SubQuantum Kinetics, wide ranging unifying cosmology theory by Dr. Paul LaViolette

Galactic Core Explosions - prevailing concept (1980): At the time of this prediction, astronomers believed that the cores of galaxies, including our own, become active ("explode") about every 10 to 100 million years and stay active for about a million years. Since our own Galactic core presently appears quiescent, they believed it would likely remain inactive for many tens of millions of years. Although, in 1977, astronomer Jan Oort cited evidence that our Galactic core has been active within the past 10,000 years.

Prediction No. 1 (1980 - 1983): In his Ph.D. dissertation, LaViolette hypothesized that galactic core explosions recur about every 10,000 years and last for several hundred to a few thousand years. He was the first to suggest such a short recurrence time for galactic core explosions and that our own Galactic core undergoes Seyfert-like explosions with similar frequency.

Subsequent concurrence (1998): In 1988, when presented with Dr. LaViolette's Galactic explosion hypothesis, astronomer Mark Morris dismissed the idea as having no merit. However, in 1998 after ten years of observation, Morris was quoted as saying that the center of our Galaxy explodes about every 10,000 years with these events each lasting 100 years or so.

Cosmic Ray Propagation - prevailing concept (1980 - 1983): At the time of this prediction, astronomers believed that interstellar magnetic fields entrap cosmic rays released from Galactic core outbursts and slow their outward progress so that they reach the Earth after millions of years in the form of a constant low intensity background radiation.

Prediction No. 2 (1980 - 83): Dr. LaViolette's studies concluded that Galactic center cosmic ray volleys interact minimally with interstellar magnetic fields and are able to propagate radially outward along rectilinear trajectories traveling through the Galaxy at near light speed in the form of a coherent, spherical, wave-like volley. He was the first to suggest this idea of a "Galactic superwave."

Verification (1985): Astrophysicists discovered that X-ray pulsars continuously shower the Earth with high-energy cosmic ray particles that have traveled over 25,000 light-years at nearly the speed of light, following straight-line trajectories unaffected by interstellar magnetic fields.

Verification (1997): Astrophysicists detected a strong gamma ray pulse arriving from a galaxy billions of light years away having a redshift of 3.4 (see Prediction No. 10 below). Mainstream media, such as Sky & Telescope magazine, suggested that this gamma ray pulse may be accompanied by a volley of high energy cosmic ray particles travelling at very close to the speed of light along a rectilinear trajectory and that the gamma ray pulse is produced by the radial outward movement of this volley. In effect, they were restating the same Galactic superwave idea that LaViolette had proposed 14 years earlier in the face of stiff resistance from mainstream astronomers.

Verification (2000): Radio astronomers announce at the January 2000 American Astronomical Society meeting that the synchrotron radio emission radiated from the Galactic center (Sgr A*) is circularly polarized. Scientists present at the meeting concurred with Dr. LaViolette's suggestion that the circular polarization indicated that cosmic ray electrons were travelling radially away from the Galactic center along straight-line trajectories.

Cosmic Ray Bombardment - prevailing concept (1980 - 83): At the time of this prediction, astronomers believed that the background cosmic ray flux has remained constant for millions of years, that intense cosmic ray bombardments occur very infrequently, perhaps every 30 million years, primarily as a result of nearby supernova explosions.

Prediction No. 3 (1980 - 1983): LaViolette concluded that a volley of Galactic cosmic rays had bombarded the Earth and solar system toward the end of the last ice age (ca. 14,000 years BP). Also his findings suggested that other such superwaves had passed us at earlier times and were responsible for triggering the initiation and termination of the ice ages and mass extinctions. He was the first to suggest recurrent highly-frequent cosmic ray bombardment of the Earth.

Verification (1987): Glaciologists discovered beryllium-10 isotope peaks in ice age polar ice. These indicated that the cosmic ray flux on the Earth became very high on several occasions during the last ice age, confirming Dr. LaViolette's theory that Galactic superwaves have repeatedly passed through our solar system in geologically recent times.

Cosmic Debris Around Solar System - prevailing concept (1980 - 83): At the time of this prediction, astronomers believed that the solar system resided in a relatively dust free region of space.

Prediction No. 4 (1980 - 1983): LaViolette hypothesized that large amounts of interstellar dust and frozen cometary debris lie outside the solar system just beyond the heliopause sheath and form a reservoir of material that would have supplied large amounts of cosmic dust during a prehistoric superwave event.

Verification (1984): The IRAS satellite team published infrared observations showing that the solar system is surrounded by nearby "cirrus" dust cloud wisps.

Verification (1988): Astronomer H. Aumann's observations suggested that the solar system is surrounded by a dust envelope 500 times denser than previously thought.

Verification (1992 - 95): Telescope observations revealed the presence of the Kuiper belt, a dense population of cometary bodies encircling the solar system, beginning just beyond the orbit of Neptune and extending outward past the heliopause sheath.

Verification (1999): Observations of the influx of interstellar dust particles using the Ulysses spacecraft lead Markus Landgraf and his team of European Space Agency astronomers to conclude that the solar system is surrounded by a ring of orbiting dust that begins just outside the orbit of Saturn.

Cosmic Dust Influx - prevailing concept (1979): At the time of this prediction, astronomers believed that the rate at which cosmic dust particles have been entering the solar system and the Earth's atmosphere has remained constant for millions of years. They believed that the solar system lies in a relatively clean interstellar space environment and hence that there is no need to expect the occurrence of recent cosmic dust incursions.

Prediction No. 5 (Sept. 1979): LaViolette theorized that if a cosmic ray volley (superwave) had passed by at the end of the ice age, it would have pushed nearby interstellar dust into the solar system. To test this, he began a plan to analyze ice age polar ice for traces of cosmic dust.

Verification (1981 - 82): LaViolette was the first to measure the extraterrestrial material content of prehistoric polar ice. Using the neutron activation analysis technique, he found high levels of iridium and nickel in 6 out of the 8 polar ice dust samples (35k to 73k yrs BP), an indication that they contain high levels of cosmic dust. This showed that Galactic superwaves may have affected our solar system in the recent past. In addition, he discovered gold in one 50,000 year old sample, making this the first time gold had been discovered in polar ice.

Verification (1984): The IRAS satellite team reported observations that the zodiacal dust cloud is tilted 3 degrees relative to the ecliptic with ascending and descending ecliptic nodes at 87° and 267°, but failed to draw a conclusion from this finding. LaViolette realized that the nodes are aligned with the Galactic-center-anticenter direction in support of his earlier prediction that interstellar dust has recently entered the solar system from the Galactic center direction. 1987: He published a paper in Earth, Moon, and Planets journal explaining that the orientation of the zodiacal dust cloud nodes indicates that this zodiacal dust recently entered from the direction of the Galactic center.

Verification (April 1993): NASA's Ulysses spacecraft team published observations indicating that interstellar dust is currently entering the solar system from the Galactic center direction (from the direction the interstellar wind blows towards us) and hence that most of the dust outside the asteroid belt is of interstellar origin. Their findings were predicted by LaViolette's 1983 and 1987 publications. One Ulysses team member had received Dr. LaViolette's publications in 1985, but LaViolette's work was not cited.

Verification (1995): Cosmochemists publish observations showing that Helium-3 concentrations in ocean sediments, an indicator of extraterrestrial dust influx, changed by over 3 fold on a 100,000 year cycle between 250,000 and 450,000 years ago.

Verification (1996): The AMOR radar in New Zealand detected a strong flux of interstellar meteoroid particles, measuring 15 to 40 microns in size, entering the solar system from the Galactic center direction.

Verification (2000): LaViolette demonstrates that the acid layers found in 15,850 year old Antarctic polar ice vary in magnitude with an eleven year solar cycle period thereby indicating an extraterrestrial origin for this material. This finding is supported by the discovery mentioned below (2003) that interstellar dust influx varies in accordance with solar cycle phase. The finding that this gas influx event heralded a series of warming trends that ended the ice age, implicates cosmic dust and solar activation as the causal agents responsible for terminating glacial cycles.

Verification (2003): Using data obtained from the Ulysses spacecraft, a group of European Space Agency astronomers led by Markus Landgraf discover that the rate of interstellar dust influx increased three fold from 1997 to 2000 with the approach to solar maximum. They theorize a correlation between solar cycle phase and interstellar dust influx rate, with the influx rate being highest at the time of solar maximum. Such a correlation could explain why the Sun could become locked into an active, dust accreting mode during times of superwave passage.

Tin Isotopic Anomaly - state of the art (1981): At the time of this prediction, astronomers speculated that tin found in extraterrestrial material could have isotope ratios different from those of terrestrial tin. But up until that time no tin isotopic anomalies had been reported.

Prediction No. 6 (1981): Having found very high concentrations of tin in a 50,000 year old ice core dust sample along with gold, silver, antimony, iridium, and nickel, LaViolette theorized that this tin-rich dust was of interstellar origin and that the tin might contain an isotopic anomaly.

Verification (Jan. 1984): Geochemists at Curtin University (Australia) in collaboration with LaViolette used a mass spectrometry technique to determine the isotopic ratios of an unirradiated portion of the tin-rich dust sample. They found significant isotopic anomalies in four isotopes thereby confirming LaViolette's prediction that the tin dust is of extraterrestrial origin. This marked the first time that tin isotopic anomalies had been discovered.

Indirect support (1989): Cosmochemist F. Rietmeijer published a paper describing the discovery of tin oxide grains inside interplanetary dust particles, with tin abundances much higher than typically found in chondritic meteorites. This helps to substantiate LaViolette's 1983 claim that the solar system is surrounded by dust enriched in tin and that this is the source of the tin-rich dust found in polar ice.

Prehistoric Global Warming - prevailing concept (1981): At the time of this prediction, climatologists believed that the Alleröd-Bölling warming and Younger Dryas cold period at the end of the ice age were confined primarily to Europe. They assumed that there was no global warming at the end of the ice age, that the northern continental ice sheets did not melt synchronously with the southern ice sheets, and that the warming in the north was due to heat being drawn from the Southern Hemisphere.

Prediction No. 7 (1983): In his dissertation, LaViolette demonstrated that the last ice age was ended by a 2000 year long global warming which he calls the Terminal Pleistocene Interstadial (TPI) identified with the Alleröd-Bölling interstadial in the north. He also proposed that this was followed by a global return to glacial conditions, identified with the Younger Dryas in the north. He showed that the melting of the ice sheets was synchronous in the northern and southern hemispheres and was brought about by cosmic causes.

Verification (1987 - 96): Climatologists published temperature profiles from various parts of the world showing the presence of this same climatic oscillation, but did not connect their data with the idea of global climatic shifts.

Verification (1998): Climatologists (Steig et al.) published findings in Science demonstrating the synchronous occurrence of the Alleröd-Bölling-Younger Dryas climatic oscillation in the Taylor Dome Antarctic ice core. They claimed this as evidence that the last ice age was ended by a global warming. Although they should have been aware of LaViolette's publications, their report did not cite his prior work.

Prehistoric Solar Conflagration - prevailing concept (1983): At the time of LaViolette's prediction, the general opinion was that the Sun has remained in its present quiescent solar cycle state for hundreds of millions of years. A small group of astronomers, however, dissented with this view. For example, in 1969, astrophysicist Thomas Gold published lunar rock evidence indicating that, within the last 30,000 years, the radiation intensity on the Moon had reached 100 suns for 10 to 100 seconds, possibly due to a solar nova. In 1975, astronomer A. Lovell suggested that sun-like stars occasionly produce flares of up to 10^37 ergs, 30,000 times more energetic than the largest solar flare of modern times. In 1977, astrophysicists Wdowczyk and Wolfendale suggested that the Sun might produce a flare a million times larger (3 X 10^38 ergs) about once every 100,000 years. Moreover in 1978, NASA astronomers Zook, Hartung, and Storzer had published lunar rock evidence indicating that 16,000 years ago solar flare background radiation intensity on the Moon's surface had peaked to 50 times the current intensity and that this may have been somehow associated with the retreat of the ice sheets. The idea that the Earth and Moon might have been affected in the past by the arrival of a giant solar coronal mass ejection had not yet been advanced.

Prediction No. 8 (1983): In his dissertation, LaViolette proposed that invading cosmic dust would have caused the Sun to become more luminous and engage in continual flaring activity. In chapter 4, he suggested that on one occasion the Earth and Moon may have been engulfed by a large prominence remnant "fireball" (coronal mass ejection) thrown out by the Sun during a period of particularly intense solar activity. He interpreted the findings of Zook and Gold as evidence that the Sun had been in a highly active T-Tauri like flaring state and that at times its flaring activity had been as much as 1000 times currently observed levels. He suggested that these may have scorched the surface of the Earth in ice age times, inducing high temperatures, rapid ice sheet melting, global flooding, and mass animal extinction.

Concordance (1997): Satellite observations showed solar flares ejecting expanding balls of plasma called "coronal mass ejections"and demonstrated that these were capable of travelling outward beyond the Earth's orbit. This lent credance to LaViolette's theory that a large coronal plasma "fireball" thrown off by an immense solar flare may have reached the Earth and Moon and scorched their surfaces.

Concordance (1999): Astronomers announced that they had observed large explosive outbursts from the surfaces of nearby normal sunlike stars. These "superflares" were observed to range from 100 to 10 million times the energy of the largest flare observed on the Sun in modern times and were estimated to occur about once every hundred years. This confirmed the Lovell hypothesis and increased the plausibility of LaViolette's suggestion that the Sun was producing mega solar flares and intense plasma fireballs at the end of the last ice age.

Verification (2002): As early as the late 1970's Dr. Han Kloosterman was arguing that a global conflagration was the cause of the black layer found in Alleröd sediments in southern England and in the Great Lakes Region. Later in 2002, when Dr. LaViolette first became aware of his work, he was on a geological field trip accumulating evidence of the black Usselo Horizon dating from the Alleröd/Younger Dryas transition and correlative with similar horizons found in Great Britain, Belgium, France, Germany, Denmark, Poland, and the southwestern U.S. Kloosterman concluded that this layer was produced by a global conflagration which was also responsible for the exitnction of the Pleistocene megafauna. Kloosterman's thesis and evidence of the Usselo horizon confirm the solar CME scenario that LaViolette had proposed.

Geomagnetic Reversals - prevailing concept (1983): At the time of LaViolette's prediction, geophysicists believed that geomagnetic reversals and magnetic polarity flips were brought about by causes internal to the Earth, that they arose from instabilities in the inner rotation of the Earth's core magnetic dynamo. They believed that these field excursions took hundreds of years to occur due to the inherently slow movement of the core material.

Prediction No. 9 (1983): In chapter 3 of his dissertation, LaViolette proposed that geomagnetic reversals are induced by solar cosmic ray storms. He proposed that at times when invading cosmic dust causes the Sun to become very active and engage in continual flaring activity, major solar outbursts could occur that are a thousand times more intense than those currently observed. Further he proposed that solar cosmic rays from such a mega flare could impact the Earth's magnetosphere, become trapped there to form storm-time radiation belts, and generate an equatorial ring current producing a magnetic field opposed to the Earth's. If sufficiently intense, this ring current magnetic field could cancel out the Earth's own field and flip the residual magnetic field pole to an equatorial location. From this position it could later either recover or adopt a reversed polarity. He proposed that this geomagnetic excursion would be very rapid, occurring in a matter of days.

Verification (1989 - 95): Geophysicists reported their analysis of a geomagnetic reversal recorded in the Steens Mountain lava formation, conclusively demonstrating that during this reversal the Earth's magnetic pole changed direction as fast as 8 degrees per day. This overthrew the conventional geocentric view which could not account for such rapid changes with internal motions of the Earth's core dynamo. It confirmed Dr. LaViolette's mechanism of rapid change.

Concordance (1995): Unaware of LaViolette's publications, two French geophysicists published a paper that sought to explain the Steens Mountain polarity reversal as being due to a solar cosmic ray cause. Their mechanism was the same as that which LaViolette had proposed 6 years before the Steens Mountain discovery. Their independent arrival at the same idea is evidence of parallel idea development and consensus with LaViolette's earlier theory.

Radiocarbon Date Anomalies - prevailing concept (1983): At the time of this proposal, the idea that anomalously young radiocarbon dates might be produced by intense solar cosmic ray bombardments had not been suggested. Such young dates were thought to be due to sample contamination with younger carbon having a higher C-14 content.

Prediction No. 10 (1983): Anomalously young radiocarbon dates are frequently found in fossil remains of Pleistocene megafauna that became extinct at the end of the last ice age. In chapter 10 of his dissertation, LaViolette proposed that a solar cosmic ray conflagration caused the demise of these mammals and their subsequent burial by the action of glacier meltwater waves. He suggested that the neutron shower produced by the intense solar cosmic ray storm (coronal mass ejection) that engulfed the Earth would have radiogenically changed nitrogen atoms in animal collagen into carbon-14 atoms. He proposed that this in situ radiocarbon generation could have made the radiocarbon dates on exposed organic matter anomalously young.

Verification (1998): After conducting seven years of research, archeologist William Topping proposed that the abnormally young radiocarbon dates of ice age Paleo-Indian sites (ca. 12,400 - 13,000 calendar yrs BP) could be explained if a major solar flare cosmic ray particle storm had caused in situ carbon-14 production from nitrogen in the organic remains of those strata. His conclusion of heavy particle bombardment in Paleo-Indian times was partly supported by his discovery of particle tracks and micrometeorite craters in artifacts. This in situ C-14 production mechanism is the same that LaViolette had earlier proposed to explain the young dates for Pleistocene mammal remains dating from a similar period. Like Topping, LaViolette had concluded that the demise of the large mammals at that time was due to a solar flare conflagration. Since Topping was probably not aware of LaViolette's dissertation, his work would constitute independent corroboration.

Concordance (1995 - 1998): Researchers report the discovery that there had been a sudden increase in atmospheric radiocarbon levels at the Allerød/Younger Dryas transition boundary. Over a 300 year period between the time of the IntraAllerod Cold Peak and the beginning of the Younger Dryas, atmospheric C-14 levels rose from 3 to 7 % and subsequently declined during the course of the Younger Dryas.

11. Glacial drift deposits - prevailing concept (1983): At the time of this prediction, geologists believed that the ice sheets melted gradually at the end of the ice age and that their meltwater outflow was also gradual, with the exception of instances of dam breaks occurring in proglacial lakes such as Lake Missoula in Montana.

Prediction No. 11 (1983): LaViolette proposes that much of the glacial drift deposited at the end of the last ice age was laid down by glacier waves issuing from the surfaces of the ice sheets.

Verification (1983): To explain sediment morphology in Manitoba, North Dakota, and Minnesota, geologists Alan Kehew and Lee Clayton propose the occurrence of catastrophic floods produced by a domino effect of proglacial lake discharges. LaViolette had proposed a similar domino effect mechanism for the production of glacier waves on the surfaces of ice sheets.

Verification (1988): German scientist Harmut Heinrich calls attention to North Atlantic ocean sediment layers composed primarily of rock grains of continental bedrock origin that had been transported distances of up to 3000 kilometers prior to their deposition. Subsequent investigations uncovered evidence that these "Heinrich layers" were deposited suddenly. Heinrich advances a theory that this material was transported by drifting and melting ice bergs. However, not all are satisfied with this explanation which fails to explain the suddenness of the deposition events. In 2001 (Galactic Superwaves CDROM), LaViolette shows that Heinrich events correlate with times of climatic warming and that these layers are evidence of long-range sediment transport by glacier waves. He shows that Heinrich layer 0 correlates with accelerated glacier wave discharge activity he proposed was occurring around 12,700 years BP and that Heinrich layer 1 spans the Pre-Bölling Interstadial which began the deglaciation phase.

Verification (1989): Canadian geologist John Shaw points out that drumlins are more likely produced by forceful discharges of glacial meltwater rather than by the action of slowly advancing glaciers. He proposes that the meltwater discharges had reached depths of hundreds of feet and that they originated from beneath the glaciers. However, more probably they were formed by glacier waves originating from the ice sheet surface.

Gamma Ray Bursts - prevailing concept (1983): During the early 1970's, astronomers discovered the Earth is sporadically bombarded by gamma ray bursts. At the time of this prediction, they incorrectly assumed that gamma ray bursts were medium energy events originating from local sources within our Galaxy. They did not regard them as a significant social threat.

Prediction No. 12 (1983): In his dissertation, LaViolette proposed that a superwave produced by an explosion of our Galaxy's core could be immediately preceded by a very strong gamma ray pulse, 10,000 times stronger than what could come from a supernova explosion. He pointed out that upon impacting our upper atmosphere this burst could strip electrons and induce a powerful electromagnetic pulse which, like a high-altitude nuclear EMP, could have serious consequences for modern society. It could knock out satellites, interrupt radio, TV, and telephone communication, produce electrical surges on power lines causing widespread black outs, and possibly trigger the inadvertent launching of missiles. He was among the few to suggest that Galactic core explosions could produce high intensity gamma ray outbursts that could affect the Earth. In 1989, under the sponsorship of the Starburst Foundation, LaViolette initiated an international outreach project, to warn about the dangers of such astronomical phenomena. He pointed out that our Galactic center could produce seriously disruptive low intensity outbursts as frequently as once every 500 years and that we are currently overdue for one. This was the first time a widespread gamma ray pulse warning of this sort had been made.

Verification (1997): In December 1997, astronomers for the first time pinpointed the source of a gamma ray burst and found that it originated from a galaxy lying billions of light years away. This led them to conclude that these are mostly extragalactic events having total energies millions of times greater than they had previously supposed, thereby confirming LaViolette's earlier proposal of the existence of high intensity gamma ray bursts. If this particular outburst had originated from our Galactic center, it would have delivered 100,000 times the lethal dose to all exposed Earth life forms.

Verification (1998): Some months later, in August 27, 1998, a 5 minute long gamma ray pulse arrived from a Galactic source located 20,000 light years away in the constellation of Aquila. The event was strong enough to ionize the upper atmosphere and seriously disrupt satellites and spacecraft. It triggered a defensive instrument shutdown on at least two spacecraft. Astronomers acknowledged that this marked the first time they became aware that energetic outbursts from distant astronomical sources could affect the Earth's physical environment. These events reaffirmed the validity of warnings LaViolette made 9 years earlier about the potential hazards of such gamma ray bursts.

Galactic morphology - prevailing concept (1980 - 83): At the time Paul LaViolette was writing in 1983, most astronomers believed that quasars and blazars were very different from most other galaxies and in a class of their own. LaViolette recalls a telephone conversation he had, in which the renown astronomer Geoffrey Burbidge steadfastly defended this view. Astronomers also believed that active giant elliptical galaxies were structurally different from spiral galaxies.

Prediction No. 13 (1980 - 1983): In his dissertation, LaViolette proposes that quasars and blazars are the bright cores of spiral galaxies in which the light from the core is so bright that it masks the dimmer light coming from the galaxy's disk. He suggests that quasars and blazars are essentially the same core explosion phenomenon that is seen in Seyfert galaxies and N-galaxies. He predicts that when it eventually becomes operational the Hubble Telescope will resolve the disks around these bright cores. He also suggests that edge-on spiral galaxies with active cores would give the appearance of being giant elliptical galaxies due to synchrotron radiation emitted from their outward streaming cosmic rays. In connection with this, he predicts that when active giant ellipticals are imaged with the Hubble Telescope, spiral arm dust lanes oriented edge-on will be detected.

Verification (1995, 1997): Astronomers publish the results of a survey which imaged quasars using the Hubble Space Telescope. These quasars (luminous cores) are seen to be surrounded by spiral arm disks, just as LaViolette had predicted. Earlier in 1982 a group of astronomers had resolved galactic light fuzz around quasar 3C273 using a special imaging technique. This was published after the date of LaViolette's prediction. In 1997 NASA astronomers release a photo of an active giant elliptical galaxy that resolves its equatorial dust lane and shows that it is oriented edge-on as LaViolette had predicted.

Archeoastronomy - prevailing concept (1979): At the time of this prediction, ancient historians, cultural anthropologists and scholars of esoteric traditions did not suspect that ancient myth makers knew the location of the Galactic center or that they had associated this part of the sky with the cataclysmic cycles described in legend.

Prediction No. 14 (1979): LaViolette discovered that the ancient star lore connected with the Sagittarius and Scorpius constellations indicated the location of the Galactic center, conveyed the idea of an explosive outburst, and specified a significant past date of 13,865 ± 150 years B.C. which also is encoded in the ancient Egyptian Dendereh zodiac. Also LaViolette found that myths, customs and esoteric lore descendent from prehistoric times indicated that cosmic rays from a Galactic core explosion catastrophically affect the Earth and solar system in recurrent cycles with the most recent event occurring near the end of the last ice age. He wrote up this idea in an unpublished paper in 1979 and formally published these ideas in 1995 and 1997 in his books Beyond the Big Bang and Earth Under Fire. In Earth Under Fire he also connected Mayan cosmology and World Ages with the Galactic center and Galactic superwave events. He began discovering these associations around 1987.

Concordance (1994 - 1998): In a December 1994 magazine article and later in his book Maya Cosmogenesis 2012 (1998), John Major Jenkins presented his findings that Mayan lore contains a Galactic center oriented cosmology. that specifically refers to the Galactic center vicinity (ecliptic-Galactic plane crossing point) in connection with the occurrence of the Mayan World Ages. One of his findings is that the Mayan calendar 2012 AD end date, which designates the end of the present World Age, also indicates the time when the Earth's precessing axis will be maximally tipped in the direction of this Galactic plane intersection point. Jenkins was not aware of LaViolette's work at the time he wrote, so his findings constitute an instance of independent discovery and corroboration. Jenkins went into much greater depth in exploring Mayan cosmological references to the Galactic center, but did not explore the Galactic explosion/Earth cataclysm theme discovered by LaViolette.

Concordance (2000): LaViolette discovered evidence indicating that the largest acidity spike in the entire Antarctic ice core record was of extraterrestrial origin, possibly produced by a major incursion of interstellar or cometary dust; see paper posted at solar.html. The date of this event, beginning 13,880 B.C. and tailing off 13,785 B.C., closely corresponds to the date encoded in zodiac star lore marking the arrival of a galactic superwave.

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-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Predictions Part II physics and astronomy

Subquantum Kinetics Predictions and their Subsequent Verification http://home.earthlink.net/~gravitics/LaViolette/Predict2.html

Nucleon Core Field - prevailing concept (1978): The electric field in the core of a nucleon is assumed to be aperiodic and to rise to a sharp cusp at the particle's center.

Prediction No. 1 (1973 - 1978): Subquantum kinetics predicted that the electric potential field in the core of a subatomic particle should be Gaussian-shaped and should continue outward as a periodic field pattern of diminishing amplitude having a radial wavelength equal to the particle's Compton wavelength, further that this field pattern should be positively biased in positively charged particles. Prediction published in: 1985 (IJGS), 1994 (Subquantum Kinetics), and 1995 (Beyond the Big Bang).

Verification (2002): Particle scattering form factor data for the proton and neutron is found to be best fit by a model in which the nucleon core electric charge density distribution has characteristics similar to those that subquantum kinetics had predicted. Energy boosting during collision, however, did cause the target nucleons to exhibit a wavelength slightly shorter than had been predicted.

Gravitational Repulsion - prevailing concept (1985): Electrons are assumed to produce matter-attracting fields just like protons. Gravitational repulsion is considered a speculative idea.

Prediction No. 2 (1985): Subquantum kinetics predicted that gravity should have two polarities correlated with charge and that the electron should produce a matter-repelling gravity field. Furthermore it predicted that monopolar electric discharges should produce longitudinal electric potential waves accompanied by a gravity potential component. Published in: 1985 (IJGS), 1990 (ISSS), and 1994 (Subquantum Kinetics).

Verification (2001): Drs. Evgeny Podkletnov and Giovanni Modanese discover that an axial high-voltage electron discharge produces a matter-repelling gravity wave that travels in the direction of the discharge exerting a longitudinal repulsive gravitational force on a distant test mass.

Energy Conservation and Photon Redshifting - prevailing concept (1978): At the time of this prediction, physicists and astronomers generally assume that photon energy is perfectly conserved and most attribute the cosmological redshift to the assumed expansion of space.

Prediction No. 3 (1978): As a basic requirement of the validity of its methodology, subquantum kinetics predicted that photons should gradually redshift with time when passing through regions of low (less negative) gravitational field potential, e.g. intergalactic space. It predicted a "tired-light effect," that distant galaxies should appear redshifted without the need of postulating recessional motion.

Verification (1979 - 1986): Dr. LaViolette checks this photon redshifting prediction by comparing the tired-light non-expanding universe model and the expanding universe model (standard Freidman cosmology) to observational data on four different cosmology tests. He demonstrates that the tired-light model consistently makes a closer fit to observational data on all tests. His findings, which were published in the Astrophysical Journal (1986), confirm the subquantum kinetics tired light prediction and the notion that the universe is cosmologically stationary. These findings undermine a key support of the big bang theory. An update of this evidence is presented in Chapter 7 of Subquantum Kinetics.

Energy Conservation and Energy Generation - prevailing concept (1978): At the time of this prediction, physicists and astronomers adhered to the idea that energy is perfectly conserved. Stars are assumed to generate their energy either through nuclear fusion or from heat released from gravitational accretion. Planets are instead thought to acquire their luminosity from stored heat. There is no reason to believe that planets should conform to the stellar mass-luminosity relation.

Prediction No. 4 (1978 - 1979): As a basic requirement of the validity of its methodology subquantum kinetics predicted that photons should gradually blueshift when passing through regions of high (more negative) gravitational field potential, e.g., within stars and planets and in interplanetary and interstellar space. It predicted that "genic energy" should be continuously created within all celestial bodies.

Verification (1979 - 1992): Dr. LaViolette tested this genic energy prediction by plotting the mass-luminosity coordinates of the jovian planets (Jupiter, Saturn, Neptune, and Uranus) to compare them with the mass-luminosity relation for red dwarf stars and found that both planets and stars conformed to the same relation. Other astronomers had not previously done this because doing so didn't make sense in the context of the conventional astrophysical paradigm. This conformance suggests that the heat coming from the interiors of planets is produced in the same way as that radiating from the interiors of red dwarf stars, just as subquantum kinetics predicts. He also showed that the genic energy hypothesis predicts a slope for the "planetary stellar M-L relation" similar to the observed slope. In addition, he showed that the upward extension of the M-L relation predicts that about 16% of the Sun's luminosity should be of genic energy origin, an amount consistent with recent SNO solar neutrino measurements. The required violation of energy conservation is 10 orders of magnitude smaller than what could be observed in laboratory experiments.

Verification (January 1995): Astronomers observing with the Hubble Space Telescope discovered that the star VB10 has a dynamic core, as indicated by the presence of explosive, magnetic-field-driven flares on its surface. VB10 has a mass of about 0.09 solar masses, which indicates that it borders between being a red dwarf and brown dwarf. Conventional theory predicts that this star should be on the border of being dead and hence should not have a strong magnetic field. Subquantum kinetics, which predicts that its interior should be dynamic and actively evolving genic energy, anticipates these results.

Brown Dwarf Stars - prevailing concept (1985): At the time of this prediction, astronomers do not expect that brown dwarf stars to have any particular mass-luminosity ratio. They are assumed to be stars that are not massive enough to ignite nuclear fusion and hence are merely dead stars that are cooling off.

Prediction No. 5 (1985 - August 1995): Subquantum kinetics predicted that brown dwarfs should also generate genic energy and hence, like the jovian planets, should lie along the lower main-sequence mass-luminosity relation for red dwarf stars. Paul LaViolette published this prediction on four occasions: 1985 (LaViolette, IJGS, p. 339), 1992 (LaViolette, Physics Essays, ) 1994 (LaViolette, Subquantum Kinetics, p. 125), and 1995 (LaViolette, Beyond the Big Bang, p. 304).

Verification (November 1995, 1998): Astronomers determine the masses and luminosities of two brown dwarfs GL 229B and G 196-3B. Dr. LaViolette demonstrates that the M-L data points for these brown dwarfs lies along the planetary-stellar M-L relation as he predicted. This indicates that brown dwarfs are not dead stars as previously supposed, but stars that are actively producing genic energy in their interiors.

Interplanetary maser signals - prevailing concept (1985): Maser signals are believed to maintain constant frequencies over interplanetary distances since photon energy is assumed to be perfectly conserved.

Prediction No. 6 (1985): Dr. LaViolette determines the expected magnitude of the hypothesized genic energy photon blueshifting rate by modeling the intrinsic luminosities of the planets. He then predicts that if a maser signal were transponded between two spacecraft separated by 5 AU, the signal should be found to blueshift at the rate of about 1.3 X 10^-18 per second. This prediction was published on two occasions: 1985 (LaViolette, IJGS, p. 340) and 1994 (LaViolette, Subquantum Kinetics, p. 135).

Verification (October 1998): A group of JPL astronomers publish their discovery that maser signals transponded between the Earth and the Pioneer spacecraft blueshift at a rate of ~ 2.9 ± 0.4 X 10^-18 per second. Their value reduces to 2.3 ± 0.4 X 10^-18 per second when the propulsive effects of waste heat from the spacecraft power source is taken into account. Although the JPL team has chosen a posteriori to interpret this as a mysterious force pushing the spacecraft toward the Sun, it provides a close confirmation of the a priori subquantum kinetics prediction; see paper posted at pioneer.html.

Galactic Evolution - prevailing concept (1979): At the time of this prediction, astronomers believed that galaxies form in various sizes as galactic-sized gas clouds gravitationally condense to form stars. They assume that the size of these galaxies does not change over time except through galaxy mergers. Galaxies in the immediate neighborhood of the Milky Way are assumed to have the same size ratio as young galaxies at cosmological distances.

Prediction No. 7 (1979 - 1994): Subquantum kinetics predicts that matter is continuously created throughout the universe, with the matter creation rate being highest in the vicinity of already existing matter. Furthermore it predicts that galaxies should progressively grow in size with the passage of time since they are formed by matter being created primarily in their central nucleus and being propelled outward by galactic core explosions. Dr. LaViolette published this prediction on two occasions, in 1985 (LaViolette, IJGS, p. 335) and in 1994 (LaViolette, Subquantum Kinetics, p. 118). Also see LaViolette, Beyond the Big Bang, p. 94.

Verification (July 1995): Observations with the Hubble Space Telescope show that younger, more distant galaxy clusters are dominated by fainter, more compact galaxies and have much fewer of the larger spiral galaxies, as compared with nearby older galaxy clusters.

Galactic Core Energy Source - prevailing concept (1985): At the time of this prediction, the nuclei of active galaxies and quasars are known to contain central masses ranging from millions to billions of solar masses, and astronomers assume that these core masses exist in a collapsed state as black holes. They further assume that the prodigious energy output from these cores is powered from matter being swallowed by these hypothesized black holes. No other means of generating energy is known to explain the immense amount of energy observed to come from these locations.

Prediction No. 8 (1985): Subquantum kinetics predicts that matter-accreting black holes do not exist. Instead, it predicts the existence of highly massive, very dense celestial bodies of finite size called "mother stars" which continuously and spontaneously produce matter and genic energy in their interiors. LaViolette published his ideas on this on two occasions: 1985 (LaViolette, IJGS, p. 342) and 1994 (LaViolette, Subquantum Kinetics, pp. 143-144).

Verification (January 1995): A group of astronomers led by John Bahcall, observing with the Hubble Space Telescope, discover that 11 out of 15 quasars are devoid of any surrounding material and hence have no matter available to power a black hole hypothetically located at their centers. This supports the subquantum kinetics prediction that such energetic sources are instead powered by energy spontaneously created in their interiors.

Verification (September 1997): Hubble Space Telescope observations of the heart of active galaxy NGC 6251 provide further confirmation of the earlier January 1995 verification. These observations show that this galaxy's core is swept clear and hence that there should be no matter available to be accreted by a hypothetical central black hole.

Supernova Precursor Stars - prevailing concept (1985): At the time of this prediction, astronomers believe that supernova are produced by red giant stars which have exhausted their supply of nuclear fuel. They presume that the once the red giant's nuclear reactions subside, it collapses and subsequently rebounds in a supernova explosion.

Prediction No. 9 (1985): Subquantum kinetics predicts that supernovae are produced, not by red giant stars, but by blue supergiant stars, that is, by stars that are exceedingly luminous and hence energetically unstable. It predicts that, rather than collapsing, the star undergoes a nonlinear increase in its production of genic energy which leads to a stellar explosion. LaViolette published this prediction in 1985 (LaViolette, IJGS, pp. 342-343).

Verification (1987): Supernova 1987A explodes in the Large Magellenic Cloud. This is the closest supernova observed in the history of modern astronomy. Astronomers locate its precursor star on old photographic plates and determine for the first time what sort of star produced this explosion. Surprisingly, they find that it had been a blue supergiant star, just as subquantum kinetics had predicted.

Galactic Core Energy Source - prevailing concept (1985): At the time of this prediction, astronomers had not imaged stars in the vicinity of the Galactic center since the observational techniques had not yet been developed. Based on their conventional theories, they expected that most stars in the vicinity of the Galactic center should be low mass stars, which they theorized should be very old stars, at least as old the the Galaxy, e.g., billions of years.

Prediction No. 10 (1985): Subquantum kinetics predicts that massive stars residing in the vicinity of the Galactic center should instead be massive. It proposes the theory that matter is continuously created, that stars grow in size and grow most rapidly in the vicinity of the Galactic center where the gravity potential and matter creation rate is highest. Furthermore subquantum kinetics predicts that massive stars, such as blue supergiants are among the oldest stars and are not young stars as conventional theory predicts. LaViolette published this prediction in 1985 (LaViolette, IJGS, pp. 341-342) and again in 1994 (LaViolette, Subquantum Kinetics, pp. 157 - 158). Also see pp. 234 and 242 (last paragraph) of the second edition of Subquantum Kinetics which describes the expectation that older, more massive stars should reside near a galaxy's core.

Verification (1995): A group of astronomers (Krabbe et al.) publish observations of the Galactic center stellar cluster which indicate that the region within 1-1/2 light-years of the Galactic center is populated with about two dozen luminous helium-rich blue supergiants having masses of up to 100 solar masses. This finding confirms the subquantum kinetics prediction. Unaware of the subquantum kinetics prediction, they have difficulty in accounting for this finding. They speculate that these are young stars which must have formed between 3 and 7 million years ago from gas residing in this region. But they are unable to explain how this would occur since the large tidal shear in this region should have disrupted such a star formation process.

Verification (2003): UCLA astronomer Andrea Ghez reports on observations she has made of the Galactic center using infrared speckle interferometry and adaptive optics. She was able to plot the trajectories of these stars. Based on these observations, she confirms that the stars in the immediate vicinity of the Galactic center, within 0.01 light years, are very massive, but that they have spectra typical of "young" stars (young by the conventional definition). She finds this puzzling since the tidal forces in the vicinity of the Galactic center would be much too strong to allow stars to form through a gravitational accretion process, this being especially true of the eight stars found closest to the Galactic center. She suggests that these massive stars may in fact be old stars whose proximity to the Galactic center has altered their appearance to make them masquerade as young stars. However, she is unable to offer any mechanism by which this could happen. Here we find her coming close to the subquantum kinetics prediction that these stars near the Galactic center should be very massive. However, by following conventional theory, she must resort to proposing mysterious stellar masquerading effects since conventional theory erroneously interprets massive stars to be young stars, instead of old stars. But with subquantum kinetics these massive stars appear exactly as they should, namely as blue supergiants which in this paradigm are very old stars.

Excellent reference, recently updated, found at
http://www.gravwave.com/docs/HFGW%20References.pdf

HIGH-FREQUENCY GRAVITATIONAL WAVE BIBLIOGRAPHY
Last modification August 9, 2007
Gravitational Waves Basic References

Jules Henri Poincaré (1905), C.R. Ac. Sci. Paris, 140, 1504 and also appears in Oeuvres, Volume 9, p. 489,
Gauthier-Villars, Paris, 1954. (First mention of Gravitational Waves)
Albert Einstein (1915), “Zür allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie,” Sitzungsberichte, Preussische Akademie der
Wisserschaften, pp. 778-786, November 11. (General Relativity)

Albert Einstein (1916), “Näherungsweise Integration der Feldgleichungen der Gravitation,”
Sitzungsberichte, Preussische Akademie der Wisserschaften, pp. 688-696. (Gravitational Waves)

Albert Einstein (1918), Sitzungsberichte, Preussische Akademie der Wisserschaften, p.154. (Quadrupole
equation and formalism)
Albert Einstein and Nathan Rosen (1937), “On Gravitational Waves,” Journal of the Franklin Institute 223,
43-54.
Joseph Weber (1960), “Detection and generation of gravitational waves,” Physics Review, Volume 117,
Number 1, pp.306-313.
Joseph Weber (1964), “Gravitational Waves” in Gravitation and Relativity, Chapter 5, pp. 90-105, W. A.
Benjamin, Inc., New York.
Charles W. Misner, Kip Thorne, and John Archibald Wheeler (1973), Gravitation, W. H. Freeman and
Company, New York.
L. D. Landau and E. M. Lifshitz (1975), The Classical Theory of Fields, Fourth Revised English Edition,
Pergamon Press, pp. 348, 349, 355-357.

S. W. Hawking and W. Israel, General Relativity: An Einstein Centenary Survey, Cambridge University Press,
Cambridge, 1979, p.98 (GW frequency bands and HFGWs defined as greater than 100 kHz)

V. B. Braginsky and Valentin N. Rudenko and (1978), “Gravitational waves and the detection of
gravitational radiation,” Physics Report (Review section of Physics Letters), 46, Number 5, p.
165-200.

K. S. Thorne, “Gravitational Radiation,” Chapter 9 of 300 Years of Gravitation, Cambridge Press, 1987.

J. B. Griffiths (1991) Colliding Plane Waves in General Relativity, Oxford Mathematical Monographs,
Clarendon Press, Oxford.
Robert M. L. Baker, Jr. (2002), “High-Frequency Gravitational Waves,” Max Planck Institute for
Astrophysics (MPA) Lecture, May 9, Revised May 15, 2002. Please visit Internet site:
http://www.drrobertbaker.com/docs/European%20Lecture%202002%20Revised.pdf.
Robert M. L. Baker, Jr. (2003), “What Poincaré and Einstein have wrought: a modern, practical application
of the general theory of relativity (The story of High-Frequency Gravitational Waves)”, paper
HFGW-03-101, Gravitational-Wave Conference, The MITRE Corporation, May 6-9.
Robert M. L. Baker, Jr. (2006), “Novel formulation of the quadrupole equation for potential stellar
gravitational-wave power estimation,” Astronomische Nachrichten. 327.

For the Layperson

Abraham Pais (1982), Subtle is the Lord … The Science and the Life of Albert Einstein, Oxford University
Press, New York.
Harry Collins (2004), Gravity’s Shadow, The University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
Robert M L Baker, Jr., A Prospective on High-Frequency Gravitational Waves, May 25, 2007.
http://www.gravwave.com/docs/A%20Prospective%20on%20HFGW.pdf.
Daniel Kennefick (2007), Traveling at the Speed of Thought: Einstein and the Quest for Gravitational
Waves, Princeton University Press.

Interaction of Electromagnetic and Gravitational Waves (HFGW: 100kHz – GHz)

M. E. Gertsenshtein (1962), “Wave resonance of light and gravitational waves,” Soviet Physics JETP,
Volume 14, Number 1, pp. 84-85.
J. Weber and G. Hinds (1962), “Interaction of Photons and Gravitons,” Phys. Rev., Volume 128, pp. 2414-
2421.
G. A. Lupanov (1967), “A capacitor in the field of a gravitational wave,” JETP 25, 1, p. 76.
Richard A. Issacson (1968), “Gravitational Radiation in the Limit of High Frequency,” Phys. Review 166,
1263-1272.
U.Kh. Kopvillem and V.R.Nagibarov (1969), JETP Lett. v.2, (n12), 329.
D. Boccaletti (1970), “Conversion of photons into gravitons and vice versa in a static electromagnetic
field,” Il Nuovo Cimento, 70 B n., p. 129.
L. P. Grishchuk and M.V. Sazhin (1974), “Emission of Gravitational Waves by an Electromagnetic Cavity,
“ Sov. Phy.JETP 38, No. 2, pp. 215-221.
U. H., Gerlach (1974), Physics Review Letters 32, Number 18, p. 1023.
Y. B. Zel’dovich, (1974),”Electromagnetic and gravitational waves in a stationary magnetic field,” Soviet
Physics JETP 38, p. 652 .

Tatsuo Tokuoka (1975), “Interaction of Electromagnetic and Gravitational Waves in the Weak and Short
Wave Limit”, Progress of Theoretical Physics, Volume 54,Number 5, November, pp. 1309-1317.
A. A. Sokolov and D.V.Galtsov (1976), Sov.Gr-VI Conf, abst. V.1 ,p4 ,Minsk .
W. K. De Logi and A. R. Mickelson (1977), “Electrogravitational conversion cross sections in static
electromagnetic fields,” Phys. Rev. D, Volume 16, pp. 2915-2927.
J. B. Griffiths (1983), “Colliding plane gravitational and electromagnetic waves,” Journal Physics A: Math.
Gen., Volume 16, pp. 1175-1180.

A. Michael Cruise (1983), “An Interaction between gravitational and electromagnetic waves”, Monthly
Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Volume 204, pp. 485-482.

P. G. Macedo and A. H. Nelson (1983), Physics Review D 82, p. 2382.
P. Chen (1994), “Resonant Photon-Graviton Conversion in EM Fields: From Earth to Heaven,” SLAC-
PUB-6666, Stanford Univ., Stanford, CA.
G. Brodin and M. Marklund, (1999) Physics Review Letters 82, p. 3012.
Fang-Yu Li, Meng-Xi Tang, Jun Luo, and Yi-Chuan Li (2000), “Electrodynamical response of a high-
energy photon flux to a gravitational wave,” Physical Review D, Volume 62, July 21, pp. 044018-
1 to 044018 -9.
J. Moortgat, G’t Hooft, and J. Kuijpers (2001), “Watching gravitational waves,”
arXiv:gr-qc/0104006 2 April.

D. Papadopoulos, N. Stergioulas, L. Vlahos and J. Kuijpers (2001), “Fast Magnetosonic Waves Driven by
Gravitational Waves,” Astronomy & Astrophysics 377, pp. 701-706.

H. David Froning, Jr. and Terence W. Barrett (2003), “Investigation of specially conditioned
electromagnetic fields for High-Frequency Gravitational Wave generation,” paper HFGW-03-122,
Gravitational-Wave Conference, The MITRE Corporation, May 6-9.

J. Moortgat and J. Kuijpers (2003), “Gravitational and Magnetosonic Waves in Gamma-ray Bursts,”
Astronomy & Astrophysics, p. 3292.

Fang-Yu Li, Meng-Xi Tang, and Dong-Ping Shi (2003), “Electromagnetic response for High-Frequency
Gravitational Waves in the GHz to THz band,” paper HFGW-03-108, Gravitational-Wave
Conference, The MITRE Corporation, May 6-9.

Fang-Yu Li and Nan Yang (2004), “Resonant interaction between a weak gravitational wave and a
microwave beam in the double polarized states through a static magnetic field,” China Physics
Letters 21, No. 11, p. 2113.

Terrestrial or Laboratory Generation of HFGW (100 kHz – PHz) – Chronological Order

Robert L. Forward and L. R. Miller (1966), “Generation and detection of dynamic gravitational-gradient
fields,” Hughes Research Laboratories Report dated August 5, pp.512-518 and Journ. of Appl.
Phys. 38, 5489-5495 (1967).

L. Halpren and B. Jouvet (1968), “On stimulated photon-graviton conversion by an electromagnetic field,”
Annale H. Poincaré, Volume VII, NA1, pp. 25ff.

Joseph Weber (1969), “Electromagnetic Coupled Detection of Dynamic Gravitational Force Gradients,”
United States Patent 3,722,288, filed January 31.

L. P. Grishchuk and M. V. Sazhin (1974), “Emission of gravitational waves by an electromagnetic cavity.”
Soviet Physics JETP, Volume 38, Number 2, pp. 215-221.

G. F. Chapline, J. Nuckolls, and L. L. Woods (1974), “Gravitational-radiation production using nuclear
explosions,” Physical Review D., volume 10, Number 4, August, pp. 1064-1065.
V. A. Belokon (1975), “Compression of a perfect gas by multiply reflected shock waves,” Dokl. Akad.
Nauk SSSR 222, N3; JETP, Pisma N18.pp. 343-345. (HFGW results concluded by Braginsky and
Rudenko.)
A. A. Sokolov and D. V. Galtsov (1976) Grats. Sov. Gr- IV Conference, Volume 1, Minsk, p. 4.
V. B. Braginsky and Valentin N. Rudenko (1978), “Gravitational waves and the detection of gravitational
radiation,” Section 7: “Generation of gravitational waves in the laboratory,” Physics Report
(Review section of Physics Letters), Volume 46, Number 5, p. 165-200.
F. Romero B and H. Dehnen (1981), “Generation of gravitational radiation in the laboratory,” Z.
Naturforsch, Volume 36a, pp. 948-955.

L. H. Ford (1982), “Gravitational Radiation by Quantum Systems,” Annals of Physics, 144, pp. 238-248.
I. M. Pinto and G. Rotoli (1988), “Laboratory generation of gravitational waves?” Proceedings of the 8th
Italian Conference on General Relativity and Gravitational Physics, Cavlese (Trento), August 30
to September 3, World Scientific-Singapore, pp. 560-573.
John D. Kraus (1991), “Will gravity-wave communication be possible?” IEEE Antennas & Propagation
Magazine, Volume 33, Number 4, August.

Pia Astone, et al (1991), “Evaluation and preliminary measurement of the interaction of dynamical
gravitational near field with a cryogenic gravitational-wave antenna,” Zeischrift fuer Physik,
Volume 50, pp. 21-29.
S. F. Novaes.and D. Spehler (1993)., “Gravitational laser backscattering,” Phys. Rev. D, Volume. 47, pp.
2432-2434.
John Argyris and Corneliu Ciubotariu (1997) “A proposal of new gravitational experiments.” Modern
Physics Letters, Volume 12, Number 40, pp. 3105-3119.

Giorgio Fontana (1998), “A possibility of emission of high frequency gravitational radiation from junctions
between d-wave and s-wave superconductors,” Preprint, Faculty of Science, University of Trento,
38050 Povo (TN), Italy, pp. 1-8. http://xxx.lanl.gov/html/cond-mat/9812070.
E.G.Bessonov (1998), “Grasers Based on Particle Accelerators and on lasers,”
arXiv:physics/9802037v2[physics.class-ph]

Robert M. L. Baker, Jr. and Frederick W. Noble (1999), “Peak Power Energy Storage Device and
Gravitational Wave Generator,” United States Patent 6,160,336, filed November 19.
Robert M. L. Baker, Jr. (2000), “Gravitational Wave Generator,” United States Patent Number 6,417,597,
filed July 14.

Giorgio Fontana (2000), “Gravitational Radiation and its Application to Space Travel,” paper CP 504,
Space Technology and Applications International Forum , Jan 30 - Feb 3, 2000, edited by M. S.
El Genk, American Institute of Physics. Internet reprint:
http://www.arxiv.org/abs/physics/0110042
Baker, R. M. L. Jr., “Preliminary Tests of Fundamental Concepts Associated with Gravitational-Wave
Spacecraft Propulsion,” in proceedings of American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics:
Space 2000 Conference and Exposition, edited by J. Albaugh, Long Beach, California, Paper
Number 2000-5250, 2000.
Robert M. L. Baker, Jr (2000), “Gravitational Wave Generator Utilizing Submicroscopic Energizable
Elements,” United States Patent Number 6,784,591, 100 claims, filed December 27.
M. Portilla and R. Lapiedra (2001), “Generation of High Frequency Gravitational Waves,” Physical Review
D, Volume 63, pp. 044014-1 to 044014-7.

Raymond Y. Chiao (2002), “Superconductors as transducers and antennas for gravitational and
electromagnetic radiation,” arXiv:gr-qc/0204012 v2, April 11.
Robert M. L. Baker, Jr. (2002), “High-Frequency Gravitational Waves,” Max Planck Institute for
Astrophysics (MPA) Lecture, May 9, Revised May 15, 2002. (Please see Internet site at:
http://drrobertbaker.com/EuropeanLecture2002.htm .)
Leonid P. Grishchuk (2003), “Electromagnetic generators and detectors of gravitational waves,” paper
HFGW-03-119, Gravitational-Wave Conference, The MITRE Corporation, May 6-9.
Heinz Dehnen and Fernando Romero-Borja (2003), “Generation of GHz – THz High-Frequency
Gravitational Waves in the laboratory,” paper HFGW-03-102, Gravitational-Wave Conference,
The MITRE Corporation, May 6-9.

Giorgio Fontana and Robert M. L. Baker, Jr. (2003), “The high-temperature superconductor (HTSC)
gravitational laser (GASER),” paper HFGW-03-107, Gravitational-Wave Conference, The
MITRE Corporation, May 6-9.
M. Portilla (2003), “Generation of HFGW by irradiating a multidielectric film,” paper HFGW-03-112,
Gravitational-Wave Conference, The MITRE Corporation, May 6-9.

Valentin N. Rudenko (2003), “Optimization of parameters of a coupled generator-receiver for a
gravitational Hertz experiment,” paper HFGW-03-113, Gravitational-Wave Conference, The
MITRE Corporation, May 6-9.
Robert M. L. Baker, Jr. (2003), “Generation of High-Frequency Gravitational Waves (HFGW) by means of
an array of micro- and nano-devices,” paper HFGW-03-117, Gravitational-Wave Conference, The
MITRE Corporation, May 6-9.
H. David Froning, Jr. and Terence W. Barrett (2003), “Investigation of specially conditioned
electromagnetic fields for High-Frequency Gravitational Wave generation,” paper HFGW-03-122,
Gravitational-Wave Conference, The MITRE Corporation, May 6-9.

Eric W. Davis (2003), “Laboratory generation of high-frequency gravitons via quantization of the coupled
Maxwell-Einstein fields,” paper HFGW-03-125, Gravitational-Wave Conference, The MITRE
Corporation, May 6-9.
Raymond Chiao (2003), in “The Gravity Radio,” New Scientist, November 8, pp.38-43 (Admits to errors in
Chiao (2002)),

G. S. Bisnovatyi-Kogan and V. N. Rudenko, Very high frequency gravitational wave background in the
universe, Class. Quantum Grav. 21, 3344-3359 (2004).

Robert M. L. Baker, Jr. (2006), “Novel formulation of the quadrupole equation for potential stellar
gravitational-wave power estimation” Astronomische Nachrichten / Astronomical Notes, 327, No.
7, pp. 710-713.

Peer-Reviewed Proceedings Publications:

Robert M. L. Baker,., Jr. (2004), “Precursor Experiments Regarding the Generation of High-Frequency
Gravitational Waves (HFGW) by Means of Using an Array of Micro- and Nano-Devices,” Space
Technology and Applications International Forum (STAIF-2004), edited by M. S. El-Genk,
American Institute of Physics, Melville, New York, February 8-12, 699, Paper F02-2-179.
Enrique Navarro, Miguel Portilla, and Jose Luis Valdes (2004), “Test of the generation of high-frequency
gravitational waves by irradiating a multidielectric film,” Space Technology and Applications
International Forum (STAIF-2004), edited by M. S. El-Genk, American Institute of Physics,
Melville, New York, February 8-12, 2004, 699, Paper F02-1-141.
Robert M. L. Baker, Jr. (2004), “Precursor Proof-of-Concept Experiments for Various Categories of High-
Frequency Gravitational Wave (HFGW) Generators,” Space Technology and Applications
International Forum (STAIF-2004), edited by M. S. El-Genk, American Institute of Physics,
Melville, New York, February 8-12, 699 , Paper F01-2-178.
Giorgio Fontana, (2004), “Design of a Quantum Source of High-Frequency Gravitational Waves (HFGW)
and Test Methodology,” Space Technology and Applications International Forum (STAIF-2004),
edited by M. S. El-Genk, American Institute of Physics, Melville, New York, February 8-12, 699,
Paper F02-1-143.
Robert M. L. Baker, Jr., Eric W. Davis, and R. Clive Woods (2005), “Gravitational Wave (GW) Radiation
Pattern at the Focus of a High-Frequency GW (HFGW) Generator and Aerospace Applications,”
in the proceedings of Space Technology and Applications International Forum (STAIF-2005),
edited by M.S. El-Genk, American Institute of Physics Conference Proceedings, Melville, NY
746, 1315-1322.

Robert M. L. Baker, Jr. and Fang-Yu Li (2005), “High-Frequency Gravitational Wave (HFGW) Generation
by Means of a Pair of Opposed X-ray Lasers and Detection by Means of Coupling Linearized GW
to EM Fields,” in the proceedings of Space Technology and Applications International Forum
(STAIF-2005), edited by M.S. El-Genk, American Institute of Physics Conference Proceedings,
Melville, NY 746, 1271-1281.
R. Clive Woods and Robert M. L. Baker, Jr. (2005), “Gravitational Wave Generation and Detection Using
Acoustic Resonators and Coupled Resonance Chambers,” in the proceedings of Space Technology
and Applications International Forum (STAIF-2005), edited by M.S. El-Genk, American Institute
of Physics Conference Proceedings, Melville, NY 746, 1298.
Robert M. L. Baker, Jr., (2005), “Applications of High-Frequency Gravitational Waves (HFGWs),” in the
proceedings of Space Technology and Applications International Forum (STAIF-2005), edited by
M.S. El-Genk, American Institute of Physics Conference Proceedings, Melville, NY 746, 1306-
1313.
Robert M. L. Baker, Jr., Fangyu Li and Ruxin Li (2006), “Ultra-High-Intensity Lasers for Gravitational
Wave Generation and Detection” in the proceedings of Space Technology and Applications

International Forum (STAIF-2006), edited by M.S. El-Genk, American Institute of Physics
Conference Proceedings, Melville NY 813, pp.1249-1258.

Robert M. L. Baker, Jr., R. Clive Woods and Fangyu Li (2006), “Piezoelectric-Crystal-Resonator High-
Frequency Gravitational Wave Generation and Synchro-Resonance Detection,” in the proceedings
of Space Technology and Applications International Forum (STAIF-2006), edited by M.S. El-
Genk, American Institute of Physics Conference Proceedings, Melville NY 813, pp. 1280-1289.

Giorgio Fontana and Robert M. L. Baker, Jr. (2006), “Generation of Gravitational Waves with Nuclear
Reactions,” in the proceedings of Space Technology and Applications International Forum
(STAIF-2006), edited by M.S. El-Genk, American Institute of Physics Conference Proceedings,
Melville NY 813, pp. 1352-1358.

HFGW Detectors

R. L. Forward and R. M. L. Baker, Jr. (1961), “Gravitational Gradients, Gravitational Waves and the
‘Weber Bar’,” Lecture given at the Lockheed Astrodynamics Research Center, 650 N. Sepulveda,
Bel Air , California, USA, November 16th. (Forward coined the term “High-Frequency
Gravitational Waves.”)
R. L. Forward, D. Zipov, J. Weber, S. Smith and H. Benioff (1961), “Upper Limit for Interstellar Millicycle
Gravitational Radiation,” Nature, Volume 189, p. 473.
M. E. Gertsenshtein (1962), “Wave resonance of light and gravitational waves,” Soviet Physics JETP,
Volume 14, Number 1, pp. 84-85.
G. A. Lupanov (1967), “A capacitor in the field of a gravitational wave,” JETP 25, 1, p. 76.
Joseph Weber (1969), “Electromagnetic Coupled Detection of Dynamic Gravitational Force Gradients,”
United States Patent 3,722,288, filed January 31.

V. B. Braginsky, L.P. Grishchuk, A. G. Doroshkevich, Ya. B. Zeldovich, I. D. Noviko and M. V. Sazhin
(1974), “Electromagnetic Detectors of Gravitational Waves,” Sov. Phys. JETP 38, p. 865.

V. B. Braginsky and Valentin N. Rudenko and (1978), “Gravitational waves and the detection of
gravitational radiation,” Physics Report (Review section of Physics Letters), Volume 46, Number
5, p. 165-200.
Valentin N. Rudenko and M. V. Sazhin (1980), “Laser interferometer as a gravitational wave detector,”
Sov. J. Quantum Electron., Volume 10, November, pp. 1366-1373.

Fangyu Li, Mengxi Tang and Pengfel Zhao, (1992), “Interaction between Narrow Wave Beam-type High
Frequency Gravitational Radiation and Electromagnetic Fields.” ACTA Physsica Sisica, Volume
41, Number 12, pp. 1919-1928.
Melvin A. Lewis (1995), “Gravitational-Wave Versus Electromagnetic-Wave Antennas,” IEEE Antennas
& Propagation Magazine, Volume 37, Number 3, June.

Melvin A. Lewis (1995), “Sleuthing out Gravitational Waves,” IEEE Spectrum, May, pp. 57-61.
Michael Tobar (1995), “Characterizing multi-mode resonant-mass gravitational wave detectors,” Journal of
Applied Physics, Volume 28,. pp. 1729-1736.

S. Frasca and M. A. Papa (1995), “Local Arrays of high-frequency arrays,” First Edoardo Amaldi
Conference on Gravitational Wave Experiments, World Scientific Publishing Co., Singapore, pp.
443-448.
D. J. Ottaway, et al (1998), “A Compact Injection-Locked Nd:YAG Laser for Gravitational Wave
Detection,” IEE Journal of Quantum Electronics, Volume 34, Number 10, October.
C. Mehmel and B. Caron (1998), “Modeling and Control of a Gravitational Wave Detector, “IEEE
International Conference on Control Applications, Trieste, Italy, 1-4 September, pp. 736-740.

E.G.Bessonov (1998), “Grasers Based on Particle Accelerators and on lasers,”
arXiv:physics/9802037v2[physics.class-ph]

M.E. Tobar (1999), “Microwave Parametric Transducers for the Next Generation of Resonant-Mass
Gravitational Wave Detectors,” Dept. of Physics, the University of Western Australia, Nedlands,
6907 WA, Australia.
Robert M. L. Baker, Jr. (2000), “Gravitational Wave Generator,” United States Patent 6,417,597, filed July
14.
Fang-Yu Li, Meng-Xi Tang, Jun Luo, and Yi-Chuan Li (2000) “Electrodynamical response of a high-
energy photon flux to a gravitational wave,” Physical Review D, Volume 62, July 21, pp. 044018-
1 to 044018 -9.
A. M. Cruise (2000), “An electromagnetic detector for very-high-frequency gravitational waves,” Class.
Quantum Gravity, Volume 17, pp. 2525-2530.

R. M. J. Ingley and A. M. Cruise (2001), “An electromagnetic detector for high frequency gravitational
waves,” 4th Edoardo Amaldi Conference on Gravitational Waves, Perth, Australia, July.

Philippe Bernard, Gianluca Gemme, R. Parodi, and E. Picasso (2001), “A detector of small harmonic
displacements based on two coupled microwave cavities,” Review of Scientific Instruments,
Volume 72, Number 5, May, pp. 2428-2437.
Robert M. L. Baker, Jr. (2002), “High-Frequency Gravitational Waves,” Max Planck Institute for
Astrophysics (MPA) Lecture, May 9, Revised May 15, 2002. (Please see Internet site at:
http://drrobertbaker.com/EuropeanLecture2002.htm )

Fang-Yu Li, Meng-Xi Tang, and Dong-Ping Shi (2002), “Electromagnetic response of a Gaussian beam to
high-frequency relic gravitational waves in quintessential inflationary models,” Chongqing
University Report, December 3, pp. 1-33.

Andrea Chincarini and Gianluca Gemme (2003), “Micro-wave based High-Frequency Gravitational Wave
detector,” paper HFGW-03-103, Gravitational-Wave Conference, The MITRE Corporation, May
6-9.
Fang-Yu Li, Meng-Xi Tang, and Dong-Ping Shi, (2003), “Electromagnetic response of a Gaussian beam to
high-frequency relic gravitational waves in quintessential inflationary models,” Physical Review B
67, pp. 104006-1 to -17.

Leonid P. Grishchuk (2003), “Electromagnetic generators and detectors of gravitational waves,” paper
HFGW-03-119, Gravitational-Wave Conference, The MITRE Corporation, May 6-9.

Ning Li (2003), “Measurability of AC gravity fields,” paper HFGW-03-106, Gravitational-Wave
Conference, The MITRE Corporation, May 6-9.

P. S. Shawhan (2004), “Gravitational Waves and the Effort to Detect them,” American Scientist 92, 356 (Explains why
LIGO cannot detect HFGWs).

G. S .Bisnovatyi-Kogan and V. N. Rudenko (2004), “Very high frequency gravitational wave background
in the universe,” Class. Quantum Grav. 21, 3344-3359.

Fangyu Li, and Nan Yang (2004), “Resonant Interaction between a Weak Gravitational Wave and a
Microwave Beam in the Double Polarized States Through a Static Magnetic Field” Journal-ref:
Chin. Phys. Lett., 21, No. 11, p. 2113.

Richard M. J. Ingley, (2005), “Implementation and Cross Correlation of Two High Frequency Gravitational
Wave Detectors,” PhD Thesis, The University of Birmingham, January.
A. M. Cruise and Richard M. J. Ingley (2005), “A correlation detector for very high frequency gravitational
waves,” Class. Quantum Grav. 22, 5479-5481.
Fangyu Li, Robert M. L. Baker, Jr. and Zhenya Chen (2006), “Perturbative photon flux generated by high-
frequency relic gravitational waves and utilization of them for their detection,” International
Journal of Modern Physics D 15.

Lee, Zhi-Jun and Wan, Zhen-Zhui (2006), “Noises in Detecting Relic Gravitational Waves,” Chin.
Phys.Lett. 23, No. 12, pp. 3183- 3186.

D. I. Schuster_,1 A. A. Houck_,J. A. Schreier,1 A. Wallraff, J. M. Gambetta, A. Blais, L. Frunzio,1 B.
Johnson, M. H. Devoret, S. M. Girvin, and R. J. Schoelkopf (2006), “Resolving photon number
states in a superconducting circuit,” arXiv:cond-mat/0608693 v1, 30 August.

Fangyu Li and Robert M. L. Baker, Jr. (2007), “Detection of High-Frequency Gravitational Waves by
Superconductors,” 6th International Conference on New Theories, Discoveries and Applications of
Superconductors and Related Materials, Sydney, Australia, January 10.

A. M. Cruise (2007), “Operational Performance of the Birmingham 100 MHz Detector and Upper Limits
on the Stochastic Background,” Amaldi 7 Gravitational Wave Conference, July 9, 2007, Sydney,
Australia.

Peer-Reviewed Proceedings Publications:

Fangyu Li , Robert M.L. Baker, Jr.. and Zhenyun Fang, (2007), “Coupling of an Open Cavity to
Microwave Beam: A Possible New Scheme of Detecting High-Frequency Gravitational Waves,”
in the proceedings of Space Technology and Applications International Forum (STAIF-2007),
edited by M.S. El-Genk, American Institute of Physics Conference Proceedings, Melville, NY
880, pp. 1139-1148.

HFGW Applications

Ning Li and Douglas G. Torr (1992), “Gravitational effects on the magnetic attenuation of super
conductors”, Physical Review B, Volume 46, Number 9, p. 5491. (HFGW refraction)
Douglas G. Torr and Ning Li (1993), “Gravitoelectric-electric coupling via superconductivity,” Found.
Phys. Letts. 6 371-383.(HFGW refraction)

Mark Kowitt., (1994). “Gravitomagnetism and magnetic permeability in superconductors,” Physical
Review B , Volume 49, Number 1, pp. 704-708 (Challenges Li and Torr (1992)).

Melvin A. Lewis (1995), “Gravitational-Wave Versus Electromagnetic-Wave Antennas,” IEEE Antennas
& Propagation Magazine, Volume 37, Number 3, June (HFGW communication).

Edward G. Harris (1999), “Comments on ‘Gravitoelectric-coupling via superconductivity’ by Douglas G.
Torr and Ning Li,” Foundations of Physics Letters, Volume 12, Number 2, pp. 201-205
(Challenges Torr and Li (1993)).
Hideo Seki (2001), “Communication Method by Gravitational Waves of High Frequency,” Japanese Patent
No. 2001077766A, March 23 (to communicate with stars and examine diseases within the human
body).

Jiri Joseph Petlan (2001), “Communication System Using Gravitational Waves,” United States Patent No.
6300614 B1, October.(resonant frequency set up between two identical masses).\,
Transportation Sciences Corporation (2002). Please see Internet site: http://www.gov-world.com/ and enter
Vendor Supplied Key word/phrase: Gravitational Waves (HFGW communication and imaging).
Robert M. L. Baker, Jr. (2003), “Application of High-Frequency Gravitational Waves to imaging,” paper
HFGW-03-120, Gravitational-Wave Conference, The MITRE Corporation, May 6-9.
Giorgio Fontana (2003), “Gravitational radiation applied to space travel,” paper HFGW-03-111,
Gravitational-Wave Conference, The MITRE Corporation, May 6-9.

Melvin A. Lewis (2003), “Gravitational waves for voice and data communication,” paper HFGW-03-109,
Gravitational-Wave Conference, The MITRE Corporation, May 6-9.

Paul A. Murad and Robert M. L. Baker, Jr. (2003), “Gravity with a spin: Angular momentum in a
gravitational-wave field,” paper HFGW-03-114, Gravitational-Wave Conference, The MITRE
Corporation, May 6-9.
Gary V. Stephenson (2003), “The application of High-Frequency Gravitational Waves (HFGW) to
communications,” paper HFGW-03-104, Gravitational-Wave Conference, The MITRE
Corporation, May 6-9.
Robert M. L. Baker, Jr. and Paul A. Murad (2003), “Cosmology and the door to other dimensions and
universes,” 39th AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Propulsion Conference, Huntsville, Alabama, July 22.
R. Clive Woods (2005), “Manipulation of gravitational waves for communications applications using
superconductors,” Physica C 433, pp. 101–107.
Lawrence S. Moy and Robert M. L. Baker, Jr. (2006), “Nano-mechanism HFGW delivery systems for
dermatological applications” in the proceedings of the International Congress of
Nanobiotechnology & Nanomedicine (NanoBio2006), June 19-21, San Francisco, California,

USA.

R. Clive Woods (2007), “Exploitation of variable phase-shifter for very-high-frequency gravitational
waves,” Physica C, in press.

Peer-Reviewed Proceedings Publications:

Robert M. L. Baker, Jr. (2004), “An Experimental Program for Assessing High-Frequency Gravitational
Wave (HFGW) Optical Applications and the Precursor HFGW Telescope,” Space Technology and
Applications International Forum (STAIF-2004), edited by M. S. El-Genk, American Institute of
Physics, Melville, New York, February 8-12, 699, Paper F01-2-178.
Robert M. L. Baker, Jr., (2005), “Applications of High-Frequency Gravitational Waves (HFGWs),” in the
proceedings of Space Technology and Applications International Forum (STAIF-2005), edited by
M.S. El-Genk, American Institute of Physics Conference Proceedings, Melville, NY 746, 1306.
R. Clive Woods (2006), “A Novel Variable-Focus Lens for HFGWs,” in the proceedings of Space
Technology and Applications International Forum (STAIF-2006), edited by M.S. El-Genk,
American Institute of Physics Conference Proceedings, Melville NY 813, 1297-1304.
R. Clive Woods (2006), “High-Frequency Gravitational Wave Optics,” in the proceedings of Space
Technology and Applications International Forum (STAIF-2006), edited by M.S. El-Genk,
American Institute of Physics Conference Proceedings, Melville NY 813, 1305-1312.
Robert M.L. Baker, Jr.. (2007), “Surveillance Applications of High-Frequency Gravitational Waves,” in the
proceedings of Space Technology and Applications International Forum (STAIF-2007), edited by
M.S. El-Genk, American Institute of Physics Conference Proceedings, Melville, NY 880, pp.
1017-1026.
R. Clive Woods, (2007), “Modified Design of Novel Variable Focus Lens for VHFGW,” in the
proceedings of Space Technology and Applications International Forum (STAIF-2007), edited by
M.S. El-Genk, American Institute of Physics Conference Proceedings, Melville, NY 880, pp.
1011-1018.
Giorgio Fontana and Robert M. L. Baker, Jr. (2007), “HFGW-Induced Nuclear Fusion,” in the proceedings
of Space Technology and Applications International Forum (STAIF-2007), edited by M.S. El-
Genk, American Institute of Physics Conference Proceedings, Melville, NY 880, pp. 1156-1164.
Lawrence S. Moy and Robert M. L. Baker, Jr. (2007), “The Influence of High-Frequency Gravitational
Waves upon Muscles,” in the proceedings of Space Technology and Applications International
Forum (STAIF-2007), edited by M.S. El-Genk, American Institute of Physics Conference
Proceedings, Melville, NY 880, pp. 1004-1012.
Colby Harper and Gary Stephenson (2007), “The Value Estimation of an HFGW Frequency Time Standard
for Telecommunications Network Optimization,” in the proceedings of Space Technology and
Applications International Forum (STAIF-2007), edited by M.S. El-Genk, American Institute of
Physics Conference Proceedings, Melville, NY 880, pp. 1083-1091.

HFGW Propulsion and Gravity Modification

L. D. Landau and E. M. Lifshitz (1975), The Classical Theory of Fields, Fourth Revised English Edition,
Pergamon Press, p. 349.

Demetrious Christodoulou (1991), “Nonlinear nature of gravitation and gravitational-wave experiments,”
Physical Review Letters, Volume 67, Number 12, September 16, pp. 1486-1489.

E. Podkletnov and R. Nieminen (1992), “A possibility of gravitational force shielding by bulk YBa2Cu3O7–x
superconductor”, Physica C., 203 441.

N. Li and D.G. Torr (1992), “Gravitational effects on the magnetic attenuation of superconductors,”, Phys.
Rev. B., 46 5489.

M. de Podesta and M. Bull (1995), “Alternative explanation of ‘gravitational screening’ experiments,”
Physica C., 253 199.

C.S. Unnikrishnan (1996), “Does a superconductor shield gravity?”, Physica C., 266 133.
W. B. Bonnor and M. S. Piper (1997), “The gravitational wave rocket,” Class. Quantum Grav, Volume 14,
pp. 2895-2904.
F.N. Rounds (1998), “Anomalous weight behavior in YBa2Cu3O7 compounds at low temperature,” Proc.
NASA Breakthrough Propulsion Phys. Workshop., Cleveland 297.

H. Reiss (1999), “A possible interaction between gravity and high temperature superconductivity – by a
materials property?”, Proc. 15th Europ. Conf. Thermophys. Prop., Würzburg.
Robert M. L. Baker, Jr. and Frederick W. Noble (1999), “Peak Power Energy Storage Device and
Gravitational Wave Generator,” United States Patent 6,160,336, filed November 19.
R. Koczor and D. Noever (1999), “Fabrication of large bulk ceramic superconductor disks for gravity
modification experiments and performance of YBCO disks under e.m. field excitation,”
AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference, AIAA 99-2147.

Robert M. L. Baker, Jr. (2000), “Gravitational Wave Generator,” United States Patent 6,417,597, filed July
14.
Robert M. L. Baker, Jr. (2000), “Preliminary Tests of Fundamental Concepts Associated with
Gravitational-Wave Spacecraft Propulsion,” American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics:
Space 2000 Conference and Exposition, Paper Number 2000-5250, September 20, August 21,
2001, Revision. (Please see Internet site at: http://drrobertbaker.com/RevisedAIAAPaper.htm .)
E. Podkletnov and G. Modanese (2001), “Impulse gravity generator based on charged YBa2Cu3O7–y
superconductor with composite crystal structure,” Los Alamos National Laboratory Archive
physics/0108005.
R.C. Woods, S.G. Cooke, J. Helme and C.H. Caldwell (2001), “Gravity modification by high-temperature
superconductors,” Proc. 37th AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conf., Salt Lake City,
Utah, U.S.A.

M. Tajmar and C.J. de Matos (2001), “Coupling of electromagnetism and gravitation in the weak field
approximation,” J. Theoretics, 3, 1.

D. Goodwin (2001), “A proposed experimental assessment of a possible propellantless propulsion system,”
AIAA 2001-3653, July 9.

Jeffrey Cameron (2001), “An Asymmetric Gravitational Wave Propulsion System,” AIAA-2001-3913
paper.

Robert M. L. Baker, Jr. (2002), “High-Frequency Gravitational Waves,” Max Planck Institute for
Astrophysics (MPA) Lecture, May 9, Revised May 15, 2002. (Please see Internet site at:
http://drrobertbaker.com/EuropeanLecture2002.htm.)

R.C. Woods (2002), “Comments on ‘A gravitational shielding based upon ZnS:Ag phosphor’ and ‘The
gravitational mass at the superconducting state,” Los Alamos National Laboratory Archive
physics/0204031
D. Maker and G.A. Robertson (2003), “Very large propulsive effects predicted for a 512kV rotator,” Proc.
STAIF-2003, Albuquerque, New Mexico, U.S.A.

George D. Hathaway (2003), “Force beam and gravity modification experiments: an engineer’s
perspective,” paper HFGW-03-121, Gravitational-Wave Conference, The MITRE Corporation,
May 6-9.
Giorgio Fontana (2003), “Gravitational radiation applied to space travel,” paper HFGW-03-111,
Gravitational-Wave Conference, The MITRE Corporation, May 6-9.

Marc G. Millis (2003), “NASA breakthrough propulsion physics project,” paper HFGW-03-110,
Gravitational-Wave Conference, The MITRE Corporation, May 6-9.

Harold E. Puthoff and Michael Ibison (2003), “Polarizable vacuum ‘Metric Engineering’ approach to GR-
type effects,” paper HFGW-03-124, Gravitational-Wave Conference, The MITRE Corporation,
May 6-9.
Glen A. Robertson (2003), “Analysis of the impulse experiment using the electromagnetic analog of
gravitational waves,” paper HFGW-03-116, Gravitational-Wave Conference, The MITRE
Corporation, May 6-9.
Roger Clive Woods (2003), “Gravitation and high-temperature superconductors: the current position,”
paper HFGW-03-118, Gravitational-Wave Conference, The MITRE Corporation, May 6-9.
Eric W. Davis (2003), “Laboratory generation of high-frequency gravitons via quantization of the coupled
Maxwell-Einstein fields,” paper HFGW-03-125, Gravitational-Wave Conference, The MITRE
Corporation, May 6-9.
Jeffrey A. Cameron (2004), “Asymetric Gravitational Wave Propulsion System,” United States Patent
Application Publication No. US 2004/0140403, July.

Peer-Reviewed Proceedings Publications:

Giorgio Fontana (2000), “Gravitational Radiation and its Application to Space Travel,” paper CP 504,
Space Technology and Applications International Forum – 2000, edited by M. S. Genk, American
Institute of Physics.

Roger Clive Woods (2004), “Review of Claims of Interaction between Gravitation and High-Temperature
Superconductors,” Technology and Applications International Forum (STAIF-2004), edited by M.
S. El-Genk, American Institute of Physics, Melville, New York, February 8-12, 699, Paper F01-1-
123.
Giorgio Fontana (2005), “Gravitational Wave Propulsion,” Space Technology and Applications
International Forum (STAIF-2005), edited by M. S. El-Genk, American Institute of Physics,
Melville, New York, 699, Paper F02-003.

Paul A. Murad (2007), “Exploring Gravity and Gravitational Wave Dynamics Part I: Gravitational
Anomalies,” Space Technology and Applications International Forum (STAIF-2007), edited by M.
S. El-Genk, American Institute of Physics, Melville, New York 880, pp. 967-975.
Paul A. Murad (2007), “Exploring Gravity and Gravitational Wave Dynamics Part II: Gravity Models,”
Space Technology and Applications International Forum (STAIF-2007), edited by M. S. El-Genk,
American Institute of Physics, Melville, New York, Paper196.
Giorgio Fontana, Paul Murad and Robert M. L. Baker, Jr. (2007), “Hyperspace for Space Travel,” Space
Technology and Applications International Forum (STAIF-2007), edited by M. S. El-Genk,
American Institute of Physics, Melville, New York 880, pp. 1117-1125,

Astronomical: Relic and Primordial Background (HFGW: kHz – 10GHz)

L. Halpren and B. Jouvet (1968), “On stimulated photon-graviton conversion by an electromagnetic field,”
Annale H. Poincaré, Volume VII, NA1, pp. 25ff.

L. P. Grishchuk (1976), “Primordial Gravitons and the Possibility of their Observation,” Sov. Phys. JETP
Lett. 23, p. 293.

L. P. Grishchuk (1977), “Graviton Creation in the Early Universe,” Ann. Acad. Sci.I (N.Y.) 302, p. 439.
R. D. Blandford (1978), “Massive Black Holes and Gravitational Radiation” in Sources of Gravitational
Radiation, Edited by Larry Smarr, p. 205.

R. Brustein, M. Gasperini, M. Giovannini, and G. Veneziano (1995), “Relic gravitational waves from string
cosmology”, Physics Letters B, Volume 361 pp. 45-51.

L. P. Grishchuk (1999) “On the delectability of Relic (Squeezed) Gravitational Waves” in the Proceedings
of the 34th Rencontres de Moriond: Gravitational Waves and Experimental Gravity.

M. Giovannini (1999), “Production and detection of relic gravitons in quintessential inflationary models,” Phys. Rev. D
60, pp. 123511-8.

Rainer Weiss (2001), E-mail Communication to R. M L Baker, Jr., June 2: “High-frequency gravitational
waves, KHz – MHz (and beyond), have significant scientific interest and ideas (for their detection)
are much in demand … primeval cosmic background (is important) …”
Maurizio Gasperini (2002). Please see Internet site at: http://www.ba.infn.it/~gasperin/
Fang-Yu Li, Meng-Xi Tang, and Dong-Ping Shi (2002), “Electromagnetic response of a Gaussian beam to
high-frequency relic gravitational waves in quintessential inflationary models,” Chongqing
University Report, December 3, pp. 1-33.

Nikolai N. Gorkavyi (2003), “Generation of gravitational waves as a key factor for the origin and dynamics
of the Universe,” paper HFGW-03-115, Gravitational-Wave Conference, The MITRE
Corporation, May.
G. S. Bisnovatyi-Kogan and Valentin N. Rudenko (2004), “Very High Frequency Gravitational Wave
Background in the Universe,” Class. Quantum Grav. 21, pp. 3347-3359.

Yang Zhang, Yefei Yuan, Wen Zhao and Ying-Tian Chen (2005), “Relic gravitational waves in the
accelerating Universe,” Classical and Quantum Gravity 22, 1383-1394.

Yang Zhang, Zhao Wen, Yuan Ye-Fei, and Xia Tian-Yang (2005), “Numeric Spectrum of Relic
Gravitational Waves in Accelerating Universe,” Chin.Phys. Lett. 22, No. 7, 1817.
G. Cella (2006), “Stochastic Background Data Analysis,” First ENTApP-GWA Joint Meeting, January,
Institute d’Astrophysique de Paris.

G. Sigl (2006), “Cosmological Backgrounds of Neutrons, Photons, and Gravitational Waves,” First
ENTApP-GWA Joint Meeting, January, Institute d’Astrophysique de Paris.
L. P. Grishchuk (2006), “Relic Gravitational Waves and Cosmology,” Uspekhi Fiz. Nauk .176, March 5,
36pp.
L. P. Grishchuk, et al. 2006, LIGO Technical Note T060270-00-Z (Pasadena :California Inst. Tech.),
http://www.ligo.caltech.edu /docs/ T/ T060270-00.pdf.
Xianhong Zhang and Fangyu Li (2006), “Energy-Momentum Pseudo-Tensor of Relic Gravitational Wave
polarization States,” Chinese Physics Letters 23, pp. 1395-1397.
Zhi-Jun Lee and Zhen-Zhu Wan (2006), “Noises in Detecting Relic Gravitational Waves,” Chinese Physics
Letters 23, No. 12, pp. 3183—3186.

Otakar Svitek and Jiri Podolsky (2006), “Evolution of high-frequency gravitational waves in some
cosmological models,” Czechoslovak Journal of Physics 56, 1.
Y. Zhang, X. Z. Er, T. Y. Xia, W. Zhao and H. X. Miao (2006), “An exact analytic spectrum of relic
gravitational wave in an accelerating universe,” Class. Quantum Grav. 23, 3783-3800.
Wen Zhao and Yang Zhang (2006), “Analytic approach to the CMB polarization generated by relic
gravitational waves,” Phys. Rev. D 74, 083006.
Hogan, Craig J. (2007), “Gravitational Waves from Cosmic Superstrings,” Winter Joint Meeting, American
Astronomical Society/American Association of Physics Teachers, Seattle, Washington, USA,
January 5-10, paper 074.13.

HFGW Generation by Supernova or Relativistic Collapse

M. E. Gertsenshtein (1966)., “The Possibility of an Oscillatory Nature of Gravitational Collapse,” Soviet Physics JETP.
(USSR) 51, 129-134 (July).

John Paul Adrian Clark (1978), “The Role of Binaries in Gravitational Wave Production,” in Sources of
Gravitational Radiation, Edited by Larry Smarr, p.457.
Harald Dimmelmeier (2001), “General Relativistic Collapse of Rotating Stellar Cores in Axisymmetry,”
PhD Dissertation, Technische Universität München, Max-Planck-Institut für Astrophysik,
September 14.

Pankaj S. Joshie (2003), “Possible celestial sources of HFGW ‘noise’: gravitational collapse of massive
stars,” paper HFGW-03-105, Gravitational-Wave Conference, The MITRE Corporation, May 6-9.
Harald Dimmelmeier, C.D. Ott, H.-T. Janka, A. Marek, and E. Mu¨ller (2007), “Generic Gravitational-Wave
Signals from the Collapse of Rotating Stellar Cores,” Phys. Rev. Lett . 98, 251101-1-4.

C. D. Ott, H. Dimmelmeier, A. Marek, H. T. Janka, I. Hawke, B. Zink and E. Schnetter (2007), “3D
Collapse of Rotating Stellar Iron Cores in General Relativity Including Deleptonization and
Nuclear Equation of State,” Phys. Rev. Lett . 98, 261101-1-4.

Low Frequency (LF) GW from Orbiting Objects (mHz – kHz)

P. C. Peters and J. Mathews (1963), “Gravitational Radiation from Point Masses in a Keplerian Orbit,”
Physical Review, Volume 131, pp. 435-440.

P. D. D’Eath (1978), “Gravitational Radiation from Hyperbolic Encounters”, in Sources of Gravitational
Radiation, Edited by Larry Smarr, pp. 293-309.

R. A. Hulse (1994), “The Discovery of the Binary Pulsar,” Reviews of Modern Physics 66, No. 3, July, pp. 699-710.
J. H., Jr. Taylor (1994), “Binary pulsar and relativistic gravity,” Reviews of Modern Physics 66, No. 3, July, 711-719.

Éanna É. Flanagan and Scott A. Hughes (1998), “Measuring gravitational waves from binary black hole
coalescences. I. Signal to noise for inspiral, merger, and ringdown,” Physical Review D, Volume
57, Number 8, pp. 4535-4565.
S. F. Ashby, Ian Foster, James M. Lattimer, Norman, Manish Parashar, Paul Saylor, Schutz, Edward
Seidel, Wai-Mo Suen, F. D. Swesty, and Clifford M. Will (2000), “A Multipurpose Code for 3-D
Relativistic Astrophysics and Gravitational Wave Astronomy: Application to Coalescing Neutron
Star Binaries,” Final Report for NASA CAN NCCS5-153, October 15, 30 pages.
Michele Vallisneri (2000), “Prospects for Gravitational-Wave Observations of Neutron-Star Tidal
Disruption in Neutron-Star-Black-Hole Binaries”, Physical Review Letters, Volume 84, Number
16, pp. 3519-3522.
J. Baker, M. Campanelli, C. O. Lousto, and R. Takahashi (2002), “Modeling gravitational radiation from
coalescing binary black holes,” arXiv: astro-ph/0202469 v1, February 25.
V. Kaloger, C. Kim,D.R. Lorimer, M. Burgay, N. D’Armico, A. Possenti, R. N. Manchester, G. A. Lyne,
B.C. Joshk, M.A. McLaughlin, M. Kramer, J.M. Sarkissian, and F. Camilo (2004), “Erratum: ‘The
Cosmic Coalescence Rates for Double Neutron Star Binaries,’ ” Astrophysical Journal, Volume
614, L137-138, October 20. (Low probability of LIGO detecting binaries.)

P. S. Shawhan (2004), “Gravitational Waves and the Effort to Detect them,” American Scientist 92, 356. (Explains why
LIGO cannot detect HFGWs.)

Tomas Bulik (2006), “High Frequency Gravitational Wave Sources,” ACTA Physica Polonica B 37, No. 4,
p. 1357.
Tony Rothman and Stephen Boughn (2006), “Can Gravitons be Detected?,” Foundations of Physics, Vol.
36, No. 12, December, pp. 1801-1825. (LIGO unlikely to detect gravitons.)
B. Abbott, et al. Hundreds! (2007). “Searching for a Stochastic Background of Gravitational Waves with
the Laser Interferometer Gravitational Wave Observatory,” The Astrophysical Journal 659:918-
930, April 20

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