Nuclear Security - Up Against Terrorism and the Black Market

In January 2004, U.S. authorities arrested Asher Karni, an Israeli citizen living in South Africa, for allegedly re-exporting U.S.-made triggered spark gaps from South Africa to Pakistan. Among other things, triggered spark gaps can be used to detonate nuclear weapons. Karni's court records offer a rare glimpse into the workings of a company that allegedly transferred items of use in nuclear weapons, and might have done so again, had authorities not been tipped off. This review of court records is an effort to better understand the illicit trafficking of such items and ways to prevent this. This review does not presume, based on the limited evidence in the court records, to show or acknowledge that any party involved-including Karni, who has not been convicted-is guilty of a crime.

Details of Karni's alleged scheme

According to a U.S. government affidavit against Karni, Humayun Khan, the CEO of a Pakistani company, Pakland PME, approached Karni around June 2003 in search of triggered spark gaps, model number GP-20B, made by PerkinElmer Optoelectronics of Salem, Massachusetts. It is not clear exactly how many spark gaps Pakland initially sought. A source in South Africa told U.S. law enforcement that Pakland sought between 100 and 400 units, according to court records, and Pakland eventually placed an order for 200.

Triggered spark gaps are a dual-use item. They can be used to detonate nuclear weapons or to separate missile stages, but they can also be used in lithotripters, medical devices used to break up kidney stones without surgery. The Nuclear Suppliers Group agreed to restrict their export if there is a risk they will be used in nuclear weapons.[1] Based on the NSG guidelines, the United States requires an export license to send them to countries of nuclear proliferation concern, including India, Iran, North Korea, and Pakistan.

In search of the triggered spark gaps, according to the affidavit, Karni first contacted the company Polytec, PerkinElmer's sales representative in France. The affidavit states that in response to Karni's request, a Polytec representative told him that, because of the potential nuclear application of the spark gaps, he would need a U.S. export license to send them to Pakistan. In a fax dated June 11, 2003, Polytec told Karni that the spark gaps were subject to a U.S. export license and that he would need to provide an end-user certificate with detailed information on the spark gaps' end user and use, including a statement that the items would be used in South Africa, not re-exported, and that they would not be used "for nuclear application."

The reference to South Africa in Polytec's fax raises the question of whether Karni told Polytec the final destination was South Africa or, as the affidavit alleges, he said it was Pakistan. Karni may have said the destination was Pakistan and then, when he learned that would need an export license, said they were going to South Africa. By changing his story after learning he would need an export license, Karni certainly would have raised suspicions at Polytec. This might explain why Polytec asked Karni to give written statements that the spark gaps would not be re-exported from South Africa or used in nuclear applications. It is possible, however, that for items such as spark gaps the company might regularly ask for such written guarantees.

Karni forwarded the fax from Polytec to Khan of Pakland PME and said, "I will decline to quote on this requirement." Khan replied in an email, "I know it is difficult but that's why we came to know each other. (P)lease help to re-negotiate this from any other sourceâ€¦." He told Karni, "We can give you an end user information as it is genuinely medical requirement." (Hospitals typically order only five or six at a time, a PerkinElmer manager told law enforcement.)

Karni then allegedly approached Zeki Bilmen, the owner of Giza Technologies of Secaucus, New Jersey. Giza Technologies then apparently approached PerkinElmer, the manufacturer of the spark gaps, based in Salem, Massachusetts. PerkinElmer had never sold to Giza before, a PerkinElmer official told law enforcement. The discussions between Giza and PerkinElmer and between Giza and Karni are not documented in court records, but Giza officials apparently assured Karni they could provide the spark gaps.

On July 11, 2003, Khan's company, Pakland PME, placed a written order with Top-Cape, Karni's company, for 200 "EG&G, GP-20B" (PerkinElmer triggered spark gaps) for $1,040 each, $208,000 total. On the order the customer is listed as "AJKMC Lith. Aid Society," (later identified as AJKMC Lithography Aid Society). The order notes, "Your prices offer refers your email dated June 27, 2003." The order was to be paid by letter of credit ("LC at site"). The order says, "Remit to: Humayun A. Khan, US$ Account # 55767-5, Habib Bank Limited, CDA Civic Centre Branch #602, Islamabad-44000, Pak." It is not clear if the reference to Habib Bank means the bank would issue the letter of credit, but other evidence, including an air waybill, indicates that the letter of credit was issued by the National Bank of Pakistan.

On August 1, 2003, Karni emailed Khan that he had received the documents for the letter of credit. Generally, to be paid by letter of credit, Karni would have had to present the bank with documents that show the contract has been successfully completed, usually that the correct items were sent to the correct consignee by a certain date.

According to its affidavit against Karni, the U.S. government believes AJKMC Lithography Aid Society was a front company. An agent of the Office of Export Enforcement testified that he believes the AJKMC Lithography Aid Society prints copies of the Koran. The address on the organization's letterhead appears to be very similar, perhaps identical, to that of Pakland PME, suggesting it was created to serve as the fictional consignee or end user. The affidavit notes that "AJKMC" are the initials of the All Jammu and Kashmir Muslim Conference, a Pakistani opposition party that supports fighters in Kashmir. Also, the affidavit notes, lithography refers to printing, not lithotripters. PerkinElmer representatives told U.S. law enforcement that the spark gaps would have no use in printers.

On August 1, Giza placed an order with PerkinElmer for the 200 GP-20B triggered spark gaps. Court records do not document Karni's order with Giza, but he almost certainly made some sort of commitment to Giza before the company placed its order. Giza was to pay PerkinElmer $89,400 for the spark gaps. Pakland was to pay Karni $208,000. Together Giza and Karni had increased the manufacturer's price by 118 percent, or $118,600. Based on the value Giza declared in its export declaration when shipping the spark gaps to Karni, Giza's profit for all 200 pieces was to be $10,590. This indicates that Karni's profit would be $108,010, although a government affidavit states Karni's profit would have been $80,000. A company might insist on such a high markup for providing a difficult-to-get product and because of the risk involved in violating export controls.

Giza's order with PerkinElmer stated that the 200 spark gaps were to be sent in three shipments over the course of about two months, 66 on September 22, 2003, 67 on October 15, and 67 on November 15.

Meanwhile, beginning in July or August 2003 and lasting through the end of the year, U.S. law enforcement began receiving detailed anonymous tips from a source in South Africa, according to court records. The source said that Karni was diverting controlled U.S. goods to India and Pakistan. The source said Karni was buying the items from U.S. brokers, shipping them to South Africa, then re-exporting them to India and Pakistan. The source gave specific information on Karni's attempt to acquire the spark gaps for re-export to Pakistan, including shipping details and email correspondence between Khan, Karni, and Zeki Bilmen of Giza Technologies.

Acting on the information from the anonymous source, agents of the Department of Commerce's Office of Export Enforcement asked PerkinElmer if it had received any large orders for triggered spark gaps, according to testimony from an OEE special agent. It is not clear when the OEE first contacted PerkinElmer, but apparently it was before Giza had placed the order on August 1, because PerkinElmer replied that it had received no large orders, according to testimony. (According to a news report, a PerkinElmer employee went to authorities first, because of suspicions about the order size, and was told the matter was already being investigated.[2]) On August 8, OEE agents met with a PerkinElmer business manager, who said the company had received an order for 200 spark gaps from Giza Technologies. The manager told the agents that the company had received nearly identical requests for the spark gaps from two companies, one of which was Giza. The other company may have been Karni or another broker acting on his behalf, but this is not clear from the evidence. Perhaps the business manager was referring to Karni's initial inquiry with Polytec, the French sales representative, but the records do not say if Polytec had told PerkinElmer about that inquiry. At the government's request, PerkinElmer agreed to go ahead with the first shipment of 66 pieces after making the spark gaps inoperative by not filling them with gas and by pinching closed their gas in-take lines.

On August 8, Zeki Bilmen of Giza Technologies emailed Karni: "One Good News regarding the EG&G [PerkinElmer] order. NO EXPORT LICENSE REQUIRED to South Africa. I thought you might want to know." On August 16, Bilmen emailed Karni that PerkinElmer had requested an end user certificate before making the shipment, "just for their files as proof that no license is required." Karni asked Bilmen if the name and address of the end user was enough information, "or they actually wants (sic) some sort of forms to be filled in?" Bilmen responded that he had checked with the manufacturer and just the name and address were enough. Karni replied that the end user was Baragwath Hospital, Soweto, Johannesburg, South Africa, listing an address, phone and fax number.

On September 26, PerkinElmer sent the first shipment of 66 spark gaps (having been rendered inoperative) to Giza's office in New Jersey via Federal Express. Giza received them on October 1 and paid PerkinElmer with a check for $29,502 on the same day.

PerkinElmer was cooperating with law enforcement when it shipped the spark gaps, which it had disabled, so it is impossible to know if the company would have delivered such a suspiciously high number of spark gaps based on the end user data provided by Karni and Giza. A business manager at PerkinElmer had told agents that after checking Giza's credit and business references, PerkinElmer had decided to sell the spark gaps to Giza. This statement was made on August 8, however, before PerkinElmer had asked Giza for end user information.

Giza sent the items to Karni's company in South Africa via AEI Freight Forwarding (owned and operated by DHL Danzas), which was also cooperating with the investigation. Karni received them on October 8. When shipping the spark gaps to Karni in South Africa, Giza declared in the Shipper's Export Declaration that the ultimate destination was South Africa. Giza also declared that the end user was Top-Cape, not the hospital Karni had named. In the declaration, Giza listed the incorrect Schedule B number for the spark gaps and no export control classification number, or ECCN, although PerkinElmer had given Giza the correct numbers, as shown on their invoice. Giza listed the spark gaps as "electrical splices and couplings for switching," and claimed that no export license was required.

Working with a U.S. broker was a key part of Karni's scheme. Court records do not make clear, however, how closely Karni and Giza were working or whether Giza officials knew all the details of the scheme. The records do not show whether Karni and Giza had discussed that the spark gaps were going to Pakistan. That Giza made a false export declaration, however, might demonstrate that the company knew or had reason to suspect that the deal was illegitimate. It also shows that the company may have been willing to act unscrupulously, if not illegally, to help Karni avoid export controls. In working with Giza on another deal for Tekronix oscilloscopes, Karni made clear to Giza that he wanted to avoid export controls by not allowing the manufacturer to know the destination was South Africa. This should have put Giza on alert to watch for irregularities in future deals with Karni.

That Giza did not pass on a huge price increase to Karni might indicate that Giza did not feel it was taking a special risk or providing a difficult-to-get product, and therefore that Giza might not have realized that the spark gaps were going to Pakistan or that anything was potentially illegal. Knowledge of Giza's potential profit, however, is based on the value it declared in its export declaration, which was shown to be false in other ways.

Karni sent the spark gaps from South Africa to AJKMC in Islamabad, Pakistan, via Dubai, United Arab Emirates, using AEI Freight Forwarding. Karni booked the shipment on October 1, but it did not leave for several weeks for unknown reasons. The air waybill listed the commodities as "scientific equipment" and the consignee as National Bank of Pakistan, with a note that AJKMC Lithography Aid Society should be notified on arrival. The bank was almost certainly listed as the consignee because it had issued the letter of credit for this order. The air waybill referred to letter of credit No. 0341-040-4011 of July 31, 2003.

The spark gaps left Johannesburg for Dubai on October 19 on an Emirates Air flight, and arrived the next day. It is not clear if South African authorities were aware of the U.S. investigation of Karni when they allowed the spark gaps to be shipped to Pakistan. Testimony by a U.S. law enforcement agent seems to indicate that South Africa was not involved until the spark gaps had already been shipped to Pakistan. According to the guidelines of the Nuclear Suppliers Group, South Africa should not have allowed the shipment of triggered spark gaps if there was a serious risk of their being used in nuclear weapons. Although Karni apparently tried to mislead South African authorities by listing the spark gaps as "scientific equipment," his vague description of a shipment destined for a country of such high proliferation concern as Pakistan should have raised enough suspicion in South Africa to trigger further scrutiny. Had the re-export been scrutinized more, the true contents probably would have been found and the transfer should have been prevented.

A U.S. OEE special agent based in Dubai learned of the shipment's arrival in that city's customs shed and tried to stop it from going to Pakistan, but was reportedly rebuffed by the country's customs director.

On December 11, 2003, U.S. authorities searched Giza Technologies in New Jersey. Court records make no mention of what was found in that search, or whether Giza officials were charged with a crime or whether they were cooperating with the investigation.

The same day that Giza was searched, South African authorities searched Top-Cape's office in Cape Town. During the search, Karni reportedly told South African authorities he had shipped the spark gaps to Pakistan, according to testimony by a U.S. law enforcement agent who was not present at the search. (Karni also appears to have admitted to the re-export in his initial U.S. court hearing, according to court transcripts.) Karni told South African investigators that the spark gaps were going to a hospital in Pakistan and were funded by USAID. He was not charged or arrested. He told South African authorities that he was planning a trip to the United States, and they told him he could leave the country, but that he should check with the U.S. embassy about going there, according to testimony by a U.S. law enforcement agent. A U.S. government affidavit against Karni says, "The likely inference that Karni drew from their actions was that no one considered his offense to be that serious."

Sometime after the searches took place, the remaining order with PerkinElmer was canceled, according to testimony by an OEE agent. The testimony did not say who canceled the order, whether it was Karni, Giza, or PerkinElmer.

On December 19, 2003, U.S. Magistrate Judge John Facciola signed an arrest warrant for Karni and a criminal complaint that charged he violated the Export Administration Act and the International Economic Emergency Power Act, 50 U.S.C. App. 2410(b)(1) and 50 U.S.C. 1705(b). Karni's name was subsequently put on an immigration watch list, and on January 1, 2004, he was arrested at Denver International Airport, on his way to a ski vacation with his family. A government affidavit says, "When Karni landed in Denver on January 1, he had no idea that federal agents would arrest him or that a federal court could detain him."

In making the case during a bail hearing that Karni might flee to Israel rather than South Africa, a U.S. assistant attorney said Karni could face charges in South Africa and is reportedly under investigation for violating that nation's Non-Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction Act No. 87 of 1993.

In a letter dated December 27, 2003, Muhammad Ali Khan Rathor, identifying himself as technical director of the AJKMC Lithography Aid Society, wrote to Pakland PME that the 66 spark gaps had been supplied to the "Agha Khan Foundation University & Hospitals" in Pakistan and Sri Lanka, but that they did not work as they were supposed to, and had to be replaced. The letter said the spark gaps were supposed to have an output of 13kV (SBV), according to the manual, and none of the 66 pieces had an output more than 11.6kV (probably because they were disabled by PerkinElmer). The letter said that the "Pakistan AKF University" was using the "Donier (sic) Model MPL9000" (a model of lithotripter made by Dornier Medical Systems, Marietta, Georgia), and the "Srilanka AKF Hospital have recently ordered a Siemens unit." The letter said that the spark gaps, "when installed in the Lithography unit on level 08 the minimum output required is 12.5kV, but the supplied spark gaps do not measure up to the required level." If AJKMC Lithography Aid Society was a phony entity created by Pakland PME, the letter was probably written with the intention of forwarding it to Karni, perhaps to make the case for replacing the spark gaps and perhaps to further perpetuate the perception that they were for medical use.

Other proposed deals involving Karni

E-mails given to U.S. authorities by the anonymous South African source show that on several other occasions Karni allegedly attempted to help entities in India and Pakistan evade U.S. export controls by offering to serve as re-exporter for other items that needed a U.S. export license. The e-mails also show that Karni had worked with Pakland PME on other deals, and that Pakland PME was involved in procuring items with possible WMD applications (oscilloscopes) and definite military applications (infra-red detectors for military aircraft). Court records do not indicate how many times Karni was successful in completing such deals, but Karni's freight forwarder told U.S. authorities that Karni had made numerous previous shipments to Pakistan, paid for the same way as the spark gap deal was to be, a letter of credit from the National Bank of Pakistan.

Proposed deal for Tektronix oscilloscopes. In May 2003, shortly before the PerkinElmer deal began, Karni contacted Tektronix of Beaverton, Oregon, in search of 10 high-end oscilloscopes for shipment to Pakistan. Tektronix told Karni, whose customer was again Khan of Pakland PME, that he would need a license from the Department of Commerce to send the oscilloscopes to Pakistan. Among other uses, the oscilloscope (Tektronix model number TDS7154 ) can be used in the development of missiles and nuclear weapons, according to a U.S. government affidavit. Tektronix sent Karni an end user certificate and license application, but Karni never replied. On the end user certificate, the Tektronix legal department had added: "We certify that the items will not be used in nuclear explosive activities; unsafeguarded nuclear activities; safeguarded or unsafeguarded nuclear fuel cycle activities or be directly employed in the design, development, production, stockpiling, or use of missiles or chemical and biological weapons." Such language perhaps shows that Tektronix was suspicious of Karni.

On June 29, Karni asked Khan to change his order to the model TDS5104 oscilloscope, instead of the TDS784. Karni said it is newer, better, "and it is the key for the successful completion of the order." Khan replied that he still wanted the old one. Karni again asked him to reconsider: "This might make or break the order. I cannot go to too much details but as you know Tektronix have an idea/thought where the goods are going to, and I need that change for that purposes so that it look like another orderâ€¦." On August 12, Karni went to Bilmen of Giza Technologies for help in procuring the oscilloscopes. Karni wrote to Bilmen, "I have a new project for you, but we need to work this one very wisely, it is very important that they will not know it is coming to S.A." On August 21, Giza quoted Karni $32,219.20 for the 10 oscilloscopes, plus rack mount kits, with an availability of four weeks. It is unclear from court records whether Giza or Karni ever placed an order for the oscilloscopes. The government affidavit against Karni says the deal was never completed.

Possibly completed deal for Tektronix oscillators. Karni and Giza apparently were working on another Tektronix deal in August 2003, but it is not clear if it was related to the oscilloscope deal. Neither is it clear who Karni was buying it for or whether the deal was ever completed. On August 6, a week before Karni had asked Giza to procure the oscilloscopes, Bilmen had emailed Karni and said, "The Tektronix Oscillators are here. We are waiting for the rackâ€¦. So as soon as the rack comes, I will advise you and make the shipment." On August 16, Bilmen emailed Karni, "Your Tektronix order should ship Monday or latest Tuesday."

Proposed deal for Lockheed-Martin Naval Systems infra-red detectors. At about the same time as the PerkinElmer deal was developing, Khan of Pakland asked Karni to procure "IR Target Detector for AIM9L," which he said are "used in the airforce fighter planes to help detect target before firing/shooting." (AIM9L apparently refers to the AIM-9L Sidewinder air-to-air missile commonly used by U.S. military aircraft.) Khan later told Karni that the detectors were made by Lockheed-Martin Naval Systems, model 619-A. Karni asked if Khan could provide an end user statement. Khan replied, "Sorry, No. But I must tell you that the reason for the customer to contact me (since they know I represent your org. in SA [South Africa]) is that these detectors were supplied a few years ago from one of your countrymen!"

Proposed deal for a regulator made by Grove Regulators. In June 2002, Rago Rao, acting on behalf of his customer, Vikram Sarabhai Space Center (VSSC), in Thiruvananthampuram, India, asked Karni to quote a price on a "12-inch ANSI 300 Mode180 flexflo Regulator, FIN: 11351 NKA-120," made by Grove Regulators of Elk Grove, IL. VSSC is on the Department of Commerce's Entity List, a list of entities of proliferation concern. Rao told Karni in an email, "Owing to the fact that VSSC are still in the US embargo list, they believe they may not be able to procure it directly (from) the supplier, hence have sent the enquiry to us to see if we can quote to them and supply from some other source." In quoting Rao, Karni said, "be aware that the end user VSSC has been in direct touch with GROVE and have received already quotes from them, but they have quoted me too, and I will be able to execute the order." After receiving a quote from Karni, Rao replied, "VSSCâ€¦needs the item definitely, so if GROVE are willing to supply through you, they will not mind paying the extra price. That is why the end-user contacted us in the first place when he knew he could use our services through South Africa. So, if GROVE do not mind supplying the item to you, knowing that it is meant for VSSC, let us go ahead." Court records do not show whether the deal was ever completed.

Proposed deal for manometers made by Setra Systems. Shortly after inquiring about the Grove Regulators item, Rao asked Karni to quote a price for "Absolute Capacitance Manometers," model 720, made by Setra Systems Inc. of Boxborough, Massachusetts. The customer was again VSSC. Rao said, "For reasons mentioned earlier regarding the export sanctions, Setra must not come to know that the ultimate consignee is VSSC, Thiruvananthapuram." Karni responded, "I did not tell them [Setra] of course hwre [sic] it si [sic] going to, so please give me some description of the application so that I can feed it back to them and will see if they will ask for IVL to this country." IVL refers to an individually validated license, an export license from the Department of Commerce that would allow a one-time sale of a controlled item for a specifically defined end user and use. As VSSC is on the Department of Commerce's Entity List of entities of proliferation concern, it is highly unlikely an IVL would be granted. Court records do not show what happened with this proposed deal.

Proposed deal for accelerometer made by Columbia Research Laboratories or Crossbow. In an August 2002 email to Karni, Rao reminded him of an order he had placed in 2000 or 2001 for two accelerometers from Columbia Research Laboratories (Woodlyn, Pennsylvania), model SA-122 SE. The customer was Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre of India, also on the Department of Commerce's Entity List. Rao reminded Karni, "At the last moment, the supplier was refused an export license by US Government hence you could not supply the item and the order was cancelled." Rao now asked Karni to quote "Model CXL 01LF1Z High Stability LF series Accelerometer," made by Crossbow of San Jose, California. Karni replied that he would quote the item, though it might not meet the specifications of the previous item. He said, "I can also approach culumbia [sic] for a quote and see they may not want an export license this time." Rao replied, "Be careful to avoid any reference to the customer name Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre, Thiruvananthapuram, because any supply to their organization requires an export license at the moment, and it may be denied." He said, "There is a danger that Columbia may be denied the export license once again, since this model of accelerometer falls in the commodity list (because of its very high sensitivity and threshold value, and inherent possibility of being used in guidance systems for missiles.) That requires an export clearance from the US authorities for any country, leave alone India. I leave it to you to judge the best way out." It is not clear what happened with this inquiry.

Conclusions

The role of South Africa as a transshipment point. The Karni case has focused attention on South Africa as an important transshipment point for Pakistan's and other country's illicit procurement efforts. South Africa is a member of the Nuclear Suppliers' Group eligible to receive exports from other NSG members with fewer controls than exports to non-NSG members. Membership in the NSG requires adequate export controls and these controls failed in this case.

South Africa's enforcement of export controls needs to be improved. Proliferant states such as Pakistan have targeted South Africa to obtain controlled nuclear items.

Two of the emails cited in the court records show Karni's customers viewed South Africa as a good place to get controlled U.S. items because of perceived weak export controls in South Africa. In the proposed deal for the infrared detectors, Karni's Pakistani customer said the end user contacted him because they knew he represented Karni's South African organization and the end user had acquired the same detectors from a South African in the past. Karni's Indian customer told him the end user contact him because they knew he could acquire a controlled U.S. item through South Africa.

It is impossible to know how many times Karni successfully re-exported controlled items through South Africa, what they were, or where they ended up. But according to what Karni's freight forwarder told authorities, Karni had shipped numerous times to Pakistan, and his customer might also have been Pakland, as those shipments were financed the same way as the spark gap deal.

As a member of the NSG, South Africa is expected by the other members to prevent the transfer of dual-use items when the proliferation risk is high, as it was in this case. Because of this expectation, NSG members allow the transfer of dual-use items to other NSG members with less scrutiny. Weak enforcement of export controls by one member can weaken the export controls of the entire group, allowing traffickers to acquire controlled items that are made in some NSG states, such as spark gaps, by re-exporting them through another NSG member.

The NSG considers a state's export controls when deciding on its membership. Adherence to NSG guidelines is voluntary, however, and this case should remind NSG members that there is no guarantee that controlled items will not be improperly retransferred from another NSG member. When determining if an export is allowed, NSG members should consider the effectiveness of the recipient state's export control regime even if that state is an NSG member.

The role of private companies. The vigilance of private companies is the first line of defense in export control, and in this case their cooperation was key to preventing what would have been an illegal shipment. The evidence shows, however, that they might have been more vigilant in this case.

Giza Technologies shipped the items to Karni based on his statement that they were destined for a hospital in South Africa. Although the company should have been suspicious of Karni's intentions, it may have felt Karni's statement protected it from liability. Polytec, in its fax to Karni, said that he must provide a detailed end-user certificate, including a statement that the spark gaps would not be used for a nuclear application and would not be re-exported from South Africa. While requiring such written assurances might deter would-be violators-as it apparently deterred Karni from pursuing a deal with Polytec-a customer's willingness to provide such assurances should not override any suspicions the supplier might have about an illegal or questionable sale. A determined violator would have no qualms about providing false information, as Karni allegedly did. Once the controlled items have been exported, a written assurance can do little to prevent their misuse. While the Department of Commerce's Bureau of Industry and Security performs post-shipment inspections to verify compliance with an export license, no license was required to send the spark gaps to South Africa.

PerkinElmer was cooperating with authorities when it shipped the spark gaps, so it is impossible to know if it would have allowed the order otherwise. But it appears PerkinElmer may have prevented the order on its own, because of its suspicions about the quantity. As a company manager told authorities, a hospital typically orders five or six at a time, not 200. If not for the vigilance of the company or the anonymous tip, authorities might not have had reason to scrutinize a shipment of triggered spark gaps to South Africa, even 200 of them. This shows the importance of responsible private companies to the enforcement of export controls. Companies know their business best, and are often in the best position to spot a suspicious order. They also have direct contact with would-be violators and can get information from them that the government could never hope to get. PerkinElmer might also have stopped the shipment if its sales agent in France, Polytec, had passed on its suspicions of Karni's inquiry, which would have caused PerkinElmer to prevent any similar orders going to South Africa, whether or not Top-Cape was identified as the customer. Section 744.2 of the U.S. Export Administration Regulations requires companies to seek an export license if the company "knows, or has reason to know" that a controlled item will be put to a proscribed nuclear use.

One difficulty is simply that export controls are complicated, and companies may not fully understand their responsibilities or liability. National authorities must make would-be violators aware of the penalties for violating export controls. The evidence indicates that Karni did not see export controls as a deterrent and did not see their violation as a serious crime. Even after his office was searched he traveled to the United States, and his arrest there seems to have been a surprise to him. Also, companies must be made to understand that their suspicions of violations must be passed on to authorities and that they are not protected by a customer's false declaration if they are suspicious of a violation. The Department of Commerce maintains a web site and holds seminars to teach companies about their exporting responsibilities. Other NSG members should also work to ensure their citizens are aware of export controls and the penalties for violating them.

Appendix: Entities mentioned in the court records

AEI Freight Forwarding (owned and operated by DHL Danzas)
or DHL Danzas
or Danzas AEI
Danzas AEI, 10601A Seymour Avenue, Franklin Park, IL 60131
AEI was the freight forwarder for the shipment of the spark gaps from the United States to South Africa and from South Africa to Pakistan. The company's export control manager in South Africa said Top-Cape had made numerous shipments to Pakistan financed with letters of credit through the National Bank of Pakistan.

Aga Khan Foundation University
In a letter to Pakland PME, the AJKMC Lithography Aid Society said the spark gaps had been supplied to the "Agha Khan Foundation University & Hospitals" in Pakistan and Sri Lanka.

AJKMC Lithography Aid Society
Suite No. 8 2/F Mohd. Plaza, Plot 1-C J/Avenue, Blue Area, Islamabad-44000 (same address as Pakland?)
Tel: 051-2211476
Muhammad Ali Khan Rathor, Director Technical
The government believes AJKMC Lithography Aid Society is a front company. The government noted that AJKMC are the initials of the All Jammu and Kashmir Muslim Conference, a Pakistani opposition party that supports fighters in Kashmir. Also, "lithography" refers to printing, not lithotripters. Also, the address of AJKMC Lithography Aid Society is very similar, if not identical, to that of Pakland PME, suggesting it might be a creation of that company to serve as a fictional entity to serve as end user. In a letter on December 27, 2003, to Pakland PME Corp., AJKMC Lithography Aid Society said the EG&G (PerkinElmer) Spare Parts GP-20B were not the required voltage and should be replaced. A letter from this organization said these were supplied to the Agha Khan Foundation University & Hospitals in Pakistan and Sri Lanka.

Woodlyn, Pennsylvania
Rao asked Karni to procure an accelerometer from Columbia Research Laboratories for export to India.

Crossbow
San Jose, California
Rao asked Karni to procure an accelerometer from Crossbow for export to India.

Giza Technologies Inc.
600 Meadowlands Parkway, Suite 19, Secaucus, New Jersey
Zeki Bilmen, principle

Giza shipped spark gaps to Top-Cape in South Africa via Danzas AEI. In its Shipper's Export Declaration, Giza listed the items as electrical splices and couplings for switching. The Schedule B number was falsely listed as 8536.90.4000. The declaration did not list an ECCN. (The proper Schedule B number is 8540.89.0020 and ECCN 3A228). The SED stated the end user was Top-Cape.

Grove Regulators
1550 Greenleaf Avenue
Elk Grove Village, IL 60004
toll free: 1.800.323.8844
phone: 847.437.5940
fax: 847.437.2549
Ragu Rao asked Karni to procure an item from Grove Regulators for re-export to India.

Habib Bank Limited
CDA Civic Centre Branch #602, Islamabad-44000
The bank is referred to in Pakland's purchase order, account number 55676-5 (Humayun A. Khan). The bank is owned by the Aga Khan for Economic Development. (The letter from AJKMC Lithography Aid Society to Pakland said the spark gaps went to the Agha Khan Foundation University and Hospital.)

Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre
Valiamala, Thiruvananthapuram-696547
Kerala, India
Karni sought to procure an accelerometer for this entity, which can be used in missile guidance. This entity is on the Department of Commerce's Entity List of proliferation concern.

National Bank of Pakistan
When Karni shipped the spark gaps to Pakistan, the National Bank of Pakistan was listed as the consignee. The bank probably issued the letter of credit on behalf of Karni's customer to pay him for the spark gaps.

Pakland PME Corportation
Islamabad, Pakistan
Humayun Khan
Unit #7 & 8, 2nd Floor, Muhammadi Plaza
F-6/4, Jinnah Avenue, BLUE AREA
Islambad-44000

Humayun Khan of Pakland PME allegedly asked Karni to procure the triggered spark gaps, as well as other controlled items, for export or re-export to Pakistan.

PerkinElmer Optoelectronics
Salem, MA
This company is the manufacturer of triggered spark gaps, model GP-20B. At the request of U.S. authorities, PerkinElmer did not put gas into the spark gaps and pinched the ends of their gas intake lines, making them inoperative, before shipping them.

Polytec PI
Division RMP
SA 32, Rue Delizy 93694 Pantin Cedex (France) 0148103930 Fax: 0148100808
This company is PerkinElmer's representative in France. The company told Karni he would need certified documentation on the end user of the spark gaps, and a statement that they would not be re-exported from South Africa. Karni may have told Polytec the destination was Pakistan.

Setra Systems Inc.
159 Swanson Road, Boxborough, MA 01719-1304
Tel (978) 263-1400 Â· Toll Free (800) 257-3872
Rao asked Karni to procure a controlled item from Setra for export to India.

Beaverton, Oregon
In May 2003 Karni inquired with Tektronix about a model of oscilloscope for end use in Pakistan. Tektronix told Karni that he needed an export license and sent him the application, but never heard from him again.

Top-Cape Technology
109 Ocean View Drive, Green Point, Cape Town, South Africa
Asher Karni's company.

Vikram Sarabhai Space Center (VSSC), Thiruvananthapuram (India)
Rao asked Karni to get an "absolute capacitance manometer" for this entity. This entity is on the Department of Commerce's Entity List of proliferation concern.

Notes

[1] International Atomic Energy Agency, "Communications received from certain member states regarding guidelines for transfers of nuclear-related dual-use equipment, materials, software, and related technology," INFCIRC/254/Rev.5/Part2, 16 May 2003.
[2] Associated Press, "Mass. Firm helps bring down smuggler," in Eagle-Tribune (Lawrence, Massachusetts), http://www.eagletribune.com/news/stories/20040315/BU_003.htm, 15 March 2004.

Yahoo News India

Wednesday January 21, 8:40 PM

US keeping Israeli nuke supplier to Pak in custody

Washington, Jan 21 (ANI): A U.S. prosecutor has argued in court that an Israeli national should be kept in custody, pending his trial on charges that he illegally exported nuke-related devices to Pakistan.

Asher Karni, who runs an electronics supply firm in South Africa, was arrested earlier this month when he arrived in Denver for a family skiing holiday.

Washington is now seeking to overturn an earlier judicial decision to release the 50-year old businessman on bail.

Addressing a federal court here in the District of Columbia, prosecutor Jay Bratt said that Karni had the financial means and a "very strong incentive" to flee the country, and therefore, should be kept in custody.

Karni himself was following the court proceedings by video-link from a courtroom in Denver, where his lawyer called for the previous bail decision to be upheld.

Defence attorney Harvey Steinberg bolstered his case by pointing to the good character testimonials from Karni's backers in South Africa. They include a rabbi, who flew to the United States to testify in his favour at an earlier hearing. Under the terms of the original ruling by a U.S. magistrate judge, Karni can be released after paying 75,000 dollars as bond. He will also be subject to electronic supervision and travel restrictions.

According to court documents, Karni illegally exported items called "triggered spark gaps" to Pakistan without the required export license. The Israeli businessman is accused of deliberately circumventing the law, by trying to make it look as though the end user of the equipment would be a hospital in Soweto, South Africa.

The devices in question have a legitimate medical function, but can also be used to help detonate nuclear weapons and are consequently subject to laws relating to the export of controlled commodities and technology from the United States.

In its criminal complaint, the U.S. government states that, "in or around July and August 2003", American officials received information from an "anonymous source in South Africa regarding the possible diversion of US origin equipment to Pakistan and India." The source implicated Asher Karni.

The document goes on to track the passage of the devices from the US manufacturer to Pakistan, by way of South Africa.

In a written motion, government lawyers say the items were requested by a Pakistani man called Humayun Khan who, prosecutors say, "represents himself" as being the CEO of a company called Pakland PME Corporation, based in Islamabad.

Addressing US District Court on Tuesday, Assistant US Attorney Jay Bratt said that Khan has known links to the Pakistani government. In e-mails obtained by US officials, Mr Khan reportedly discusses with Mr Karni the possibility of acquiring infrared sensors for jet fighters.

For now, Asher Karni remains in custody. On Tuesday, Chief Judge Thomas Hogan said he hoped to have a decision on the bail issue in a week's time. (ANI)

US keeping Israeli nuke supplier to Pak in custody

PBS FRONTLINE SPECIAL - NUCLEAR UNDERGROUND - THE GURU

JUNE 21, 2005

The most elusive character in the case of the U.S. nuclear triggers shipped illegally to Pakistan is Islamabad businessman Humayun Khan. Khan has been indicted by the U.S. Justice Department but he remains free in Pakistan, where he insists he is innocent. His South African collaborator, Asher Karni, has already pleaded guilty and awaits sentencing in a Brooklyn prison.

Khan is the owner of Pakland PME Corporation, which has long-standing ties to the Pakistani military. The indictment against him includes a series of emails he exchanged with Karni. In one, dated May 20, 2003, Khan asks Karni to purchase a prohibited item -- oscilloscopes -- for a Pakistani company called "Matrix," but cautions his partner: ".... A word of advice from the Guru...do not purchase all items together and never contact Tektronix U.K. office!"

Continues here: Nuclear Underground

Excerpt from Los Angeles Times/San Jose Mercury News

U.S. targets black market in arms parts

TASK FORCE ORDERED TO CUT THROUGH RED TAPE, TURF BATTLES
By Josh Meyer

Los Angeles Times

Article Launched: 10/11/2007 01:33:55 AM PDT

Excerpt:

WASHINGTON - Moving to close what officials say is a gaping hole in the U.S. national security safety net, the Justice Department today will announce the creation of special task forces to prevent unfriendly nations such as Iran from illegally obtaining U.S.-made parts and technology for their military and fledgling nuclear, biological and chemical weapons programs.

The National Counter-Proliferation Initiative aims to crack down on the black market networks that U.S. officials believe have flourished for decades and continue to clandestinely provide American hardware and software to numerous nations and possibly terrorist organizations as well.

Many of those nations are aggressively using middlemen, front companies and black marketeers to scoop up U.S.-made components that they cannot buy directly because of various trade restrictions. The products include component parts for nuclear weapons systems, guidance systems for rockets and missiles and base ingredients for chemical and biological weapons.

The problem was underscored in two cases nearly four years ago, when Israeli-born trafficker Asher Karni was caught illegally shipping suspected U.S. nuclear components to Pakistan for its atomic bomb arsenal and Pakistani scientist Abdul Qadeer Khan was caught selling his country's nuclear parts and technology to Iran, Libya, North Korea and perhaps other rogue nations.

< Snip >

End of excerpt. Continues: U.S. targets black market in arms parts

Nuclear Security - Up Against Terrorism and the Black Market

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Iran: US Must Change Policy Before Talks ^

	Posted by Schnucki On News/Activism ^ 10/08/2007 11:58:44 PM PDT · 4 replies · 172+ views AP via WP ^ \| October 7, 2007 \| Staff Read \| Comments

Keyword list of Freerepublic threads on the Sept 6, 2007 IAF Attack on Syria ..Possible NUKES .... ^

	Posted by Ernest_at_the_Beach On General/Chat ^ 10/07/2007 11:20:09 PM PDT · 12 replies · 283+ views FreeRepublic Indexing ^ \| Oct 7, 2007 \| Various Read \| Comments

IAEA chief urges patience with Iran, warns against confrontations ^

	Posted by Schnucki On News/Activism ^ 10/05/2007 5:07:31 AM PDT · 9 replies · 206+ views AP via IHT ^ \| October 4, 2007 \| Staff Read \| Comments

Ahmadinejad: No one can stop Iran nuclear development ^

	Posted by familyop On News/Activism ^ 10/04/2007 11:47:17 PM PDT · 23 replies · 550+ views Al Bawaba (Jordan) ^ \| 04OCT07 \| Al Bawaba Read \| Comments

"Radioactive Boy Scout" Gets 90 Days ^

	Posted by Westlander On News/Activism ^ 10/04/2007 12:03:14 PM PDT · 37 replies · 887+ views Associated Press ^ \| 10-4-2007 \| Associated Press Read \| Comments

We came so close to World War Three that day (More Info) ^

	Posted by Parmenio On News/Activism ^ 10/04/2007 9:39:34 AM PDT · 350 replies · 10,021+ views The Spectator ^ \| October 3, 2007 \| James Forsyth and Douglas Davis Read \| Comments

MP says Putin's visit to Iran will be turning point ^

	Posted by familyop On News/Activism ^ 10/03/2007 8:32:55 PM PDT · 8 replies · 503+ views IRNA (Iran ^ \| 04OCT07 \| Islamic Republic News Agency Read \| Comments

US in no position to attack Iran: Mottaki ^

	Posted by familyop On News/Activism ^ 10/03/2007 8:21:47 PM PDT · 35 replies · 816+ views AFP by way of Google News ^ \| 3OCT07 \| Agence France-Presse Read \| Comments

Regional Nuclear War Could Trigger Mass Starvation ^

	Posted by blam On News/Activism ^ 10/03/2007 2:30:07 PM PDT · 55 replies · 971+ views New Scientist ^ \| 10-3-2007 \| Rob Edwards Read \| Comments

Sanctions Won't Stop Tehran ^

	Posted by Schnucki On News/Activism ^ 10/03/2007 11:08:41 AM PDT · 5 replies · 195+ views WP ^ \| October 2, 2007 \| Selig S. Harrison Read \| Comments

A free ride for Kim ^

	Posted by Schnucki On News/Activism ^ 10/03/2007 4:06:02 AM PDT · 3 replies · 41+ views FT ^ \| October 2, 2007 \| Staff Read \| Comments

Just A War Of Words, At Least For Now ^

	Posted by Schnucki On News/Activism ^ 10/03/2007 4:03:59 AM PDT · 28+ views US News via CBS News ^ \| October 1, 2007 \| Thomas Omestad Read \| Comments

Russians employed at Iran’s Bushehr nuclear reactor suddenly depart in a body (rats leaving ship?) ^

	Posted by yankeesdoodle On News/Activism ^ 10/02/2007 9:34:58 AM PDT · 42 replies · 97+ views Khorramshar News Agency via Debka ^ \| 10-01-07 Read \| Comments

The Algerian nuclear problem, 1991 ^

	Posted by The Ghost of JG On News/Activism ^ 10/02/2007 8:41:19 AM PDT · 17+ views EnerPub ^ \| The National Security Archive Read \| Comments

Obama to Urge Elimination of World’s Nuclear Weapons ^

	Posted by 2ndDivisionVet On News/Activism ^ 10/02/2007 2:47:49 AM PDT · 229 replies · 1,311+ views The New York Times ^ \| October 2, 2007 \| Jeff Zeleny Read \| Comments

Russians employed at Iran’s Bushehr nuclear reactor suddenly depart in a body.. ^

	Posted by AU72 On News/Activism ^ 10/01/2007 9:29:57 AM PDT · 56 replies · 216+ views DEBKAfile ^ \| October 1, 2007 \| DEBKAfile Read \| Comments

First floating nuclear power plant to come into service in 2011 ^

	Posted by Schnucki On News/Activism ^ 10/01/2007 6:17:23 AM PDT · 63 replies · 110+ views RIA Novosti ^ \| September 27, 2007 \| Staff Read \| Comments

Iran at 'gateway' of industrial scale nuclear enrichment ^

	Posted by Schnucki On News/Activism ^ 10/01/2007 6:16:05 AM PDT · 14 replies · 24+ views FT ^ \| October 1, 2007 \| Roula Khalaf and Najmeh Bozorgmehr Read \| Comments

Head of IAEA Defies Criticism on Iran ^

	Posted by Schnucki On News/Activism ^ 10/01/2007 6:13:56 AM PDT · 6 replies · 17+ views AP via NYT ^ \| September 29, 2007 \| Staff Read \| Comments

Mystery Surrounds the Deaths of Minot Airmen [Enemy propaganda] ^

	Posted by Blogger On News/Activism ^ 09/28/2007 9:17:08 PM PDT · 74 replies · 108+ views presstv.ir ^ \| 22 Sept 2007 \| Press TV Read \| Comments

Accusations from Paris that Iran is building a military nuclear plant south of Natanz [Debka] ^

	Posted by Fitzcarraldo On News/Activism ^ 09/28/2007 4:40:11 PM PDT · 24 replies · 34+ views Debka \| September 28, 2007 \| Debka Read \| Comments

Ten Things You Didn't Know About Mahmoud Ahmadinejad ^

	Posted by 2ndDivisionVet On News/Activism ^ 09/28/2007 1:35:27 AM PDT · 63 replies · 58+ views Yahoo! News/U.S. News & World Report ^ \| September 26, 2007 \| Staff Read \| Comments

US interceptors in Europe fast enough to hit Russian ICBMs: researcher [But the MDA disagrees.] ^

	Posted by familyop On News/Activism ^ 09/28/2007 1:27:39 AM PDT · 14 replies · 26+ views AFP by way of Google News ^ \| 28SEP07 \| Agence France-Presse Read \| Comments

Why We Can't Live with a Nuclear Iran ^

	Posted by familyop On News/Activism ^ 09/28/2007 1:04:27 AM PDT · 1 reply · 13+ views Blogcritics Magazine ^ \| 27SEP07 \| The Obnoxious American Read \| Comments

The best U.S. weapon against Iran is diplomacy ["Lawyers' Committee on Nuclear Policy"] ^

	Posted by familyop On News/Activism ^ 09/28/2007 12:47:11 AM PDT · 15 replies · 30+ views Newsday ^ \| 26SEP07 \| John Burroughs Read \| Comments

NKorea edging closer towards giving up nukes: US envoy ^

	Posted by DTAD On News/Activism ^ 09/27/2007 10:58:56 PM PDT · 19 replies · 47+ views DefenceTalk.com ^ Read \| Comments

Pakistan, epicentre of global instability ^

	Posted by sukhoi-30mki On News/Activism ^ 09/27/2007 10:45:54 PM PDT · 17+ views The Daily Telegraph,UK ^ \| 27/09/2007 \| Simon Scott Plummer Read \| Comments

Kerry pushes for nuclear Iran ( Old But Relevant Still ) ^

	Posted by festus On Smoky Backroom ^ 09/27/2007 7:59:25 PM PDT · 19+ views World Net Daily ^ \| Nov 2, 2004 \| Art Moore Read \| Comments

Ahmadinejad tells UN Iran’s nuclear dossier closed ^

	Posted by tcrlaf On News/Activism ^ 09/26/2007 12:12:29 PM PDT · 10 replies · 7+ views ITAR-TASS ^ \| 9-26-07 \| ITAR-TASS Read \| Comments

Ahmadinejad unveils world without Israel ^

	Posted by F15Eagle On News/Activism ^ 09/26/2007 6:27:21 AM PDT · 76 replies · 87+ views jpost.com ^ \| Sep 25, 2007 23:23 \| Updated Sep 26, 2007 12:13 \| By JERUSALEM POST STAFF Read \| Comments

Bush blasts UNHRC for anti-Israel bias ^

	Posted by familyop On News/Activism ^ 09/26/2007 2:18:37 AM PDT · 4 replies · 16+ views The Jerusalem Post ^ \| 26SEP07 \| HILARY LEILA KRIEGER AND AP Read \| Comments

Israel, Syria and the Glaring Secret ^

	Posted by nancyvideo On Bloggers & Personal ^ 09/25/2007 1:56:42 PM PDT · 71 replies · 53+ views RightBias News ^ \| 0-25-07 \| Stratfor / George Friedman Read \| Comments

Sarkozy says letting Iran go nuclear could cause war ^

	Posted by ConservativeMan55 On News/Activism ^ 09/25/2007 11:37:10 AM PDT · 31 replies · 35+ views Yahoo News ^ \| 09/25/07 \| Reuters Read \| Comments

US Says UN Credibility at Stake on Iran Nuclear Issue ^

	Posted by Schnucki On News/Activism ^ 09/25/2007 5:29:46 AM PDT · 7 replies · 19+ views VOA ^ \| September 24, 2007 \| David Gollust Read \| Comments

Nuclear subs will make India’s deterrence credible ^

	Posted by sukhoi-30mki On News/Activism ^ 09/23/2007 10:08:57 PM PDT · 5 replies · 17+ views The Times of India ^ \| 24 Sep 2007 \| Rajat Pandit Read \| Comments

The saga of a ‘Bent Spear’ ^

	Posted by Westlander On News/Activism ^ 09/23/2007 2:37:16 AM PDT · 24 replies · 52+ views Washington Post ^ \| 9-22-2007 \| Joby Warrick and Walter Pincus Read \| Comments

Israelis seized nuclear material in Syrian raid ^

	Posted by Libloather On News/Activism ^ 09/22/2007 7:30:07 PM PDT · 309 replies · 283+ views Times Online ^ \| 9/23/07 \| Uzi Mahnaimi and Sarah Baxter Read \| Comments

Israel to Syria: Use chem weapons & we'll wipe you off map ^

	Posted by F15Eagle On News/Activism ^ 09/22/2007 7:00:15 PM PDT · 137 replies · 25+ views NYDAILYNEWS.Com ^ \| Thursday, September 20th 2007, 4:00 AM \| BY MATTHEW KALMAN in Jerusalem and BILL HUTCHINSON in New York Read \| Comments

UK has plutonium for 17,000 bombs ^

	Posted by Ernest_at_the_Beach On News/Activism ^ 09/21/2007 12:08:04 PM PDT · 8 replies · 14+ views BBC ^ \| Friday, 21 September 2007, 09:23 GMT 10:23 UK \| BBC Staff Read \| Comments

Israel, U.S. shared data on suspected nuclear site: report ^

	Posted by indcons On News/Activism ^ 09/21/2007 5:13:27 AM PDT · 20 replies · 19+ views Reuters ^ \| Fri Sep 21 \| Reuters Read \| Comments

Krauthammer: Middle East Volcano ^

	Posted by Puzzleman On News/Activism ^ 09/21/2007 3:16:35 AM PDT · 15 replies · 13+ views Real Clear Politics ^ \| September 21, 2007 \| Charles Krauthammer Read \| Comments

Mini-Mag Orion Will Reach for the Stars ^

	Posted by anymouse On News/Activism ^ 09/20/2007 8:42:20 PM PDT · 31 replies · 14+ views The Future of Things ^ \| September 20, 2007 \| Sarah Gingichashvili Read \| Comments

Squeezing harder ^

	Posted by Schnucki On News/Activism ^ 09/20/2007 7:23:22 AM PDT · 7+ views The Economist ^ \| September 19, 2007 \| Staff Read \| Comments

Iran: nuclear weapons "just in case?" ^

	Posted by Schnucki On News/Activism ^ 09/20/2007 7:20:43 AM PDT · 3 replies · 2+ views RIA Novosti ^ \| September 19, 2007 \| Alexander Koldobsky Read \| Comments

Israel says can't ignore regional efforts to acquire weapons of mass destruction ^

	Posted by Schnucki On News/Activism ^ 09/20/2007 7:17:23 AM PDT · 3 replies · 2+ views Haaretz ^ \| September 20, 2007 \| Amir Oren Read \| Comments

Iran warns it could strike Israel as nuclear tensions mount ^

	Posted by Schnucki On News/Activism ^ 09/20/2007 7:12:39 AM PDT · 18 replies · 5+ views AFP ^ \| September 19, 2007 \| Staff Read \| Comments

Scores of countries reporting on Iran sanctions, Security Council told ^

	Posted by Schnucki On News/Activism ^ 09/20/2007 7:10:29 AM PDT U.N. News Centre ^ \| September 19, 2007 \| Staff Read \| Comments

Iran nuclear talks must not last years: Kouchner ^

	Posted by Schnucki On News/Activism ^ 09/20/2007 7:07:32 AM PDT · 1 reply · 3+ views Reuters ^ \| September 20, 2007 \| Staff Read \| Comments

British energy minister lends support to Turkey on Iran gas deal ^

	Posted by familyop On News/Activism ^ 09/20/2007 1:37:23 AM PDT · 1 reply · 10+ views Tehran Times ^ \| 20SEP07 \| Tehran Times Read \| Comments

'Dozens died in Syria-Iran missile test' ^

	Posted by NYer On News/Activism ^ 09/19/2007 12:30:29 PM PDT · 21 replies · 21+ views JPost ^ \| September 19, 2007 Read \| Comments

China silently nuclearizing South Asia ^

	Posted by sukhoi-30mki On News/Activism ^ 09/19/2007 6:57:42 AM PDT · 9 replies · 10+ views United Press International-Asia ^ \| Sep. 17,2007 \| M.D. NALAPAT Read \| Comments

Israel Puts Out Another Fire ^

	Posted by NewMediaJournal On Bloggers & Personal ^ 09/19/2007 5:55:32 AM PDT · 6 replies · 17+ views The New Media Journal ^ \| September 19, 2007 \| Lance Thompson Read \| Comments

Tehran's misguided defiance ^

	Posted by ;;Schnucki On News/Activism ^ 09/19/2007 4:52:15 AM PDT · 6 replies · 6+ views The Guardian ^ \| September 18, 2007 \| Simon Tisdall Read \| Comments

France's tough gambit on Iran ^

	Posted by Schnucki On News/Activism ^ 09/19/2007 4:46:28 AM PDT · 2+ views CSM ^ \| September 19, 2007 \| Robert Marquand Read \| Comments

Rice Warns UN Arms Chief on Iran Offers ^

	Posted by Schnucki On News/Activism ^ 09/19/2007 4:41:47 AM PDT · 4 replies · 5+ views AP via WP ^ \| September 18, 2007 \| Anne Gearan Read \| Comments

Iran convinced West will not attack ^

	Posted by familyop On News/Activism ^ 09/18/2007 4:20:27 PM PDT · 37 replies · 178+ views BBC News (Great Britain) ^ \| 17SEP07 \| Jon Leyne Read \| Comments

Russia warns against attacking Iran ^

	Posted by familyop On News/Activism ^ 09/18/2007 3:59:10 PM PDT · 26 replies · 72+ views The Hindu ^ \| 19SEP07 \| Vladimir Radyuhin Read \| Comments

U.S. in no rush to attack Iran -- for now ^

	Posted by familyop On News/Activism ^ 09/18/2007 3:57:08 PM PDT · 9 replies · 38+ views Reuters ^ \| 18SEP07 \| Alistair Lyon Read \| Comments

Egypt and Iran to hold talks on renewing ties ^

	Posted by familyop On News/Activism ^ 09/18/2007 3:47:26 PM PDT · 15+ views AFP by way of Google News ^ \| 18SEP07 \| Agence France-Presse Read \| Comments

After Talk of War, Cooler Words in France on Iran ^

	Posted by Schnucki On News/Activism ^ 09/18/2007 5:29:58 AM PDT · 3 replies · 6+ views NYT ^ \| September 18, 2007 \| Katrin Bennhold and Elaine Sciolino Read \| Comments

Iran anger over French war warning ^

	Posted by Schnucki On News/Activism ^ 09/18/2007 5:26:27 AM PDT · 2 replies · 10+ views CNN ^ \| September 18, 2007 \| Staff Read \| Comments

Iran threatens missile attacks on US targets ^

	Posted by Schnucki On News/Activism ^ 09/18/2007 5:24:12 AM PDT · 41 replies · 73+ views Telegraph ^ \| September 18, 2007 \| David Blair Read \| Comments

Official: Russian Fuel Ready for Iran ^

	Posted by davidosborne On News/Activism ^ 09/17/2007 1:22:18 AM PDT · 35 replies · 213+ views Guardian (AP) ^ \| Sunday September 16, 2007 10:31 AM \| By NASSER KARIMI Read \| Comments

Iran Holocaust Show Sympathetic to Jews ^

	Posted by familyop On News/Activism ^ 09/16/2007 9:43:32 PM PDT · 17 replies · 89+ views Associated Press by way of Google News ^ \| 16SEP07 \| NASSER KARIMI Read \| Comments

Russian nuclear fuel for Iran: Mottaki ^

	Posted by familyop On News/Activism ^ 09/16/2007 9:38:08 PM PDT · 1 reply · 27+ views The Hindu ^ \| 17SEP07 \| Atul Aneja Read \| Comments

Iran's Ahmadinejad defiant amid nuclear warnings ^

	Posted by familyop On News/Activism ^ 09/16/2007 9:35:51 PM PDT · 6 replies · 43+ views AFP by way of Google News ^ \| 16SEP07 \| Agence France-Presse Read \| Comments

France warning of war with Iran ^

	Posted by WesternCulture On News/Activism ^ 09/16/2007 2:49:09 PM PDT · 104 replies · 1,648+ views news.bbc.co.uk ^ \| 09/16/2007 \| news.bbc.co.uk Read \| Comments

French FM Kouchner: 'We must prepare for war against Iran' ^

	Posted by maquiladora On News/Activism ^ 09/16/2007 11:48:49 AM PDT · 48 replies · 763+ views Jerusalem Post ^ Read \| Comments

Ahmadinejad warns Saudi king against bid to divide Muslims ^

	Posted by familyop On News/Activism ^ 09/15/2007 10:24:02 PM PDT · 17 replies · 569+ views AFP by way of Google News ^ \| 15SEP07 \| Agence France-Presse Read \| Comments

Time is running out to avert war with Iran ^

	Posted by familyop On News/Activism ^ 09/15/2007 9:44:25 PM PDT · 54 replies · 1,009+ views The Observer, The Guardian (Britain) ^ \| 16SEP07 \| The Observer Read \| Comments

Why does Iran want enriched uranium? ^

	Posted by Schnucki On News/Activism ^ 09/14/2007 8:07:03 AM PDT · 8 replies · 277+ views RIA Novosti ^ \| September 13, 2007 \| Alexander Koldobsky Read \| Comments

UPDATE 1-EU tries to fend off unilateral U.S. laws on Iran ^

	Posted by familyop On News/Activism ^ 09/14/2007 4:09:15 AM PDT · 3 replies · 163+ views Reuters (UK) ^ \| 13SEP07 \| Paul Taylor Read \| Comments

U.S. says talk of strike against Iran is nonsense ^

	Posted by familyop On News/Activism ^ 09/13/2007 7:29:53 PM PDT · 46 replies · 782+ views Reuters ^ \| 14SEP07 \| Sue Pleming and Arshad Mohammed Read \| Comments

Germany opposes more Iran sanctions now ^

	Posted by 2ndDivisionVet On News/Activism ^ 09/12/2007 3:48:08 PM PDT · 33 replies · 1,097+ views Yahoo! News ^ \| September 12, 2007 \| Louis Charbonneau Read \| Comments

Report: Israel spots nuclear installations in Syria ^

	Posted by Crazieman On News/Activism ^ 09/12/2007 6:21:39 AM PDT · 100 replies · 5,886+ views Ynet News ^ \| 9-12-07 Read \| Comments

Iran warns over 'US weak points' in Iraq, Afghanistan [Threatens our troops.] ^

	Posted by familyop On News/Activism ^ 09/12/2007 1:07:14 AM PDT · 8 replies · 375+ views AFP by way of Google News ^ \| 11SEP07 \| Agence France-Presse Read \| Comments

India confirms building nuclear submarine ^

	Posted by knighthawk On News/Activism ^ 09/11/2007 1:53:47 PM PDT · 14 replies · 527+ views Worldnews ^ \| September 11 2007 \| Pravda Read \| Comments

Bush offers North Korea a deal to end the world's oldest cold war ^

	Posted by Schnucki On News/Activism ^ 09/10/2007 11:17:04 PM PDT · 28 replies · 616+ views The Guardian ^ \| September 8, 2007 \| Jonathan Watts Read \| Comments

Iran rejects 'impossible' nuclear suspension ^

	Posted by Schnucki On News/Activism ^ 09/10/2007 11:12:57 PM PDT · 4 replies · 171+ views AFP via ABC News ^ \| September 10, 2007 \| Staff Read \| Comments

Iran's nuclear foes 'racing to hell': Ahmadinejad ^

	Posted by familyop On News/Activism ^ 09/10/2007 2:56:52 AM PDT · 5 replies · 317+ views AFP by way of Google News ^ \| 10SEP07 \| Agence France-Presse Read \| Comments

American Hiroshima Project ^

	Posted by noamhiroshima On Bloggers & Personal ^ 09/07/2007 9:33:16 PM PDT · 32 replies · 1,126+ views strikebackusa ^ \| 9/07/07 \| noamhiroshima Read \| Comments

US more eager than Europe for military strikes on Iran: survey ^

	Posted by familyop On News/Activism ^ 09/07/2007 11:04:40 AM PDT · 10 replies · 305+ views AFP by way of Google News ^ \| 06SEP07 \| Agence France-Presse Read \| Comments

Iran blasts Israeli 'violation of Syrian airspace' ^

	Posted by familyop On News/Activism ^ 09/07/2007 10:58:47 AM PDT · 11 replies · 402+ views AFP by way of Google News ^ \| 07SEP07 \| Agence France-Presse Read \| Comments

Iran really will be next: If Bush doesn’t force Iran to back down, then his successors will ^

	Posted by familyop On News/Activism ^ 09/06/2007 4:32:14 AM PDT · 16 replies · 849+ views The Spectator (the British Spectator) ^ \| 08SEP07 \| James Forsyth Read \| Comments

Air Force official rapped after nuclear flyover ^

	Posted by Westlander On News/Activism ^ 09/05/2007 7:53:13 AM PDT · 34 replies · 1,322+ views NBC News ^ \| 9-5-2007 \| Jim Miklaszewski Read \| Comments

France sent wrong message on Iran nukes [Puke alert: coastal opinions.] ^

	Posted by familyop On News/Activism ^ 09/04/2007 5:29:08 PM PDT · 9 replies · 218+ views NY Times, Monterey County Herald ^ \| 04SEP07 \| NY Times/Monterey County Herald Read \| Comments

Iran warns U.S. not to launch military attack ^

	Posted by familyop On News/Activism ^ 09/04/2007 5:19:07 PM PDT · 47 replies · 1,051+ views Xinhua (Chinese Government) ^ \| 05SEP07 \| Xinhua Read \| Comments

Britain warns Iran of new UN resolution ^

	Posted by familyop On News/Activism ^ 09/04/2007 5:13:13 PM PDT · 16 replies · 320+ views AFP, Google ^ \| 04SEP07 \| Agence France-Presse Read \| Comments

U.S. Says N. Korea Not Off Terror List ^

	Posted by Schnucki On News/Activism ^ 09/04/2007 4:57:37 AM PDT · 3 replies · 144+ views AP via NYT ^ \| September 4, 2007 \| Staff Read \| Comments

Tehran 'will never bow to any intimidation' on nuclear drive ^

	Posted by Schnucki On News/Activism ^ 09/04/2007 4:54:58 AM PDT · 7 replies · 193+ views AFP via The Daily Star ^ \| September 4, 2007 \| Staff Read \| Comments

Iranian leader accuses Bush of hate campaign [Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei] ^

	Posted by familyop On News/Activism ^ 09/04/2007 12:55:10 AM PDT · 9 replies · 299+ views Reuters (UK) ^ \| 03SEP07 \| Reuters Read \| Comments

Ahmadinejad's 'proof' U.S. won't attack (Satire) ^

	Posted by Digital Disaster On Bloggers & Personal ^ 09/03/2007 11:53:32 AM PDT · 3 replies · 128+ views Scooter's Report ^ \| 9-03-07 \| Scooter Van Neuter Read \| Comments

Transparency deal may be Iran's last chance - IAEA ^

	Posted by Schnucki On News/Activism ^ 09/03/2007 5:20:53 AM PDT · 7 replies · 191+ views Reuters via Yahoo ^ \| September 1, 2007 \| Staff Read \| Comments

Maths proves US won't attack: Iran leader ^

	Posted by familyop On News/Activism ^ 09/03/2007 1:58:08 AM PDT · 45 replies · 1,178+ views AFP by way of news.com.au (Australia) ^ \| 03SEP07 \| Agence France-Presse Read \| Comments

Iran's Big Plans ^

	Posted by familyop On News/Activism ^ 09/02/2007 5:24:04 PM PDT · 5 replies · 409+ views American Thinker ^ \| 31AUG07 \| Jeff Emanuel Read \| Comments

Iran replaces Revolutionary Guards chief [Decree issued by supreme leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei.] ^

	Posted by familyop On News/Activism ^ 09/02/2007 5:16:06 PM PDT · 8 replies · 429+ views AFP ^ \| 02SEP07 \| AFP Read \| Comments

Not too late on Iran ^

	Posted by familyop On News/Activism ^ 09/02/2007 3:58:39 PM PDT · 5 replies · 430+ views Jerusalem Post ^ \| 02SEP07 \| Jerusalem Post Read \| Comments

Iran Starts Constructing Cultural Center For Jews ^

	Posted by familyop On News/Activism ^ 09/02/2007 3:55:11 PM PDT · 24 replies · 620+ views AFP, dpa by way of RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty (Czech Republic) ^ \| 02SEP07 \| AFP, dpa Read \| Comments

How the West summoned up a nuclear nightmare in Pakistan ^

	Posted by sukhoi-30mki On News/Activism ^ 09/02/2007 4:15:23 AM PDT · 20 replies · 1,134+ views The Sunday Times,U.K ^ \| September 2, 2007 \| Adrian Levy and Catherine Scott-Clark Read \| Comments

Italy Urges Diplomacy Over Iran Nuclear Issue ^

	Posted by familyop On News/Activism ^ 09/02/2007 1:47:39 AM PDT · 12 replies · 327+ views Reuters by way of Javno (Croatia) ^ \| 01SEP07 \| Reuters Read \| Comments

In Iran the British call the shots with the US ^

	Posted by familyop On News/Activism ^ 09/02/2007 12:43:49 AM PDT · 22 replies · 691+ views The Telegraph (Britain) ^ \| 02SEP07 \| Patrick Mercer, Conservative MP Read \| Comments

India begins talk with Russia for 2nd nuclear submarine ^

	Posted by sukhoi-30mki On News/Activism ^ 09/01/2007 9:18:11 PM PDT · 15 replies · 542+ views The Indian Express ^ \| September 02,2007 \| Shishir Gupta Read \| Comments

Nuclear Watchdog Chief Warns Of 'Last Chance' For Iran ^

	Posted by blam On News/Activism ^ 09/01/2007 3:30:08 PM PDT · 22 replies · 597+ views AFP ^ \| 9-1-2007 Read \| Comments

US wanted India to pip China to first 'Asian' Nuclear test ^

	Posted by sukhoi-30mki On News/Activism ^ 09/01/2007 10:00:55 AM PDT · 8 replies · 292+ views The Times of India ^ \| 1 Sep 2007 \| Srinivas Laxman Read \| Comments

Romney: Retaliate for a nuclear attack ^

	Posted by NormsRevenge On News/Activism ^ 08/31/2007 7:18:50 PM PDT · 90 replies · 1,468+ views AP on Yahoo ^ \| 8/31/07 \| Jim Davenport - ap Read \| Comments

Inside the nuclear underworld: Deformity and fear ^

	Posted by F15Eagle On News/Activism ^ 08/31/2007 12:27:48 PM PDT · 63 replies · 1,679+ views CNN.Com / asia ^ \| 08/31/2007 \| By Matthew Chance CNN Read \| Comments

Report on Iran's nuclear activity exposes split-(US vs un) ^

	Posted by Flavius On News/Activism ^ 08/31/2007 3:54:23 AM PDT · 1 reply · 128+ views iht ^ \| August 31, 2007 \| By Elaine Sciolino and William J. Broad Read \| Comments

No Time for Threats ^

	Posted by Schnucki On News/Activism ^ 08/30/2007 2:27:30 AM PDT · 7 replies · 301+ views NYT ^ \| August 30, 2007 \| Editors Read \| Comments

Iran Warns Against New Sanctions ^

	Posted by Schnucki On News/Activism ^ 08/30/2007 2:19:42 AM PDT · 7 replies · 232+ views AP via NYT ^ \| August 29, 2007 \| Staff Read \| Comments

Amadinejad says his country is a 'nuclear Iran' ^

	Posted by Schnucki On News/Activism ^ 08/29/2007 5:19:04 AM PDT · 17 replies · 402+ views AP via IHT ^ \| August 28, 2007 \| Staff Read \| Comments

Sarko Steps Up - The French President's Un-Chirac foreign policy ^

	Posted by gpapa On News/Activism ^ 08/28/2007 9:42:29 PM PDT · 14 replies · 378+ views OpinionJournal.com ^ \| August 29, 2007 \| Editorial Staff Read \| Comments

Ahmadinejad: Nuclear case is closed, US can't attack Iran ^

	Posted by knighthawk On News/Activism ^ 08/28/2007 2:13:17 PM PDT · 34 replies · 1,238+ views al Bawaba ^ \| August 28 2007 Read \| Comments

India's Secret Nuke Submarine Deal with Russia ^

	Posted by sukhoi-30mki On Bloggers & Personal ^ 08/28/2007 7:22:10 AM PDT · 323+ views India Today ^ \| August 27, 2007 \| Sandeep Unnithan Read \| Comments

Russia Says Bombers Not Flying With Nuclear Weapons ^

	Posted by Schnucki On News/Activism ^ 08/28/2007 2:01:32 AM PDT · 11 replies · 468+ views Reuters via NYT ^ \| August 27, 2007 \| Staff Read \| Comments

Useful Mutants, Bred With Radiation ^

	Posted by Schnucki On News/Activism ^ 08/28/2007 1:58:41 AM PDT · 2 replies · 380+ views NYT ^ \| August 28, 2007 \| William J. Broad Read \| Comments

Man Dubbed 'Radioactive Boy Scout' Pleads Guilty ^

	Posted by Westlander On News/Activism ^ 08/28/2007 1:17:02 AM PDT · 15 replies · 666+ views The Associated Press ^ \| August 27, 2007 \| The Associated Press Read \| Comments

Sarkozy talks of bombing if Iran gets nuclear arms ^

	Posted by familyop On News/Activism ^ 08/27/2007 7:23:42 PM PDT · 34 replies · 995+ views The Times (London) ^ \| 28AUG07 \| Charles Bremner Read \| Comments

Nicolas Sarkozy Warns Of Iran's Nuclear Crisis (Nuclear Iran Unacceptable) ^

	Posted by blam On News/Activism ^ 08/27/2007 6:24:36 PM PDT · 4 replies · 217+ views The Telegraph (UK) ^ \| 8-28-2007 \| Henry Samuel Read \| Comments

Know nukes ^

	Posted by Schnucki On News/Activism ^ 08/27/2007 6:59:39 AM PDT · 7 replies · 366+ views LA Times ^ \| August 27, 2007 \| R. Stephen White Read \| Comments

Iran says U.S. trying to derail atomic talks ^

	Posted by Schnucki On News/Activism ^ 08/27/2007 6:46:17 AM PDT · 93+ views Reuters ^ \| August 26, 2007 \| Staff Read \| Comments

Iran says its nuclear program has not slowed down ^

	Posted by Schnucki On News/Activism ^ 08/27/2007 6:42:21 AM PDT · 1 reply · 84+ views AP via IHT ^ \| August 26, 2007 \| Staff Read \| Comments

IAEA losing ground in anti-atom bomb fight--study ^

	Posted by Schnucki On News/Activism ^ 08/27/2007 6:40:02 AM PDT · 3 replies · 119+ views Reuters via IAEA ^ \| August 26, 2007 \| Mark Heinrich Read \| Comments

Jordan's King Abdallah calls for civil nuclear programme launch to be speeded up ^

	Posted by bruinbirdman On News/Activism ^ 08/27/2007 1:53:54 AM PDT · 2 replies · 146+ views Forbes ^ \| 8/27/2007 Read \| Comments

Iran: Nuclear activities have not halted ^

	Posted by NormsRevenge On News/Activism ^ 08/26/2007 11:00:48 AM PDT · 3 replies · 184+ views AP on Yahoo ^ \| 8/26/07 \| Ali Akbar Dareini - ap Read \| Comments

Pakistan test fires nuclear capable missile ^

	Posted by knighthawk On News/Activism ^ 08/25/2007 10:51:28 AM PDT · 9 replies · 220+ views Canoe ^ \| August 25 2007 \| Associated Press Read \| Comments

France helping Arab states with nuke programs ^

	Posted by Schnucki On News/Activism ^ 08/24/2007 5:40:50 AM PDT · 5 replies · 187+ views Jerusalem Post ^ \| August 24, 2007 \| Yaniv Salama-Scheer Read \| Comments

An Islamic nuclear arms race? ^

	Posted by Schnucki On News/Activism ^ 08/24/2007 5:38:29 AM PDT · 5 replies · 172+ views Jane's ^ \| August 23, 2007 \| Staff Read \| Comments

To thwart nuclear terror, US directs trade partners to inspect 11 million cargo containers ^

	Posted by Schnucki On News/Activism ^ 08/24/2007 5:35:44 AM PDT · 5 replies · 187+ views AP via IHT ^ \| August 23, 2007 \| Staff Read \| Comments

Iran's Revolutionary Guards beat sanctions: exile ^

	Posted by Schnucki On News/Activism ^ 08/24/2007 12:35:27 AM PDT · 118+ views Reuters ^ \| August 22, 2007 \| Paul Eckert Read \| Comments

Iran's Ahmadinejad stresses commitment to nuclear development, demands respect ^

	Posted by Schnucki On News/Activism ^ 08/24/2007 12:33:16 AM PDT · 2 replies · 111+ views AP via IHT ^ \| August 22, 2007 \| Staff Read \| Comments

France calls on Iran to honor commitments ^

	Posted by Schnucki On News/Activism ^ 08/24/2007 12:30:49 AM PDT · 1 reply · 116+ views Xinhua ^ \| August 23, 2007 \| Staff Read \| Comments

U.S.: Iran Cooperation Insufficient ^

	Posted by Schnucki On News/Activism ^ 08/24/2007 12:29:28 AM PDT · 1 reply · 95+ views AP via Guardian ^ \| August 23, 2007 \| George Jahn Read \| Comments

China, Pakistan thrilled at mess in Indo-US nuclear deal ^

	Posted by sukhoi-30mki On News/Activism ^ 08/21/2007 10:19:33 AM PDT · 2 replies · 335+ views New Delhi Television (NDTV) ^ \| August 21, 2007 Read \| Comments

U.S. stays firm on sanctions against Iran ^

	Posted by Schnucki On News/Activism ^ 08/21/2007 5:57:16 AM PDT · 2 replies · 137+ views IHT ^ \| August 20, 2007 \| Brian Knowlton Read \| Comments

Iran warns against further nuclear sanctions ^

	Posted by Schnucki On News/Activism ^ 08/21/2007 5:55:37 AM PDT · 5 replies · 197+ views AFP via Yahoo ^ \| August, 20, 2007 \| Staff Read \| Comments

The comrades and BJP are putting India in danger ^

	Posted by Tailgunner Joe On News/Activism ^ 08/20/2007 11:33:00 AM PDT · 10 replies · 245+ views rediff.com ^ \| August 20, 2007 \| Anil Athale Read \| Comments

Nuclear Power Plant Neighbors Accept Potential For New Reactor Nearby by Nearly 3 to 1 Margin ^

	Posted by kidd On News/Activism ^ 08/20/2007 6:31:06 AM PDT · 40 replies · 592+ views Nuclear Energy Overview ^ \| August 20, 2007 Read \| Comments

New nuclear terror drill sparks conspiracy scare ^

	Posted by captjanaway On News/Activism ^ 08/19/2007 4:32:49 PM PDT · 23 replies · 919+ views WorldNetDaily ^ \| 8/19/07 \| Joseph Farah Read \| Comments

Analyst: Iranian Force Gaining Power ^

	Posted by Schnucki On News/Activism ^ 08/18/2007 8:24:12 PM PDT · 23 replies · 677+ views AP via Guardian ^ \| August 17, 2007 \| Barry Schweid Read \| Comments

Preempting Persia - Should the U.S. Strike Before Iran Has WMD? ^

	Posted by americanophile On News/Activism ^ 08/15/2007 7:54:59 PM PDT · 32 replies · 639+ views GOPublius.com ^ \| August 15, 2007 \| GOPublius Read \| Comments

'Radioactive Boy Scout' Waives Preliminary Larceny Trial ^

	Posted by Westlander On News/Activism ^ 08/14/2007 2:21:41 AM PDT · 9 replies · 387+ views ClickOnDetroit.com ^ \| August 13, 2007 \| ClickOnDetroit.com Read \| Comments

Iran mocks US: 'Wise' leaders needed ^

	Posted by familyop On News/Activism ^ 08/12/2007 1:56:58 AM PDT · 13 replies · 547+ views AP by way of the Jerusalem Post ^ \| 11AUG07 \| Associated Press Read \| Comments

Russia resumes nuke bomber sorties ^

	Posted by F15Eagle On News/Activism ^ 08/10/2007 10:33:18 AM PDT · 14 replies · 634+ views CNN.Com / world ^ \| updated 4:13 p.m. EDT, Thu August 9, 2007 \| Reuters via CNN.Com Read \| Comments

Sources: U.S. assessing Pakistan nukes if Musharraf falls ^

	Posted by F15Eagle On News/Activism ^ 08/10/2007 7:20:40 AM PDT · 32 replies · 886+ views CNN.Com / US ^ \| 08/10/2007 \| CNN Read \| Comments

US-India nuclear accord triggers scramble for $50bn contracts ^

	Posted by sukhoi-30mki On News/Activism ^ 08/09/2007 9:00:30 PM PDT · 8 replies · 381+ views The Business ^ \| 08/08/2007 \| Amitabh Dubey Read \| Comments

Officials: Russia Ups Pressure on Iran ..(may not deliver fuel to Russian nuclear reactor) ^
	Posted by IrishMike On News/Activism ^ 08/07/2007 7:49:19 AM PDT · 7 replies · 214+ views AOL/ AP ^ \| 2007-08-07 \| George Jahn Read \| Comments

Disclaimer: Opinions posted on Free Republic are those of the individual posters and do not necessarily represent the opinion of Free Republic or its management. All materials posted herein are protected by copyright law and the exemption for fair use of copyrighted works.


HBO to air documentary on Hiroshima and Nagasaki ^
	Posted by The Noodle On News/Activism ^ 08/06/2007 2:34:34 PM PDT · 78 replies · 1,334+ views CNN ^ \| August 6, 2007 \| AP Read \| Comments

Blix Says Nuclear Threat Remains ^
	Posted by WesternCulture On News/Activism ^ 08/06/2007 12:02:21 PM PDT · 18 replies · 476+ views www.sr.se ^ \| 08/06/2007 \| www.sr.se Read \| Comments

This day in History 1945: Atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima ^
	Posted by abb On News/Activism ^ 08/06/2007 3:11:20 AM PDT · 67 replies · 1,387+ views History.com ^ \| August 6, 2007 \| Staff Read \| Comments

U.S. And India Release Text Of 123 Agreement ^
	Posted by indcons On News/Activism ^ 08/04/2007 8:51:54 AM PDT · 1 reply · 186+ views Scoop (New Zealand) ^ \| 4 August 2007 \| US State Department Read \| Comments

Construction begins on SC plant that will turn weapons grade plutonium into fuel ^
	Posted by Between the Lines On News/Activism ^ 08/03/2007 3:01:06 PM PDT · 14 replies · 342+ views Rock Hill Herald ^ \| 08/02/07 Read \| Comments

Terms seen met as U.S.-India nuclear text unveiled ^
	Posted by knighthawk On News/Activism ^ 08/03/2007 9:01:37 AM PDT · 3 replies · 190+ views Swissinfo ^ \| August 03 2007 \| Y.P. Rajesh/Reuters Read \| Comments

Law Targeting Investors in Iran Advances in US Congress ^
	Posted by familyop On News/Activism ^ 08/01/2007 1:49:19 AM PDT · 190+ views VOA News ^ \| 31JUL07 \| VOA News Read \| Comments

Inside Iran's nuclear nerve centre: halfway house to an atomic bomb ^
	Posted by Enchante On News/Activism ^ 07/31/2007 12:00:48 AM PDT · 3 replies · 272+ views The Guardian ^ \| July 30, 2007 \| Julian Borger Read \| Comments

TN: Car Crashes at Nuclear Weapons Plant (driver ran checkpoint, crashed into barrier, fled on foot) ^
	Posted by NormsRevenge On News/Activism ^ 07/30/2007 9:54:37 AM PDT · 54 replies · 1,935+ views ap on Breitbart.com ^ \| 7/30/07 \| AP Read \| Comments

By Jacob Blackford
September 8, 2004

Contents

Introduction

Details of Karni's alleged scheme

Other proposed deals involving Karni

Conclusions

Appendix: Entities mentioned in the court records

Notes

By Jacob Blackford September 8, 2004

Contents

Introduction

Details of Karni's alleged scheme

Other proposed deals involving Karni

Conclusions

Appendix: Entities mentioned in the court records

Notes

By Jacob Blackford
September 8, 2004