Posted on 12/03/2005 10:24:55 PM PST by sourcery
Scientists at the Commerce Department’s National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) have coaxed six atoms into spinning together in two opposite directions at the same time, a so-called Schrödinger “cat” state that obeys the unusual laws of quantum physics. The ambitious choreography could be useful in applications such as quantum computing and cryptography, as well as ultra-sensitive measurement techniques, all of which rely on exquisite control of nature’s smallest particles.
The experiment, which was unusually challenging even for scientists accustomed to crossing the boundary between the macroscopic and quantum worlds, is described in the Dec. 1 issue of Nature.* NIST scientists entangled six beryllium ions (charged atoms) so that their nuclei were collectively spinning clockwise and counterclockwise at the same time. Entanglement, which Albert Einstein called “spooky action at a distance,” occurs when the quantum properties of two or more particles are correlated. The NIST work, along with a paper by Austrian scientists published in the same issue of Nature, breaks new ground for entanglement of multiple particles in the laboratory. The previous record was five entangled photons, the smallest particles of light.
“It is very difficult to control six ions precisely for a long enough time to do an experiment like this,” says physicist Dietrich Leibfried, lead author of the NIST paper.
The ability to exist in two states at once is another peculiar property of quantum physics known as “superposition.” The NIST ions were placed in the most extreme superposition of spin states possible with six ions. All six nuclei are spinning in one direction and the opposite direction simultaneously or what physicists call Schrödinger cat states. The name was coined in a famous 1935 essay in which German physicist Erwin Schrödinger described an extreme theoretical case of being in two states simultaneously, namely a cat that is both dead and alive at the same time.
Schrödinger’s point was that cats are never observed in such states in the macroscopic “real world,” so there seems to be a boundary where the strange properties of quantum mechanics—the rule book for Nature’s smallest particles—give way to everyday experience. The NIST work, while a long way from full entanglement of a real cat’s roughly 1026 atoms, extends the domain where Schrödinger cat states can exist to at least six atoms. The Austrian team used a different approach to entangle more ions (eight) but in a less sensitive state.
In the NIST experiment, the ions are held a few micrometers apart in an electromagnetic trap. Ultraviolet lasers are used to cool the ions to near absolute zero and manipulate them in three steps. To create and maintain the cat states, the researchers fine-tuned trap conditions to reduce unwanted heating of the ions, improved cooling methods, and automated some of the calibrations and other formerly manual processes. One run of the experiment takes about 1 millisecond; the cat states last about 50 microseconds (about 1/20 as long). The team ran the experiment successfully tens of thousands of times, including numerous runs that entangled four, five, or six ions.
Entanglement and superpositions are being exploited in laboratories around the world in the development of new technologies such as quantum computers. If they can be built, quantum computers could solve certain problems in an exponentially shorter time than conventional computers of a similar size. For example, current supercomputers would require years to break today’s best encryption codes, (which are used to keep bank transactions and other important information secret) while quantum computers could quickly decipher the codes. Quantum computers also may be useful for optimizing complex systems such as airline schedules and database searching, developing "fraud-proof" digital signatures, or simulating complex biological systems for use in drug design.
Cat states, because they are superpositions of opposite overall properties that are relatively easy to verify, could be useful in a NIST-proposed design for fault-tolerant quantum computers. In addition, cat states are more sensitive to disturbance than other types of superpositions, a potentially useful feature in certain forms of quantum encryption, a new method for protecting information by making virtually all eavesdropping detectable.
The entangled cat states created by the NIST researchers also might be used to improve precision instruments, such as atomic clocks or interferometers that measure microscopic distances. Six ions entangled in a cat state are about 2½ times more sensitive to external magnetic fields than six unentangled ions, offering the possibility of better magnetic field sensors, or (for fixed external magnetic fields) better frequency sensors, which are components of atomic clocks. In addition, correlations between entangled ions could improve measurement precision, because a measurement of the spin of one of the entangled ions makes it possible to predict the spin of all remaining ions with certainty.
The research was funded by the Advanced Research and Development Activity/ National Security Agency, the Department of Defense Multidisciplinary University Research Initiative Program administered by the Office of Naval Research, and NIST.
More information about NIST research on quantum computing and cryptography, and spin-off applications in measurement science, is available at http://qubit.nist.gov.
As a non-regulatory agency of the Commerce Department’s Technology Administration, NIST promotes U.S. innovation and industrial competitiveness by advancing measurement science, standards and technology in ways that enhance economic security and improve our quality of life.
Thanks for the ping!
well, it also can mean:
1. "I don't know, so quit bugging me."
2. "No one knows, because the web of causality is too big and complicated and old to ever trace back to the ultimate roots or describe in detail all the way from the root through all its permutations to the event about which you are bugging me."
3. "I'm bigger and stronger than you are, and I'll mulch you if you keep bugging me, so there!"
you'll like this thread :)
That's right. In describing rotation they are powerful.
Yep, very, very useful. Fun too.
If a pattern is not regular, it is only that the higher pattern has not been perceived. What of the precession of the equinox? Do we have enough data to see a pattern there, not to mention explaining the pattern? Yet, most people would say, 'of course,' not having any explanation besides wobble as if it is as incomprehensible as the shimmy in the front end of a Chevy Vega of undetermined age.
Thank you for the ping! It does look quite interesting.
Hamilton was so impressed with his spatiotemporal Dublin insight that, not having pencil and paper handy, he made his wife wait on their Sunday stroll while he carved the equation--Daniel Boone in the wilderness of Kentucky making note on a tree of a meeting with a bear--into the stone of Broome Bridge on their path.
Cuz solipsism be good enuf.
Sure, i and -i.
I'm not sure I see the problem.
I do not require infinitely precise congruence to mathematical regular perfection to call a pattern a pattern.
In terms of the precession of the equinox, I shall defer to more knowledgeable FReepers. I will indulge in a spot of musing on it.
Seems to me that the precession involves the synchronization of at least the following two patterns: Earth's axial revolution and the relationship of Earth's axis to its orbital period.
Considering that Earth has a significantly massive satellite, rendering us a binary planetary system, I would think that the lunar orbit's mechanics would cause a significant effect on the synch of Earth's diurnal and orbital cycles. Earth's center of mass must describe a -hrmn- peculiar looking course around the orbital path of the combined binary system. This could be the cause (or one of them) of the "wobble"
Yep, my misprint. Analogous reasoning works though.
Ah, but this is where things get interesting... I'm no Quantum Physics expert, but if my reading on this topic is anywhere close to home... the reply is something like... "perhaps you can"
Not necessarily. GR evidently allows time-like loops. IIRC Goedel had a (admittedly unlikely) model in which a causal universe arises from space-time region filled with them. On such a loop the sequence of causes loop back on themselves.
*SMACK*
that's for making my brain hurt
I do not believe in that degree of earth wobble. Wobble is a first approximation of a more nearly perfect mathematical pattern. Copernicus' method could be applied to the rotation of the equinox: the sun itself need not be the center of rotation of the solar system. If Ptolemy had continued to observe in more detail, he would have had to account for effects of light and shadow, and that would have led him to Copernicus' take on revolution in the solar system. So it may be with precession of the equinox.
just needed to clarify the given.
so, we have:
x^3 + 1 = 0
x = -1 is one solution.
(x^3 + 1)/(x + 1) = division by zero. foul.
yes?
all that matters is, can this be turned into a cool weapon?
another possibility, to which I believe you allude, is that while the orbital and diurnal cycles do not synch on a year to year basis, they might (barring perturbation - itself cyclical OR one-shot random - from other sources outside the system under consideration) synch up over a much longer time interval, making an "uber-pattern".
x^3 + 1 = 0
x = -1
x + 1 = 0
x^3 + 1 = x + 1
though I used to be rather good at it, it has been a long, LONG time since I did *any* algebra.
where to from here?
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