Ancient Egyptians Built This 4-Towered Fortress More Than 2,600 Years Ago

Live Science ^ | May 20, 2019 | Laura Geggel, Associate Editor

[SunkenCiv]

Archaeologists in Egypt have discovered the ruins of an ancient fortress dating to the 26th Dynasty, the last dynasty in which native Egyptians ruled before the Persians conquered the country in 525 B.C., according to the Egyptian Ministry of Antiquities.

Researchers uncovered parts of the mud-brick stronghold -- including the northeastern and southeastern towers -- at the Tell El-Kedwa site in North Sinai. Previously, in 2008, archaeologists had excavated the military citadel's eastern wall, but the fortress is so large, it took until now to unearth more of its remains...

Curiously, the old citadel also has chambers full of sand, broken pottery and debris, which might have helped to support its heavy walls, Nadia Khadr, head of the Central Department of Lower Egypt Antiquities, said in the statement. These chambers may have also served as rainwater drains, which was characteristic of the 26th Dynasty...

The excavation also uncovered an almost 280-foot-long (85 m) wall on the fortress's southern side and the remains of houses within the western part of the fortress. One of these houses had an amulet with the name of King Psamtik I, who kicked out the Assyrians from Egypt and reunited the country when he founded the 26th Dynasty. He died in 610 B.C.

Based on this amulet, "initial studies suggest that the fortress most probably dates back to the first half of the 26th Dynasty, specifically the era of King Psamtik I," Hussein told Ahram Online.

[SunkenCiv]

Keyword 26thdynasty, minus the Ridley Scott movie topics, chrono sort:

• 3,600-yr-old Shipwreck Uncovered Could be Oldest Ever Found in the Mediterranean [Antalya, Turkey] [2019]
• Joseph and The Exodus [2019]
• Stone Engravings Of Famous Warrior Pharaoh Found In Ancient Egyptian Temple [2018]
• Archaeologists in Egypt discover ancient mummification workshop [2018]
• Searching for the Lost City of Copper [Enkomi, Cyprus] [2017]
• Egypt: new archaeological discovery in Matariya [2016]
• The Egyptian army headquarters in Sinai during the New Kingdom discovered [2015]
• Archeologists discover Mythical Tomb of Osiris, God of the Dead, in Egypt [2015]
• The Greek Age of Bronze -- Middle Helmets [2014]
• Rare sarcophagus, Egyptian scarab found in Israel [2014]
• Rare clay sarcophagus found in Israel alongside Seti I scarab seal ring [2014]
• Tombs of legendary lovers [2014]
• Life-size statue of king Ramses II found in Sharkiya [2013]
• Israel in Canaan (Long) Before Pharaoh Merenptah? A Fresh Look at Berlin Statue Pedestal Relief... [2010]
• Greece. They found the palace belonging to one of the Heroes of the Iliad? [Egyptian artifact, 2006] [2010]
• Egypt: Ramesses II temple unearthed in Upper Egypt [2010]
• Largest Saqqara Tomb Discovered [ 26th Dynasty ] [2010]
• Ancient fortress city unearthed in Egypt [2009]
• Ancient military town dating back to 26th Dynasty discovered in Ismailiya [2009]
• 3,000-year-old arms storehouse uncovered in Sinai [2009]
• Headquarters of pharaohs' army found [2008]
• Pharaoh Seti I's Tomb Bigger Than Thought [2008]
• Opening the Tomb of Petamenophis in Luxor: A First Look [Dec 2005] [2007]
• Human Remains In Ancient Jar A Mystery [2007]
• Egypt's Ramses Gets a New Home Among Pyramids [2006]
• Statue of Egypt pharaoh rolls to new home [2006]
• Archaeologist Links Ancient Palace, Ajax [2006]
• Palace Of Homer's Hero Rises Out Of Myths [2006]
• Egypt announces discovery of Ramses II statues [2006]
• King of the Wild Frontier (Hyksos art and architecture in the Sinai) [2005]
• Ramesses II Suffered From Arthritis [2005]
• Colossal find (Ramses II statue at Akhmim) [2005]
• 2,500-Year-Old Hidden Tomb Found in Egypt [2004]
• Egypt's 'Ramses' mummy returned (Ramses I) [2003]
• 13Th Century Tablet Could Lead To Lost Archives Of Ramses II [2003]
• Excavations at Karnak Temple complex... with rewarding results. [2002]
• Dig Unearths Mycenaean 'Homeric Capital' [2002]
• Colossal head discovered in Egypt that could be Queen Nefertari [2002]

[SunkenCiv]

Searching for the Lost City of Copper [Enkomi, Cyprus]
10/31/2017 4:25:47 AM PDT · by SunkenCiv · 15 replies
National Geographic History magazine | March/April 2017 | unattributed
http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/chat/3600146/posts?page=2#2

[SunkenCiv]

One of *those* topics.

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join or quit view topics view or post blog bookmark post new topic subscribe

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[SunkenCiv]

[fieldmarshaldj]

[Cronos]

Given Egypt’s 7000 years of history I wouldn’t call something dating a mere 2600 ya as “ancient” :)

[SunkenCiv]

History starts with literacy, and Egyptian writing isn't 7000 years old. Yet.

[SunkenCiv]

• New reading of Mesha Stele could have far-reaching consequences for biblical history [2019]
• Mesopotamian King Sargon II envisioned ancient city Karkemish as western Assyrian capital [2019]
• Do these ruins prove the Biblical story of Exodus? Experts are testing ancient camps... [2018]
• Amazing Egyptian discovery: Village that predates pharaohs, pyramids uncovered [2018]
• Egyptian Amulet Bearing Name of Pharaoh Found in Soil from Temple Mount [2016]
• Pharaoh-Branded Amulet Found at Ancient Copper Mine in Jordan [2014]
• Treasures of Tanis [2005]
• Not Out of Africa: How Afrocentrism Became an Excuse to Teach Myth as History [2002]
• Pharaohs and Kings - A Test of Time [2002]
• The Revision of Ancient History - A Perspective [2002]

[SunkenCiv]

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The Assyrian Conquest by Immanuel Velikovsky

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• Introduction

  ---

• Part I: The Time of Isaiah
  1. When the House of Akhnaton Died Out
  2. The Sequence of Dynasties
  3. The Libyans in Egypt
  4. Libyan and Ethiopian Art & Culture
  5. Jeroboam II and Osorkon II
  6. Revolutions in Egypt and Israel
  7. The Last Kings of Israel
  8. Pharaon So
  9. The End of Samaria
  10. The Conquest of Ashdod

  ---

• Part II: The Assyrians in Egypt
  1. Sennacherib: the Year - 701
  2. Sethos
  3. The Three Brothers
  4. Queen Twosre
  5. Haremhab Appointed to Administer Egypt
  6. Haremhab Crowned
  7. Haremhab's Great Edict
  8. Haremhab's Contemporaries
  9. The Later Campaigns of Sennacherib
  10. The Siloam Aqueduct
  11. The Reign of King Hezekiah
  12. Sennacherib's Last Campaign
  13. Political Turmoil Around - 687
  14. Essarhaddon's Reconquest of Egypt

  ---

• Part III: Seti the Great
  1. From Nineveh to Ni
  2. Dakhamun
  3. The Sack of Thebes
  4. Necho I
  5. The First Greeks in Egypt
  6. Seti Becomes an Ally of Assurbanipal
  7. The End of Nineveh

  ---

[SunkenCiv]

Obviously a symbol of white castle privilege.

[SunkenCiv]

Immanuel Velikovsky
The Dark Age of Greece

• A Technical Note
• Preface
• The Reconstruction of Ancient History

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• Chapter I: The Homeric Question
  • The Setting of the Stage
  • Why No Literary Relics from Five Centuries?
  • Troy in the Dark Ages
  • The Dark Age in Asia Minor
  • The Homeric Question
  • The Allies of Priam
  • Aeneas
  • Olympic Games in the Iliad

  ---

• Chapter II: Mute Witnesses
  • Troy and Gordion
  • The Lion Gate of Mycenae
  • Olympia
  • “The Scandal of Enkomi”
  • Tiryns
  • Mute Witnesses
  • A Votive Cretan Cave
  • Etruria
  • Sicily
  • Mycenae and Scythia

  ---

• Chapter III: Words Set In Clay
  • Pylos
  • Linear B Deciphered
  • The Greek Pantheon
  • Mycenean City Names in the Iliad
  • The Mycenean Dialect
  • Cadmus

  ---

• Chapter IV: a Gap Closed
  • Seismology and Chronology
  • Celestial Events in the Iliad
  • Changes in Land and Sea
  • A Gap Closed
  • Competing for a Greater Antiquity
  • Summing Up

  ---

• Supplement
  • Applying the Revised Chronology by Edwin Schorr
  • New Light on the Dark Age of Greece by Jan Sammer

  ---

[dp0622]

ROFLMAO!!

And they built it using only match sticks and tree sap!

Sunkenciv, these are my FAVORITE threads by far. And always staggeringly incredible and fascinating.

But before I read the articles in detail, I must always make a quip about them to cover for insecurities from my SEVERE lack of historical knowledge :)

Not Fieldmarshal. He’s much more well read than me.

He’s just actually funny :)

[SunkenCiv]

246. Pharaoh Merneptah is the biblical Hophra and Apries of the Greek authors. Merneptah was not the Pharaoh of the Exodus, but the Pharaoh of the Exile. His royal name usually read Hotephirma, must be read Hophra-Mat.
247. That part of the population of Palestine which escaped deportation to Babylon, went to Egypt, and this migration through the fortress city of Takhu was recorded by the officials of Merneptah.
248. The fortress and palace station Takhu on the frontier, is the biblical Tahpanhes (Daphnoi).
249. The mention of Israel in the "Israel Stela" of Merneptah as an unsettled people refers to their status of exiles.
250. Merneptah used metaphors similar to Jeremiah's in describing the plight of Palestine and Israel.
251. The incursion of Merneptah into Syria is echoed in Diodorus I, 68. This could have taken place during the mental illness of Nebukhadnezar.
252. The city Kaditis in Palestine, referred to by Herodotus, is Jerusalem, and not Gaza.
253. The Libyan campaign of Merneptah was caused by the migration of the Greeks to Cyrenae. It was not an archaic invasion of Hellenic peoples in the thirteenth century, but the mass migration encouraged by the Pythian oracle and described by Herodotus (IV, 159).
254. Amasis deposed Merneptah. There were not seven centuries between Merneptah and Amasis; the latter was a general in the service of the former. Amasis kept his prisoner for a while as co-ruler on the throne.
255. The violent death of Apries-Merneptah at the hands of the assassins was caused by a lethal wound of the head, as the perforation of the scull of his mummy ghows.

Theses for the Reconstruction of Ancient History, Immanuel Velikovsky, 1945

[SunkenCiv]

The Stratigraphy of the 19th Dynasty in Asia Minor
by Alan Montgomery

Petrie found a temple of Rameses II at Tahpanhes, a 26th Dynasty site. Psammetichus (663 - 610 GAD) of the 26th Dynasty had granted Tahpanhes to his Greek and Carian mercenaries. It existed during the 26th Dynasty until the time of Amasis (569 -525). He found no artefacts of dynasties 20 to 25... Excavators at Lachish found a temple with 19th Dynasty artefacts also contained Israelite material of the 7th century. The stratum of the time Nebuchadnezzar, circa 590, contained the scarabs of Ramses II circa 1290... At Byblos... Ahiram... was buried in a coffin made by his son. His son's inscription was in Phoenician script of the 8th or 7th century as was the imported Cypriote pottery but the broken Egyptian vases and the coffin in the tomb were from the time of Ramses II... Rowe, the excavator of Beth Shan, designated the upper Strata IX to V to the 18th, 19th and the early 20th Dynasty. Levels IX, VIII, and VII are ascribed to the 18th Dynasty. Levels VI and V are ascribed to the 19th and early 20th Dynasties. The succeeding Stratum IV was ascribed to the period of the Late 20th Dynasty, Judges and Philistines, Israelite kings, Assyrians, Psammetichus and the Scythians as well as the Neo-Babylonians and the early years of the Persians. Whereas 5 strata are assigned to just over 300 years, the one and only Israelite stratum was assigned over 700 years. Furthermore, the thickness of Stratum IV is eight times thinner than the combined Strata V and VI, circa 150 years... Indeed, Mazar reports that Level VII belongs to the 19th Dynasty and Level VI to the 20th Dynasty. This leaves two levels V and IV for the Israelite levels. Though he cites Rowe as a reference, he gives no explanation of the discrepancy. Although it is suggested that the Philistines followed the 20th Dynasty, Rowe reports no Philistine pottery at this level. Furthermore, no artefacts identified as Israelite, Assyrian or Neo-Babylonian is reported either. Only a statue of Ramses III is found here together with Scythian artefacts. If Seti I and Ramses II (1300 - 1200) directly overlie the Scythians in Neo-Babylonian and Persian times (600 - 300), there remains a 600-year gap, just like the Syrian sites... It is hopeless to carry on special pleading any longer to avoid the obvious. There is no 600-year gap. The 19th Dynasty existed in the 7th not the 13th century. The 19th and 26th Dynasties are the same as Velikovsky has claimed.

[SunkenCiv]

:^) Thanks!

[dp0622]

I thought Rome conquered Egypt.

The Persians did?

[OftheOhio]

It’s too early in the morning for a laugh like that. I’ve eaten those things since I was a young boy. They were much better when I was a kid though then today.

[zeestephen]

I had no idea the Persians conquered Egypt in 525 BC.

Were the Persians still in control when Alexander the Great arrived in Egypt 200 years later?

[SunkenCiv]

Egypt was conquered by lots of different people, was under foreign rule — or under multiple local authorities, all claiming to be over all — for probably most of its history (just an uneducated guess, I’ve never worked that one out with an index card, pencil, and hash marks). There’s a reference in the Akkadian period of Assyria to tribute from “Musri” which was their name for Egypt (”Misr” is still in the official name for the country today; Akkadian and Arabic are both Semitic tongues; for that matter, the Hebrew name for it was Mizraim). Anyway, the Akkadian rule may not have been an occupation, it may merely have been a payoff, analogous to the Danegeld of medieval England.

http://www.freerepublic.com/tag/cambyses/index

[SunkenCiv]

And yup, the Romans also did.