Posted on 04/08/2010 8:15:01 PM PDT by truthfinder9
Skeptics claim that the flood narrative of Genesis1 is a rewritten version of an original myth, The Epic of Gilgamesh, from the Enuma Elish produced by the Sumerians. The flood of the Epic of Gilgamesh is contained on Tablet XI2 of twelve large stone tablets that date to around 650 B.C. These tablets are obviously not originals, since fragments of the flood story have been found on tablets that date to 2,000 B.C. It is likely that the story itself originated much before that, since the Sumerian cuneiform writing has been estimated to go as far back as 3,300 B.C.
The dating of Genesis is uncertain, since the preservation of papyri is not nearly as good as that of stone. Liberal scholars place the date between 1,500 and 500 B.C., although the events are claimed to have occurred several thousand years earlier.
Here is a brief background of the Epic of Gilgamesh. Gilgamesh was an oppressive ruler of the Sumerians, whose people called to the gods to send a nemesis. One nemesis, Enkidu, became friends with Gilgamesh, and the two went out on many adventures. Enkidu was eventually killed and Gilgamesh then feared for his own life. In his search for immortality, he met Utnapishtim, who had been granted immortality by the gods, following his rescue from the flood. Utnapishtim then recounted the flood and how he became immortal.
Superficially, the flood accounts appear to be similar:
Despite superficial similarities, the differences between the accounts are quite significant. The table below lists most of the differences.
| Characteristic | Genesis1 | Gilgamesh2 |
|---|---|---|
| Reason for flood | human wickedness3 | excessive human noisiness |
| Response of deity | the Lord was sorry He made man because of his wickedness4 | gods could not sleep |
| Warned by | Yahweh (God)5 | Ea |
| Main character | Noah ("rest")6 | Utnapishtim ("finder of life") |
| Why character chosen | a righteous man6 | no reason given |
| Intended for | All humans except Noah and his family7 | all humans |
| Decision to send flood | Yahweh (God)8 | council of the gods (primarily Enlil) |
| Builders | Noah and family9 | Utnapishtim, his family, and many craftsmen from city |
| Character's response | Noah warned his neighbors of upcoming judgment as "Preacher of righteousness"10 | Told by Ea to lie to neighbors so that they would help him build the boat |
| Building time | 100 years11 | 7 days |
| Boat size | 450x75x45 feet12 | 200x200x200 feet (unseaworthy cube) |
| Boat roof | wood13 | slate (top heavy?) |
| # Decks | 314 | 6 |
| Humans | Noah and family7 | Utnapishtim, his family, and craftsmen from city |
| Cargo | animals and food15 | animals, food, gold jewels, and other valuables |
| Launching | by the floodwaters16 | pushed to the river |
| Door closed by | Yahweh (God)17 | Utnapishtim |
| Sign of coming flood | none | extremely bright light sent by the Annanuki (collection of Sumerian gods) |
| Waters sent by | Yahweh (God)7 | Adad, with help from gods Shamash, Shullat, Hanish, Erragal, Ninurta |
| Reaction of deity to flood | in control of waters18 | gods scrambled to get away from water like "whipped dogs" |
| Duration of rain | 40 days19 | 7 days |
| Duration of flood | 370 days20 | 14 days |
| Boat landing | Mt. Ararat21 | Mt. Nisir |
| Deity's reaction to human deaths | no regret mentioned | regretted that they had killed all the humans |
| Birds sent out | raven returns, dove returns second time with olive branch, then leaves22 | dove returns, swallow returns, raven does not return |
| Offering after flood | one of every clean animal and bird23 | wines and a sheep |
| Aftermath | God promises not to destroy humanity by flood again24 | gods quarrel among themselves, god Ea lies to Enlil. Utnapishtim and wife given immortality like the gods |
| Repopulation | Noah and family told to multiply and repopulate the earth25 | Ea and Mami created 14 human beings to help repopulate the earth |
Among the similarities between the Genesis and Gilgamesh there are some that would be expected to be found in any flood account. Since both cultures existed in the Middle East, it is not unexpected to find that both accounts occurred in the plains of Mesopotamia. The Bible described the creation of humans in the locale of the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers, and never describes them expanding beyond that area prior to the flood. Therefore, this similarity (#1 on our list above) is just due to the nature of where the peoples lived.
Obviously, for humans to survive the flood, there would have to be a means of escape. A boat makes sense, since the cultures did not have the technology to build an airplane. Humans would not know that a flood was coming unless they were told so by someone. Therefore, the idea that the gods or God would warn certain humans would not be unexpected, either. Similarity #2 seems like an integral part of any ancient flood story, so does not constitute an unexpected similarity.
Since a flood would obviously kill livestock in addition to humans, it would make sense that the survivors should take some animals on board with them. They would probably want to eat during the time of the flood, so would be expected that food would be taken on board the boat. Therefore, similarity #3 would be expected in any flood account.
Since there was no glue or other sealing materials, it would be expected that the builders of the boats would use something natural that was water resistant. Hence, it is not surprising to find that both stories recount the use of tar or other natural resin. Eliminate similarity #4 as being significant.
The laws of physics require that wooden boats would float on top of the water (although this is questionable with the Gilgamesh boat, see below). When the waters began to recede, it would not be unreasonable for the boat to come to rest on a mountain or the foothills of a mountain. However, it would probably be expected that the boat would come to rest somewhere on the plains of Mesopotamia. Although superficially similar, the boats came to rest on different mountain ranges. The boat from Gilgamesh came to rest on Mt. Nisir, whereas the ark came to rest on Mt. Ararat. Why these details would have been changed is unknown.
Probably the most unique feature common to both accounts are the release of birds to determine when the waters had receded. However, there are some significant differences between the two accounts. In Gilgamesh, a dove is sent out first, whereas in Genesis, it is a raven. The second bird sent is a swallow in Gilgamesh and a dove in Genesis. A third bird, a raven, is sent out in Gilgamesh, whereas the dove is sent out again in Genesis and returns with an olive leaf. In Genesis, the dove is sent out a third time and does not return. If the Genesis account was copied from Gilgamesh, these details were changed significantly for no apparent reason.
The seventh similarity was a sacrificial offering made to the gods or God, when the main character had been delivered from the flood. The details of the offerings were quite different, since the Gilgamesh epic describes the offering of wines and a sheep. Noah sacrificed burnt offerings of all the clean animals on the ark, but no drink offering. Although it may seem like an unusual thing to do, in the cultures of the time, it would be expected that an offering would be made as an act of appreciation. In this age, it would be expected that religious people would offer prayers of thanks or at least a "Was I lucky" (depending upon one's religious worldview). Therefore, similarity #7 should not be seen as significant.
The first striking thing that one notices when reading the Epic of Gilgamesh is how silly the story is. Part of the silliness is because of the obviously human-like behavior of the gods. They are constantly fighting amongst each other, plotting and deceiving each other. One would expect this part of the story to be removed from a Genesis copy. Therefore, we would expect that the Genesis account would be changed to involve some kind of judgment, since Yahweh (God) does not capriciously destroy humans, as was done in the Gilgamesh epic. It would, therefore, make sense that Noah would be chosen for his righteousness although Utnapishtim was chosen for no apparent reason.
Even with these major changes not considered, there are many dissimilarities that would not be expected from a story copied from another story. For example, the timings of the flood accounts are vastly different. The Gilgamesh flood took only 3 weeks, whereas the Genesis flood lasted over a year. The Gilgamesh flood included several 7 day long events. This "perfect" number is found throughout the Bible, so would be expected to be retained if copied from the epic of Gilgamesh. However, the Bible uses numbers like 40 and 150 - much longer timeframes.
The boats in the two accounts are quite different. The Gilgamesh boat was an unseaworthy cube with a slate roof. Obviously, such a design would immediately flip over or roll around in the water. In contrast, the ark had dimensions that were ideal for a seaworthy ship. This fact might be surprising, since both cultures were not noted for their nautical skills. It is obvious that the gods of the Sumerians had no expertise in shipbuilding.
We have examined the similarities between the Epic of Gilgamesh and Genesis flood account of the Bible. Although there are a number of superficial similarities between the accounts, the vast majority of similarities would be expected to be found in any ancient flood account. Only two similarities stand out as being unique - landing of the boats on a mountain and the use of birds to determine when the flood subsided. However, both of these similarities differ in important details. In addition, there are great differences in the timing of each of the flood accounts and the nature of the vessels. Why these details would be so drastically changed is a problem for those who claim that the Genesis flood was derived from the Epic of Gilgamesh.
There are a couple possible explanations for the existence of multiple ancient flood accounts. One - that Genesis was a copy of Gilgamesh - has already been discussed and does not seem to fit the available data. The other possible explanation is that the flood was a real event in the history of mankind that was passed down through the generations of different cultures. If so, the Gilgamesh account seems to have undergone some rather radical transformations. The story is a rather silly myth that bears little resemblance to reality. In contrast, the Genesis account is a logical, seemingly factual account of a historical event. It lacks the obvious mythological aspects of the Gilgamesh epic.
Somebody just discovered the Epic of Gilgamesh??
They do it every sememster in Comparative Religion 101
I read it as an undergraduate myself.
:’) It’s not fair (or sensible) IMHO to claim that, of all the dozens of Flood stories, ONLY that of the Bible was “stolen” from someone else. But that’s how some people are.
There’s a phony story (simple to find on the various Jew-bashing and pro-Holocaust websites) that Moses in the bullrushes was lifted verbatim from Sargon of Agade, who was indeed earlier — but the fact is that the text so often quoted (or misquoted) is some six or seven hundred years more recent than Moses, IOW, if borrowing went on, it was from the Jews to the Assyrians. :’)
YECism “word of God?” Interstesting that you follow that claim with something no where to be found in the Bible, namely “Noah and Shem, and handed down in the form of cunieform tablets.”
There are a number of things that are not directly stated in the Bible that we hold to be true. The authorship issue is derived from the use of the word toledoth 11 times in the Book of Genesis. It is not settled doctrine, but there are strong implications that it is true.
(Hi Mom!)
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