Study finds genetic links among Jewish people

June 3, 2010 — (BRONX, NY) — Using sophisticated genetic analysis, scientists at Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University and New York University School of Medicine have published a study indicating that Jews are a widely dispersed people with a common ancestry. Jews from different regions of the world were found to share many genetic traits that are distinct from other groups and that date back to ancient times.

The study also provides the first detailed genetic maps of the major Jewish subpopulations, a resource that can be used to study the genetic origins of disease. The findings appear in the June 3 online issue of the American Journal of Human Genetics.

"This study provides new genomic information that can benefit not only those of Jewish ancestry, but the population at large," said co-author Edward Burns, M.D., executive dean and professor of pathology and of medicine at Einstein. "By providing a comprehensive genetic fingerprint of various Jewish subpopulations, it can help us understand genetic links to heart disease, cancer, diabetes and other common diseases."

To better understand the ways in which current Jewish groups are related, Dr. Burns and his colleagues, including principal investigator Harry Ostrer, M.D., professor of pediatrics, pathology and medicine at NYU, performed a genome-wide analysis of the three major groups formed by the Diasporas (the scattering of Jews into Europe, and throughout the Middle East): Eastern European Ashkenazim; Italian, Greek, and Turkish Sephardim; and Iranian, Iraqi, and Syrian Mizrahim Jews.

A total of 237 participants were recruited from Jewish communities in the metropolitan New York region, Seattle, Athens, Rome and Israel. Subjects were included only if all four grandparents came from the same Jewish community. The results were compared with a genetic analysis of 418 people from non-Jewish groups around the world.

The researchers found that Jews from the major Diaspora groups formed a distinct population cluster, albeit one that is closely related to European and Middle Eastern non-Jewish populations. Each of the Diaspora groups also formed its own cluster within the larger Jewish cluster. Further, each group demonstrated Middle-Eastern ancestry and varying degrees of mixing with surrounding populations. The genetic analysis showed that the two major groups, Middle Eastern Jews and European Jews, diverged from each other approximately 2,500 years ago.

"The study supports the idea of a Jewish people linked by a shared genetic history," said Dr. Ostrer of NYU. "Yet the admixture with European people explains why so many European and Syrian Jews have blue eyes and blond hair."

"The goal of the study was to determine a genomic baseline," said lead author Gil Atzmon, Ph.D., assistant professor of medicine and of genetics at Einstein. "With this established, we'll be able to more easily identify genes associated with complex disorders like diabetes that are determined by multiple variants across the genome. Armed with this information, we will be better positioned to treat patients."

Other investigators who participated in the study include Bernice Morrow, Ph.D., at Einstein; and Eitan Friedman, M.D., Ph.D., at Tel-Aviv University; Li Hao, Christopher Velez, Alexander Pearlman, Ph.D., and Carole Oddoux, Ph.D., at NYU; and Itsik Pe'er, Ph.D., and Pier Francesco Palamara at Columbia University.

The study, "Abraham's Children in the Genome Era: Major Jewish Diaspora Populations Comprise Distinct Genetic Clusters with Shared Middle Eastern Ancestry," was supported by the Lewis and Rachel Rudin Foundation, the Iranian-American Jewish Foundation, the United States-Israel Binational Science Foundation and private donors.

Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University is one of the nation's premier centers for research, medical education and clinical investigation. During the 2009-2010 academic year, Einstein is home to 2,775 faculty members, 722 M.D. students, 243 Ph.D. students, 128 students in the combined M.D./Ph.D. program, and approximately 350 postdoctoral research fellows. In 2009, Einstein received more than $155 million in support from the NIH. This includes the funding of major research centers at Einstein in diabetes, cancer, liver disease, and AIDS. Other areas where the College of Medicine is concentrating its efforts include developmental brain research, neuroscience, cardiac disease, and initiatives to reduce and eliminate ethnic and racial health disparities. Through its extensive affiliation network involving five medical centers in the Bronx, Manhattan and Long Island – which includes Montefiore Medical Center, The University Hospital and Academic Medical Center for Einstein – the College of Medicine runs one of the largest post-graduate medical training programs in the United States, offering approximately 150 residency programs to more than 2,500 physicians in training. For more information, please visit www.einstein.yu.edu

Yes and no. Some Khazars did convert and many Ashkenazi Jews are descended from them. Some families, like mine, celebrate this and have for generations. Yet because Jews tend to be endogamous, converts or their children marry non-converts.

That said, I can think of a few 2 small population of Turkic Jews with little Israelite heritage: the Karaylar (Tatar Karaites) and the all but extinct Krimchaks (Rabbinic-Jewish Tatars). Although they speak a Kipchak dialect instead of a Oghur dialect like Khazar or Bulghar, the Karaylar claim to be descended from Karaites and they used to live in areas of major Khazar settlement. I don't have reason to dispute their claims.

Jews did it once and only once as far as I know. The Hasmonian King John Hyrcanus (Yohanan Girhan) concquered and forceably converted the Idumeans (Edomites). The grandson of one the converts was the Edomite-Nabatean Roman-imposed ruler, Herod.

Koestler, wasn’t the book called “The Thirteenth Tribe”? But yeah, it’s mysterious to me that there are people out there who want to lift the heritage of (for example) the Jews or ancient Hebrews. Here in Michigan there was a wacky cult which called itself the Black Hebrew Israelite Jews. :’)

The Jacobovici documentary also had an Assyriologist who talked about a then-recent discovery of some cuneiform records in a post-exilic context, an Assyrian trading post in n Syria or SE Turkey I think, and among the names were transliterated names including a version of “Hezekiah”. Of course, that doesn’t mitigate in favor of an exile closer to the homeland, because even then people got around; there is a school of thought that Abraham came from that very area.

The evidence for Crimean exile is circumstantial (Assyrian artifacts found, correct era) and literary.

There’s a tantalizing reference in Herodotus about how in the city of Colchis circumcision was practiced, and to his knowledge (as he says) that practice was only known (to Herodotus) from Egypt.

Genetic testing raises an age-old question -- are the Jews a people, or a religion? -- The first study, by researchers at New York's Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University, found that Jews across the globe share distinct genetic traits that are different from other groups and that trace back to the ancient Middle East. Researchers say the study, published in the American Journal of Human Genetics, puts to rest age-old questions about whether Jews are a group of unrelated people who share a religious ideology or a distinct ethnicity with common ancestry. "The debate is over," said Dr. Edward R. Burns, one of the lead authors of the study. "The Jewish people are one people with a common genetic thread that evolved in the second or third century BC."
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I read one of your posts about Jewish genetics. You made reference to Heroditus, Colchis and circumcism and Egypt. It is believed the one Egyptian ruler about 2,000 bc extended his reach as far as Colchis on the east end of the Black Sea. Soldiers and perhaps Egyptian merchants and settlers were stationed there and it has been reported that people there sometimes have black curly hair suggesting some African influence (interesting genetic study project). I believe the ruler was Sesostris II.

A related tidbit of information. Colchicine is a medicine (for gout?) taken from a kind of crocus found in that area. There is a picture from Santorini in ruins preserved by volcanic ash (Akrotiri?) which shows a Greek goddess surrounding with crocuses. Perhaps these were the medicinal crocuses from Colchis? That might have been around 1600 bc. The question marks are because I am too tired/lazy? to Google the facts, just using memory.

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