron 300 feet wide and 100 feet deep. The cause is hidden beneath the waves -- a giant rock pinnacle rising from the depths to within 95 feet of...
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Thoroughly Modern Miscellany
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Taller people are smarter: study (Daschle "Deeply saddened..."
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Posted by presidio9
On General/Chat 08/25/2006 7:30:35 PM EDT · 62 replies · 669+ views
Reuters | 08/24/06
While researchers have long shown that tall people earn more than their shorter counterparts, it's not only social discrimination that accounts for this inequality -- tall people are just smarter than their height-challenged peers, a new study finds. "As early as age three -- before schooling has had a chance to play a role -- and throughout childhood, taller children perform significantly better on cognitive tests," wrote Anne Case and Christina Paxson of Princeton University in a paper published by the National Bureau of Economic Research. The findings were based primarily on two British studies that followed children born in...
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700-year-old letters going home to Poland
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Posted by Lukasz
On News/Activism 08/29/2006 1:24:54 PM EDT · 19 replies · 568+ views
Pioneer Press | Aug. 27, 2006 | DINESH RAMDE
A collection of letters written by popes and kings some 700 years ago will be returned to Poland's national archives after a man in Milwaukee found them among the belongings of his father, a World War II veteran. The letters, some of which were displayed at a news conference Thursday, are remarkably preserved, the gracefully flowing letters still legible on the vellum, or animal skin, on which they were written. The 17 letters date back as far as 1256 and primarily record real-estate transactions, said Wanda Zemler-Cizewski, the Marquette University theology professor who authenticated them in 2003. The documents were...
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end of digest #111 20060902
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