by Theodore G. Schurr
Recent genetic studies are painting surprising, if tentative, new pictures of the peopling of the Americas — complex images with multiple waves of colonists from a number of homelands, the first of them arriving in the New World much earlier than generally believed.
Genes are housed within a cell's nucleus, but mitochondria (bottom left), which carry mitochondrial DNA, are outside the nucleus. The mtDNA is inherited only from the mother (ring on top left).
Molecular genetic research in the past five years suggests the first Americans arrived well before the Clovis culture, the traditional benchmark for human occupation of the New World at about 11,500 radiocarbon years ago (13,350 cal BP). And the data imply that several geographic expansions of ancient peoples contributed to the genetic diversity now seen in aboriginal Siberian and Native American populations.
Several genetic studies have suggested that a single migration from southeastern Siberia and Mongolia populated the New World. However, research by my colleagues and I suggest multiple migrations to the Americas, as well as additional and/or alternative source areas for ancestral Paleoindians, including the lower Amur River between Russia and China.
But whether a single colonizing event or just the first of several population expansions, the initial migration into the New World seems to have occurred at least 20,000 years ago, and perhaps as long ago as 40,000 years. Later, well after the last glacial maximum at about 18,000 years ago, other groups moved into northern North America. These people probably had been inhabiting the Bering land bridge, the then-dry region between Alaska and Siberia that is called Beringia.
Furthermore, while most of the genetic lineages present in modern Native Americans have their antecedents in East Asia and Siberia, recent work has shown that one lineage appears to have its roots in Eurasia, leading to speculation about how it was brought to the Americas.
The two primary genetic systems that have been used in these groundbreaking studies are the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), short pieces of genetic material found outside a cell’s nucleus (where the genetic chromosomes are located), and the Y chromosome, which is present only in males.
These genetic systems have a number of properties that make them invaluable tools for molecular-anthropological studies. First, each is inherited only from one parent: The mtDNA is passed from mother to daughter, and the Y chromosome from father to son. These inheritance patterns mean their analyses are essentially the study of female and male genetic histories within human populations.
Second, these genetic systems generally accumulate mutations in a more or less linear fashion through time, which means permanent and detectable genetic changes occur at a roughly predictable rate. This allows researchers to trace the evolution and divergence of female and male genetic lineages in human groups.
Third, many of the mutations detected in mtDNAs and Y chromosomes correlate with the geographic region in which they first occurred. This makes it possible to reconstruct ancient migration patterns based on the distribution of these mutations, or genetic markers, in different populations.
Finally, these genetic systems are very sensitive to such random processes as genetic drift — the changes in gene frequencies that occur in a population over generations. These changes can result from geographic isolation, migration, or population splits, in which some of the people leave to found a new group. Hints of such past events are often recorded in a population’s mtDNA and Y chromosome sequences.
The mtDNAs of Native American populations separate primarily into four haplogroups, or lineages, designated A, B, C, and D. Each is defined by a specific set of genetic markers, so their identification is relatively straightforward. Statistical analyses indicate that haplogroups A, C, and D originated about 35,000 to 25,000 years ago in both Siberia and America. By one measure, haplogroup B appeared to be much younger in America (about 15,000 years ago), but other work suggests that it was present in East Asia by at least 30,000 to 24,000 years ago and may have entered the New World during this period. Thus, the molecular data suggest that the four primary haplogroups in Native Americans were brought to the New World before the last glacial maximum.
Most recently, a fifth founding haplogroup, genetically linked to the rare European haplogroup X, has been identified among Native Americans. While present in Native Americans, haplogroup X has not been detected in any East Asian or Siberian population — the putative source populations for ancestral Native Americans — in whom haplogroups A, C and D commonly occur. It has, however, been observed at low frequencies in a number of European, Middle Eastern, and West Asian groups, suggesting it arose somewhere in this general region.
In addition, haplogroup X is found primarily in North America, whereas the other four haplogroups are found throughout the Americas, albeit at various frequencies. Furthermore, haplogroup X appears to be a relatively ancient arrival, at 30,000 to 15,000 years ago, in the New World.
Collectively, the evidence suggests that haplogroup X originated in a region outside of eastern Siberia and was somehow brought to the Americas, where it became part of the genetic makeup of Paleoindian populations. And it argues against a single migration from southeastern Siberia bearing these mtDNA lineages to the New World; the data suggest instead that the haplogroups present in today’s Native Americans arrived with several human migrations that originated in different areas.
The mtDNA data also revealed strong evidence for a post-Ice Age re-expansion of ancient Beringian populations into northern North America. One mutation within haplogroup A (16111T) marks the emergence of these ancestral Beringian populations that gave rise to Native American groups. After the initial occupation of the New World, however, these populations in Beringia became isolated from the Paleoindian groups in the south, perhaps by expanding glaciers. This isolation lasted long enough for the Beringians to diverge genetically, including the appearance of a distinct haplogroup A mutation (16192T).
This genetic marker is found only among the Koryaks, Chukchi, and Eskimos in Siberia and the northwestern tip of North America, and the Na-Dene Indians, including the Navajo in the American Southwest.
Research into both mtDNA and Y chromosome markers is greatly enriching the story of the first Americans. Additional work on these and other genetic systems will likely further refine the story, perhaps revealing new and exciting details about the peopling of the New World.
THEODORE G. SCHURR is at the Department of Genetics at the Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research in San Antonio, Texas.
Interesting stuff.
Please immediately post a series of similar articles entitled:
A. First Hawaiians may have come by water;
B. First Britishers may have come by water;
C. First Easter Islanders may have come by water....
You get the picture.
(abstract only)Mitochondrial DNA and the Peopling of the New WorldAnthropologists have long speculated on the origins of the native populations in the Americas. One of the more recent theories holds that three distinct waves of immigrants--corresponding to three proposed linguistic groups among Native Americans (Amerind, Na-Dene and Eskaleut)--crossed the Bering strait from Asia no earlier than 13,000 years ago. Molecular anthropologist Theodore Schurr’s research on genetic variation in the mitochondrial DNA of native populations in Asia and the Americas casts some doubt on this view. His research suggests that the first Americans may have come to the New World more than 30,000 years ago. Although there is concordance between the linguistic and genetic affinities of Na-Dene Indians and Eskimo-Aleuts, this type of linkage is less robust for the so-called Amerinds. According to Schurr the genetic evidence is, instead, more consistent with a complex migration pattern involving at least two ancient expansions of ancestral populations who may have come from widely separated parts of the Asian continent, as well as the re-expansion of Beringian populations into the New World following the last period of glaciation.
Theodore G. Schurr
American Scientist
May-June 2000
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PBS's NOVA had a good episode on this a few weeks ago.
I was extremely bothered by the idea of the pre-historic French getting the credit
not only for floating to North America, but even for creating the Clovis point.
these were already added and pinged, and are related:
Evidence Aquits Clovis People Of Ancient Killings, Archaeologists Say
University Of Washington ^ | 2-25-2003 | Joel Schwartz
Posted on 02/25/2003 4:46:54 PM PST by blam
http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/851809/posts
First Americans
Discover ^ | 2-1999 | Karen Wright
Posted on 10/06/2002 9:57:05 PM PDT by blam
http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-chat/764305/posts
First Americans
Discover ^ | 9-1999 | Karen Wright
Posted on 07/15/2003 5:52:59 PM PDT by blam
http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/946813/posts
Jomon Fishing Site Discovered
Yomiuri.com ^ | 3-29-2004 | Yomiuri Shimbun
Posted on 03/29/2004 11:58:24 AM PST by blam
http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/1107336/posts
Rediscovering America.
(The New World May Be 20,000 Years Older Than Experts Thought)
Blue Corn Comics (?) ^ | Charles W, Petit
Posted on 12/10/2003 1:30:57 PM PST by blam
http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/1037905/posts
Be thankful for global warming. Without it you would not be here.
If the continents were originally connected at the Atlantic Ocean, and then drifted apart, then Alaska an Siberia would have been further apart in the past, not linked by a land bridge.
All humans come by water.
DAMN! That blows my theory that they flew here!
Is “Flat-Faced Man” Your Ancestor?
Source: Lewrockwell.com
Published: 3/24/01 Author: Bill Sardi
Posted on 03/25/2001 04:04:36 PST by Ada Coddington
http://www.freerepublic.com/forum/a3abdded44c23.htm
Study Says Americas Settled 15,000 Years Ago
Source: National Geographic
Published: 8-31-2001 Author: Not stated
Posted on 09/03/2001 06:59:54 PDT by blam
http://www.freerepublic.com/forum/a3b938cda48c8.htm
New Evidence for Multiregional Origins
Anthropology | Alec Christensen
Posted on 09/05/2001 8:05:20 PM EDT by sarcasm
http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/fr/517352/posts
The First Americans May Have Come By Water
Discovering Archaeology Magazine | E. James Dixon
Posted on 12/10/2001 7:30:51 PM PST by blam
http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/587808/posts
Calico: A 200,000-year Old Site In The Americas?
ASA On Line | unknown
Posted on 12/17/2001 2:22:22 PM PST by blam
http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/592435/posts
Study: Neanderthals, Modern Humans Same Species
USA Today | 12-26-2001 | Michael A. Stowe
Posted on 01/10/2002 5:42:43 AM PST by blam
Edited on 04/13/2004 1:38:56 AM PDT by Jim Robinson. [history]
http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/605441/posts
New Out-Of-Africa Theory Unveiled
Discovery News | 2-25-2002 | Larry O’Hanlon
Posted on 02/27/2002 7:56:58 PM EST by blam
http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/fr/636712/posts
Kenosha Dig Points to Europe as Origin of First Americans
Milwaukee Journal Sentinel | 3-4-02 | John Fauber
Posted on 03/04/2002 12:05:29 PM PST by afraidfortherepublic
http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/fr/639709/posts
Our Species Mated With Other Human Species, Study Says
National Geographic | March 6, 2002 | Hillary Mayell
Posted on 03/06/2002 10:38:41 PM EST by ValerieUSA
http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/fr/641560/posts
Theory on origins of man gets genetic overhaul
USA Today newspaper | March 7, 2002 | Dan Vergano
Posted on 03/07/2002 6:27:07 AM EST by johnandrhonda
http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/fr/641782/posts
New evidence we all have the same ancestors
Cal student’s discovery should resolve dispute
San Francisco Chronicle | Thursday, March 21, 2002 | David Perlman
Posted on 03/22/2002 5:24:28 AM EST by Phil V.
Edited on 04/13/2004 5:39:59 AM EDT by Jim Robinson. [history]
http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/651416/posts
Skulls Found in Africa and in Europe Challenge Theories of Human Origins
NY Times | August 6, 2002 | by John Noble Wilford
Posted on 08/11/2002 6:59:04 PM EDT by vannrox
http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/news/731458/posts
First Americans
Discover | 2-1999 | Karen Wright
Posted on 10/06/2002 9:57:05 PM PDT by blam
http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/chat/764305/posts
Sabre-tooths and Hominids
Instituto Geologico y Minero de Espana | Alfonso Arribas & Paul Palmqvist
Posted on 11/22/2002 5:18:45 PM EST by Sabertooth
http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/news/794165/posts
Evidence Aquits Clovis People Of Ancient Killings, Archaeologists Say
University Of Washington | 2-25-2003 | Joel Schwartz
Posted on 02/25/2003 7:46:54 PM EST by blam
http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/851809/posts
Javanese Fossil Skull Provides New Insights into Ancient Humans
Scientific American | 28 February 2002 | Sarah Graham
Posted on 02/28/2003 6:48:16 AM EST by PatrickHenry
http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/853647/posts
Peopling of the Americas:
Late Date for Siberian Site Challenges Bering Pathway
Science Magazine | 2003-07-25 | Richard Stone
Posted on 07/25/2003 6:40:03 PM PDT by Lessismore
http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/952820/posts
Discovery casts doubt on Bering land bridge theory
Contra Costa Times | July 30, 2003 | Allison Heinrichs
Posted on 08/04/2003 12:50:12 PM PDT by NukeMan
Edited on 04/13/2004 3:31:41 AM PDT by Jim Robinson. [history]
http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/958083/posts
Why Humans and Their Fur Parted Ways
The New York Times (Science Times) | August 19, 2003 | Nicholas Wade
Posted on 08/19/2003 8:41:06 AM EDT by Pharmboy
http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/966532/posts
Ancient rock “carved faces” found: Sign of lost race, or geological processes?
BBC News/Science | Monday, 20 October, 2003 | Dr David Whitehouse
Posted on 10/20/2003 9:58:38 AM PDT by yankeedame
http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/news/1004461/posts
Erectus Ahoy (Stone Age Voyages)
Science News | 10-22-2003 | Bruce Bower
Posted on 10/22/2003 12:28:49 PM PDT by blam
http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/1006058/posts
Stranger In A New Land (Archaeology)
Scientific American | 11-13-2003 | Kate Wong
Posted on 11/01/2003 11:45:22 AM EST by blam
http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/1012772/posts
Immigrants From The Other Side (Clovis Is Solutrean?)
CSFA | 11-3-2003 | Dennis Sanford
Posted on 11/02/2003 4:11:21 PM PST by blam
http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/1013315/posts
Debate Heats Up On Role Of Climate In Human Evolution
Eurekalert | 11-3-2003 | Geological Society Of America
Posted on 11/03/2003 10:52:15 PM EST by blam
http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/1014106/posts
Earliest Stone Tools And Bones Site Discovered
Newswise | 11-3-2003 | Southern Connecicut State University
Posted on 11/04/2003 7:11:26 PM EST by blam
http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/1014758/posts
Ancient Hearths Test Carbon Dating
(Humans In Brazil 56K+ Years Ago)
ABC Science Online | 11-17-2003 | Bob Beale
Posted on 11/17/2003 4:02:54 PM PST by blam
http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/1023697/posts
Iberia, Not Siberia
Team Atlantis | 12-6-2000 | Michael A Arbuthnot
Posted on 12/21/2003 9:48:22 AM PST by blam
http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-chat/1044449/posts
Arctic Dig Unearths Prehistoric Settlement
The Baltimore Sun | January 2, 2004 | Dennis O’Brien
Posted on 01/02/2004 4:16:23 AM PST by johnny7
http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/1050259/posts
A Surprising Survival Story in the Siberian Arctic
Science Magazine | 2004-01-02 | Richard Stone
Posted on 01/02/2004 2:47:55 PM PST by Lessismore
http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/1050566/posts
Did hardy Ice Age hunters find the West?
Springfield News-Leader | 010204 | Paul Recer (A.P.)
Posted on 01/02/2004 8:42:57 PM PST by Holly_P
Edited on 05/07/2004 7:30:52 PM PDT by Jim Robinson. [history]
http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/1050710/posts
Neanderthal Extinction Pieced Together
Discovery Channel | 1/27/04 | Jennifer Viegas
Posted on 01/27/2004 4:31:28 PM EST by LibWhacker
http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/1066363/posts
Island Hopping To A New World
U.S. News | 2/23/2004 | Alex Markels
Posted on 02/18/2004 2:24:06 PM PST by Fedora
http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/1080760/posts
Invasion of the Kennewick Men
Tech Central Station | 02/24/2004 | Jackson Kuhl
Posted on 02/23/2004 11:16:05 PM PST by farmfriend
http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/1084222/posts
Seafaring Clue To First Americans
BBC | 2-26-2004 | Paul Rincon
Posted on 02/26/2004 11:45:19 AM PST by blam
http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/1086063/posts
Israeli Site Yields 750,000 Year Old Fire Evidence
AP-via Duluth-News Tribune | April 29, 2004 | Randolf E Schimd
Posted on 04/29/2004 4:32:24 PM EDT by me_newswire
http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/1126858/posts
The Oldest Americans May Prove Even Older
New York Times | 6/29/04 | John Noble Wilford
Posted on 06/29/2004 4:20:56 PM PDT by NukeMan
http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/1162609/posts
New Twist On Out-Of-Africa Theory
ABC Science News | 7-14-2004 | Judy Skatssoon
Posted on 07/14/2004 11:53:47 AM EDT by blam
http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/1171229/posts
The Antiquity of Man in America
Natural History (Pick from the Past) | May-June 1927
J. D. Figgins, Director, Colorado Museum of Natural History
Posted on 07/21/2004 12:25:27 PM PDT by SunkenCiv
http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-chat/1175777/posts
‘First Americans’ May Be Johnnies-Come-Lately (Topper Site)
Atlanta Journal Constitution | 8-20-2004 | Mike Toner
Posted on 08/22/2004 8:17:24 AM PDT by blam
http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/1196832/posts
Stone Age Columbus - Questions And Answers
BBC | 8-22-2004 | BBC
Posted on 08/22/2004 12:06:57 PM PDT by blam
http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/1196949/posts
The Solutrean Solution—Did Some Ancient Americans Come from Europe?
Clovis and Beyond | 1999 | Dennis Stanford and Bruce Bradley
Posted on 09/24/2004 7:31:55 PM PDT by SunkenCiv
http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-chat/1226510/posts
First Americans - Homo Erectus in America
http://home.pacbell.net/tcbpfb/ | January 01, 1999 | Tom Baldwin (apparently)
Posted on 09/24/2004 10:54:26 PM EDT by SunkenCiv
http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-chat/1226526/posts
First Mariners
Archaeology | Volume 51 Number 3 May/June 1998 | Mark Rose
Posted on 09/25/2004 12:44:19 AM PDT by SunkenCiv
http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-chat/1226673/posts
Retracing the footprints of time
Alberta Report (via Web Archive) | September 9, 1996 | Steve Sandford
Posted on 09/30/2004 7:56:25 AM PDT by SunkenCiv
http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-chat/1231460/posts
Giant asteroid rocked Antarctica
Near Earth Object Information Centre | 8/20/2004 | staff
Posted on 10/18/2004 12:26:51 AM EDT by SunkenCiv
http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/bloggers/1248406/posts
Archeologist finds evidence of humans in North America 50,000 years ago
Canoe (Canada) | November 17, 2004 | AP
Posted on 11/17/2004 10:04:06 PM PST by SunkenCiv
http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-chat/1282689/posts
(South Carolina) Fire Pit Dated To Over 50,000 Years Old (More)
AP | 11-18-2004 | Amy Geier Edgar
Posted on 11/19/2004 11:07:26 AM EST by blam
http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/1283899/posts
400,000-Year-Old Stone Tools Discovered In Mazandaran (Iran)
Mehr News | 6-8-2005
Posted on 06/08/2005 2:08:52 PM EDT by blam
http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/1418969/posts
Faithful Ancestors
Science News Magazine | 6-11-2005 | Bruce Bower
Posted on 06/17/2005 11:33:25 AM EDT by blam
http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/news/1424964/posts
Footsteps in time that add 30,000 years to history of America
Times Online UK | 7/4/05 | Lewis Smith
Posted on 07/05/2005 12:59:36 AM EDT by freedom44
http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/1436650/posts
40,000-year-old footprint of first Americans
The Telegraph (U.K.) | 5-07-2005 | Roger Highfield
Posted on 07/05/2005 6:38:09 AM EDT by Renfield
http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/1436721/posts
Georgians Claim to Unearth Ancient Skull
Associated Press | 8/22/05 | Misha Dzhindzhikhashvili
Posted on 08/22/2005 9:43:45 PM EDT by anymouse
http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/news/1468611/posts
African cousins behind extinction of Indians 70,000 years ago!
New Kerala.com & ANI | 05 Nov 2005
Posted on 11/06/2005 4:00:32 AM EST by CarrotAndStick
http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/news/1516656/posts
Ancient Tools At High Desert Site Go Back 135,000 Years (California)
San Bernardino Sun | 11-24-2005 | Chuck Mueller
Posted on 11/24/2005 4:02:17 PM EST by blam
http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/1528086/posts
Stone Age Columbus
BBC | Dec 15, 2005 | BBC programme summary
Posted on 12/15/2005 7:19:43 AM PST by ASA Vet
http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/1540929/posts
Not Out Of Africa But Regional Continuity
The Bradshaw Foundation | Alan Thorne
Posted on 12/16/2005 2:03:02 PM EST by blam
http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/1541881/posts
Did Early Humans First Arise in Asia, Not Africa?
National Geographic News | December 27, 2005 | Nicholas Bakalar
Posted on 12/28/2005 7:01:34 PM EST by SuzyQue
http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/1548375/posts
A Talk With Colin Renfrew
[The Third Culture, The Three Dimensions of Human History]
The Edge | August 25 1997 | John Brockman
Posted on 01/12/2006 1:28:06 AM EST by SunkenCiv
http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-chat/1556499/posts
Oldest Hominid Skull In Australia Found Near Bega
(7 Million Years Old)
Bega District News | 1-13-2006
Posted on 01/13/2006 7:46:20 PM EST by blam
http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/1557800/posts
Neanderthal Man Floated Into Europe, Say Spanish Researchers
The Guardian (UK) | 1-16-2006 | Giles Tremlett
Posted on 01/16/2006 6:13:24 PM EST by blam
http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/1559199/posts
Origins Of The Ainu
Nova/PBS | 2-2-2006 | Gary Crawford
Posted on 02/02/2006 7:16:59 PM EST by blam
http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/1570558/posts
New analysis shows three human migrations out of Africa,
Replacement theory ‘demolished’
Washington University in St. Louis | 02 February 2006 | Tony Fitzpatrick
Posted on 02/10/2006 5:54:05 AM EST by PatrickHenry
http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/1575742/posts
First Americans May Have Been European
LiveScience.com | 2/19/06 | Bjorn Carey
Posted on 02/19/2006 9:08:52 PM PST by anymouse
http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/1581995/posts
Archaeologist says Va. bolsters claim on how people got to America [Solutrean]
Richmond Times-Dispatch | May 11, 2006 | A.J. Hostetler
Posted on 05/10/2006 10:09:18 PM PDT by SunkenCiv
http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-chat/1630309/posts
First Americans
Abotech | 4-26-1999 | Sharon Begley - Andrew Murr
Posted on 05/23/2006 4:30:48 PM PDT by blam
http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-bloggers/1637150/posts
Experts doubt Clovis people were first in Americas
yahoo...Reuters | Feb 22 | Will Dunham
Posted on 02/23/2007 9:34:17 AM PST by george76
http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/1789921/posts
Trying To Fathom Farming’s Origins
The Columbus Dispatch | 8-14-2007 | Bradley T Lepper
Posted on 08/15/2007 10:42:04 AM PDT by blam
http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/1881608/posts
Constructing The Solutrean Solution
Clovis In The Southeast.Net (Smithsonian) | 8-28-2007 | Dennis Stanford - Bruce Bradley
Posted on 08/28/2007 11:34:31 AM PDT by blam
http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/1887843/posts
Does Skull Prove That The First Americans Came From Europe?
UTexas.edu | 12-03-2002 | Steve Conner
Posted on 11/24/2007 11:28:47 AM PST by blam
http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/1930011/posts
Archaeologists Find Mysterious Neolithic Structure In Orkney Dig
24 Hour Museum | Wednesday, December 19, 2007 | Caroline Lewis
Posted on 12/20/2007 2:26:13 PM PST by SunkenCiv
http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-chat/1942493/posts
Bison Bones Bolster Idea Ice Age Seafarers First To Americas
The NationalPost | 3-24-2008 | Randy Boswell - Can West News Service
Posted on 03/24/2008 2:14:57 PM PDT by blam
http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/1990882/posts
Al Goodyear And The Secrets Of Ancient Americans
Free Times | 5-14/20-2008 | Ron Aiken
Posted on 05/15/2008 3:25:21 PM PDT by blam
http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/2016537/posts
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Gods |
Just updating the GGG info, not sending a general distribution.The Solutrean Hypothesis in North American archaeologyTo all -- please ping me to other topics which are appropriate for the GGG list. |
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A friend who is Hopi says they (the Hopi’s) came in through Florida.
Interesting stuff.